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POSITIONS VACANT Position as superintendent of all-sliming cyanide plant in Montana will he open in spring. Thoroughly experienced man wanted. No. 6. Position as engineer for iron-mining company in Virginia is open. Single man with experience in underground surveying preferred. No. 7. ENGINEERS AVAILABLE (Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute. by members or other persons.) Member, 34 years old, married, nine years responsible position in South America, excellent knowledge of Spanish, Latin-American people and customs, with present employer seven years, six years as manager and legal representative of a mining company, desires to make a change April, 1914. Prefers position requiring energy, executive ability, business tact and practical knowledge dealing with political and legal authorities, rather than strictly technical position. No. 35. Technical graduate, married, with four years' experience in assaying, surveying, sampling,. and mine supervision in Utah and Mexico, open for engagement. No. 37. Member, aged 28, desires opening on engineering or sales force of machinery house, or manufacturing concern. Twelve years' experience, in smelters, cyanide plants, concentrators and gold dredges, steam, gas and electric machinery and mechanical drafting. At present foreman for a silver-lead company. No. 40.

Jan 1, 1914

Beverley S. Randolph, Frostburg, Md. (communication to the Secretary): It has always appeared to me that each coalseam has its peculiar character or habit, due to the conditions of its formation, by virtue of which it is either persistent or variable in its section over extended areas. One seam will hold its thickness, chemical character, number and position of partings, beds of slate, etc., over a large area, while another will be found to vary in some of these characteristics every few feet. As the position of the outcrop is an accident of the topography, depending on folding and erosion which have taken place since the bed was formed, no one opening in the outcrop, or, in fact, anywhere else, can supply reliable evidence as to the general character of the seam. To determine the character of an untried seam, a number of sections are necessary from widely separated points, in order to show such variations as may exist. Should material variations be developed, more numerous sections are necessary, in

Jan 1, 1901

The committee appointed .by W. R. Ingalls, president of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, to nominate candidates for the' annual gold medal of the Society consisted of E. G. Spilsbury, J. E. Johnson, Jr., and Bradley Stoughton. This committee recommended Mr. Schneider of the Creuzot Works in France for achievements in ferrous metallurgy, which recommendation was approved by the Society. From the report of the committee, the following facts relative to Mr. Schneider's career are taken: Born in 1868, Charles Eugene Schneider undertook the management of the Schneider establishment in 1898, after the death of his father, Henri Schneider. Under his enlightened management, the Schneider establishments have been considerably extended, their activity being not only directed to increasing production, but also to spreading more and more their scope for action in all branches of industry-in metallurgy, mechanical and electrical construction, shipbuilding, artillery and ammunition, and in public works. During the 10 years preceding the war, the number of employees in these establishments, and without counting those of the more numerous subsidiaries, increased approximately 50 per cent. While giving to peace industries all the attention necessitated by the progress in science and the continual improvement in industrial methods and products, Eugene Schneider, with a perspicacity that recent events have justified in a striking manner, especially directed his

Jan 3, 1919

By Charles Barron McIntosh

BECAUSE of the well known relationship between a low atmospheric pressure and increased amounts of methane in coal mines, attempts have been made to find associations between low pressures and coal mine explosions. An early study by F. Able disclaimed this relationship. He found that half the explosions took place during a rising barometer when methane content in a ventilated mine would be decreasing. A more recent study by C. L. Hosler revealed a close relationship between anthracite mine explosions and low atmospheric pressure. Bituminous coal mine explosions, where coal dust as well as methane can be exploded, were found to be more closely associated with a rising pressure following a low barometer than with the falling or low pressure period. Emphasis on rising pressure periods led the present writer to investigate the effect of the post-frontal or post-cyclonic weather on coal dust. Dust samples of uniform mesh were exposed in an Illinois mine. Analyses of the dust taken before and after the passage of cold fronts and their accompanying low pressure troughs indicated an increase in coal dust moisture prior to a frontal passage and loss of moisture from coal dust following the time of lowest pressure. Thus the warm, moist air (Tropical Maritime)found over the mine during the falling pressure period was cooled in the mine and moisture added to the dust. Cold, dry air (Polar Continental) accompanies' the rising barometer following a frontal passage and the air, being heated in the mine, subtracted moisture from the coal dust. A similar but seasonal phenomenon occurs from summer to winter, the dry dust period in winter being recognized as the more dangerous period. The question arose as to how the short period or daily changes in moisture content of coal dust compared with the seasonal changes. Temperature and humidity statistics were obtained from the surface and mine entry for the months of July andJanuary. The gain and Ioss of mdisture. to the hine were calculated for these two morths as were the gain and loss associated with mT (Tropical Maritime) and cP (Polar Continental),air masses as observed in the investigatiynsl. Temperature and humidity statistics tigatiynsl.taken from [the two air masses represent atimp span of only 34 hr. The redultant changes as presented in the accompanying table verify the supposition that short period changes in coal mine moisture may attain the magnitude of recognized dangerous seasonal changes. Statistics for the mT air and the July air have been placed next each other and those for cP and January air together for easier comparison of the two warm and two cold air units. The last column readily reveals that there is little difference in the amount of moisture being deposited in the mine from the mT air and the July average air. A similar conclusion is reached regarding the loss of moisture from the mine when it is affected by the cP air mass or the average January air. This comparison would be particularly true from late fall through early spring when strongly contrasting air mass changes are a common occurrence. The invasion of cold, dry air following a cold front thus produces a drying period that could well receive more attention as a danger period for coal dust explosions. This drying period would compare with Able's explosion period during a rising barometer. The drying period is also perltinent in Hosler's findings, where it was noted that the average explosion day (for bituminous coal mines) followed the day of lowest atmospheric pressure. Moreover, the author's investigation of some 365 coal mine explosions also indicates that this post-frontal period should receive special attention in connection with mine safety measures. Two comparatively recent major explosions in Illinois (Centralia and West Frapkfort) occurred after the mines had been under the influence of cold-dry air for 25 to 30 hr-following a deep low pressure passage. Dust was the important explosive element in both these explosions.

Jan 1, 1958

By H. L. Teichman, E. M. Sipprelle

ENACTMENT' of Public Law 290 by the 78th Congress authorized the U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, to conduct an experimental program to develop the technology for obtaining oil from oil shale. In adopting and later extending this legislation, the Congress recognized the impending necessity of supplementing ground petroleum reserves with synthetic fuels. Under the provisions of this legislation, the Bureau of Mines, among other things, was charged with the responsibility of developing mining techniques, methods, and equipment for mining the oil shales of the Green River formation of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. The oil shales of western Colorado are apparently richer, more accessible, and more amenable to exploitation than elsewhere in the Rocky Mountain region. The site chosen for the Bureau's Experimental mine is about 10 miles west of Rifle in northwestern Colorado. It is within a 1000-sq-mile area from which, it has been estimated, 300 billion barrels of shale oil could be produced from a 500-ft measure near the top of the formation. One hundred billion barrels of this amount could be produced from the Mahogany ledge, a 60 to 100-ft section near the bottom of the 500-ft measure. This ledge is considered to have economic importance at present. The Green River formation was laid down as sediment in the bottom of vast, shallow inland lakes during Eocene time. The deposit is flat-lying, and there are no faults, fissures, or local rolls. Oil shale is actually a strong, tough magnesium marlstone, which will stand unsupported over relatively wide spans. These and other natural physical characteristics favor mechanized, low-cost mining, which is essential for establishment of an oil-shale industry. It was realized from the outset that an extensive research program would be necessary to develop mining methods, equipment, and techniques for a mechanized, low-cost operation. The program was designed to include research. into all the productive phases of mining, such as drilling, blasting, loading, transportation, and maintenance of the mine structure. The methods, equipment, and techniques developed as a result of this research have established a production of 116 tons per man-shift total labor at a direct cost of $0,292 per ton. Another important phase of the research program that has received little publicity because of its theoretical nature is study of the roofstone behavior and determination of mine structure stresses. This paper purposes to discuss this phase of the research program. Preliminary studies of the physical properties of the Green River oil-shale formation were made in the Barodyramics Laboratory at Columbia University during the latter part of 1945 and the early part of 1946.* The purpose of these studies was to determine the maximum size of unsupported underground openings that would be commensurate with safety and still permit the use of large, efficient mining equipment. Also to be determined were the pillar support to extraction ratio and the shape, size, and spacing of supporting pillars. Selected samples of possible roofstones near the top of the Mahogany ledge, as well as representative samples of different rock types found within the ledge, were obtained from the Bureau's oil-shale mine for these studies. The maximum safe unsupported roof span calculated from this work was 200 ft. Using a safety factor of four, it was theoretically determined that openings 60 ft wide could be advanced under a roofstone at the top of the Mahogany ledge. To support the overburden, 60-ft-sq pillars would be left in a checkerboard pattern. From visual observations made of core samples through the selected roofstone at the oil-shale mine, it was determined that the roofstone was actually a plate 6 to 8 ft thick. Because the calculations were theoretical and allowance had to be made for unknown cracks and fractures in the formation, openings 50 ft wide and pillars 60 ft sq were originally contemplated in the Bureau's Experimental mine. This would be the minimum allowable width that would permit use of large underground mining equipment. For lower mining costs and greater efficiency larger openings were desirable. Different but analogous approaches were made to the problem at the Bureau of Mines Applied Physics

Jan 1, 1951

By H. L. Teichman, E. M. Sipprelle

ENACTMENT' of Public Law 290 by the 78th Congress authorized the U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, to conduct an experimental program to develop the technology for obtaining oil from oil shale. In adopting and later extending this legislation, the Congress recognized the impending necessity of supplementing ground petroleum reserves with synthetic fuels. Under the provisions of this legislation, the Bureau of Mines, among other things, was charged with the responsibility of developing mining techniques, methods, and equipment for mining the oil shales of the Green River formation of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. The oil shales of western Colorado are apparently richer, more accessible, and more amenable to exploitation than elsewhere in the Rocky Mountain region. The site chosen for the Bureau's Experimental mine is about 10 miles west of Rifle in northwestern Colorado. It is within a 1000-sq-mile area from which, it has been estimated, 300 billion barrels of shale oil could be produced from a 500-ft measure near the top of the formation. One hundred billion barrels of this amount could be produced from the Mahogany ledge, a 60 to 100-ft section near the bottom of the 500-ft measure. This ledge is considered to have economic importance at present. The Green River formation was laid down as sediment in the bottom of vast, shallow inland lakes during Eocene time. The deposit is flat-lying, and there are no faults, fissures, or local rolls. Oil shale is actually a strong, tough magnesium marlstone, which will stand unsupported over relatively wide spans. These and other natural physical characteristics favor mechanized, low-cost mining, which is essential for establishment of an oil-shale industry. It was realized from the outset that an extensive research program would be necessary to develop mining methods, equipment, and techniques for a mechanized, low-cost operation. The program was designed to include research. into all the productive phases of mining, such as drilling, blasting, loading, transportation, and maintenance of the mine structure. The methods, equipment, and techniques developed as a result of this research have established a production of 116 tons per man-shift total labor at a direct cost of $0,292 per ton. Another important phase of the research program that has received little publicity because of its theoretical nature is study of the roofstone behavior and determination of mine structure stresses. This paper purposes to discuss this phase of the research program. Preliminary studies of the physical properties of the Green River oil-shale formation were made in the Barodyramics Laboratory at Columbia University during the latter part of 1945 and the early part of 1946.* The purpose of these studies was to determine the maximum size of unsupported underground openings that would be commensurate with safety and still permit the use of large, efficient mining equipment. Also to be determined were the pillar support to extraction ratio and the shape, size, and spacing of supporting pillars. Selected samples of possible roofstones near the top of the Mahogany ledge, as well as representative samples of different rock types found within the ledge, were obtained from the Bureau's oil-shale mine for these studies. The maximum safe unsupported roof span calculated from this work was 200 ft. Using a safety factor of four, it was theoretically determined that openings 60 ft wide could be advanced under a roofstone at the top of the Mahogany ledge. To support the overburden, 60-ft-sq pillars would be left in a checkerboard pattern. From visual observations made of core samples through the selected roofstone at the oil-shale mine, it was determined that the roofstone was actually a plate 6 to 8 ft thick. Because the calculations were theoretical and allowance had to be made for unknown cracks and fractures in the formation, openings 50 ft wide and pillars 60 ft sq were originally contemplated in the Bureau's Experimental mine. This would be the minimum allowable width that would permit use of large underground mining equipment. For lower mining costs and greater efficiency larger openings were desirable. Different but analogous approaches were made to the problem at the Bureau of Mines Applied Physics

Jan 1, 1951

By AIME

TO say that Milton Fies has been active in promoting the Southern Research Institute is a masterpiece of understatement. He is a director and trustee who was in on the ground floor when plans were first made for the Institute and since it became an actuality early in 1945 his interest and efforts continue. He talked about it at the last regional meeting of the Birmingham Section of the A.F.A. and has talked all over the South-and when he makes a speech he has really prepared it. He does not try to rival a political spellbinder, but his careful, concise English is always well thought out and to the point. Southern Research might be called his present hobby as it has been for the past two or three years. Another major interest has been his encouragement and training of engineering students. Active in the formation of the Student Chapter of the A.I.M.E. at the University of Alabama, for several years he saw to it that the students had a prominent engineer at each monthly meeting, usually taking them down to Tuscaloosa from Birmingham in his own automobile. He has also been keenly interested in the mining engineering activities at Tuscaloosa, both in the Bureau of Mines and the University.

Jan 1, 1946

By Henry Drinker

The Institute has lost a valued member by the death of Eckley B. Coxe, Jr. He bore the name of one who was largely instrumental in founding the Institute, and to whose support and guidance as active member, Vice-President, and President, the Institute owes. much. Eckley B. Coxe, Jr., was the nephew of the late Eckley B. Coxe. He held a large interest in the coal estates owned and developed by his family, and he was thus naturally led to take a continuing interest in mining matters, and for years and up to the time of his death was a full member of the Institute. He died at his residence, Drifton, Pa., on Sept. 20 last, aged 44. He was a member of the class of '93 of the University of Pennsylvania,. of which great institution he was a devoted alumnus. His educational and charitable activities were numerous, but his chief life-work and interest was in archeological investigation and research in Egypt, carried on through the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania of which Museum he was President. The discoveries made by the various expeditions financed and directed by him, and the notable publications issued by his direction and at his expense, chronicling the results, are among the most important researches ever made of buried Egypt. Mr. Coxe was a member of the International Historical Society and of many educational and charitable organizations. By his will, among other bequests, he left $500,000 to the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania and $100,000 to the University, the income of the latter fund to be applied to increasing the salaries of the professors of the Institution. He also left $100,000 to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, of which he was a manager, and in addition thereto $10,000 of which the income is to be applied in providing Christmas presents for .the child patients, and in providing an annual dinner for the patients and attendants of the hospital. He bequeathed $50,000 to Leonard Hall, an associate mission of the Episcopal Church, at South Bethlehem, Pa., $25,000 to the Epileptic Hospital and Colony Farm (Philadelphia) ; $50,000 to the Philadelphia Orthopaedic Hospital and Infirmary for Nervous Diseases; $15,000 to the United Charities of Hazleton, Pa., the income to be applied to the salaries of nurses; and $25,000 to the Mining and Mechanical Institute of the Anthracite Coal Region of Pennsylvania, founded by his uncle, Eckley B. Coxe, and of which Eckley B. Coxe, Jr., was an active trustee up to the time of his death. This Institute is known as one of the best preparatory schools for technical education in Pennsylvania, and is mainly devoted to extending an opportunity for education by day and night schools to the boys and young men of the Anthracite Region. Its principal is an alumnus of Lehigh University; it has an able local Board of Trustees, and an Advisory Board consisting of the Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, the President of Lafayette College, and the President of Lehigh University, all three of which institutions have established prize scholarships in the institute. Mr. Coxe carne of a distinguished ancestry, the record of which is fully given in the biographical notice of his uncle, Eckley B. Coxe, by Dr. R. W. Raymond, in Vol. XXV of the Transactions.`

Jan 12, 1916

The Editor, with the full realization of his own forgetfulness of political duties until it is brought to his attention perhaps by some unfavorable election already. consummated, wishes to remind the thinking men who compose the body of the membership of this Institute that never before in the history of the country has it been so important that we should be represented at Washington, and in our State Legislatures, by men of vision, high character, courage, broad experience in the more important affairs of life, and undoubted loyalty. Let us all endeavor to secure the nomination and election of this type of man, and let us, each in his own district (which collectively will represent practically every important locality in the Union) carefully scrutinize all candidates for election and work for the-best one who seems to have any chance of being. successful. Let its place ourselves in communication with political leaders, newspaper men of prominence, and public men generally, strengthening our own appreciation of the importance of the election at this time and cooperating for the purpose of obtaining candidates of the highest character. Upon the men of intellect depends chiefly the burden of wise selections at this time. Congressional elections will occur this Fall in the following states:

Jan 8, 1918

By J. C. Fisher

C. S. Smith has described a method for measuring the relative values of different solid-solid and solid-liquid interfacial tensi0ns. When a polyphase alloy is held at an elevated temperature, individual particles of each phase adjust their shapes and minimize the interfacial energy. Wherever three interfaces meet, the dihedral angles are such that the three interfacial tensions, considered as forces, are in equilibrium. When the angles between three forces in equilibrium at a point are known, it is possible to determine any two in terms of the third. In this way ratios of interfacial tensions have been .obtained. The value of a given interfacial tension ratio was found to be independent of the alloy system from which it was determined. Smith also has employed the method when one of the phases is liquid. When equilibrium is reached with respect to In the course of work on grain growth in high purity aluminum a simple optical method was developed for detecting the presence or absence of preferred orientation in annealed specimens. The specimens were prepared by grinding, polishing and "deep etching." The etching reagent used for high purity aluminum has been described.* The resulting etch pits produced selective

Jan 1, 1949

By R. H. Wightman, G. H. Adams

H. C. WEED*—Referring to the use of "dummy fuse" for checking the shots in chute blasting operations, I believe that an even better practice is to blast the chutes with no delay electric blasting caps. Permanent wires can be strung through the grizzly lines and the lead wires from the shots attached to these lines. Using this method, no time is lost in spitting the individual fuses. The possibility of a fused charge becoming dislodged by previous shots and falling into the chute below is eliminated and there is no chance of a man walking back into his own blast. A small hand twist blasting machine or a radio "B" battery can be used to fire the shots if the lines are fired individually. If so desired the entire area can be blasted at once by a switch at the manway or in the drift below. providing a sufficient source of electricity is available. In case a switch is used, proper precaution for locking the switch must be provided. R. H. WIGHTMAN (author's reply) —We do use electric blasting when the number of shots is large; but we have found it more satisfactory to use fuse and caps for individual shots on the grizzly.

Jan 1, 1950

Frank Owen, El Perú Venezuela (communication to the Secretary): Mr. Cragoe's accurate description of the rich and extensive mines of the Frontino and Bolivia Co. is of much interest to those acquainted with Colombian mining. While the labor in that part of Colombia is, of course, admittedly far inferior to that of white miners, it is,. nevertheless, decidedly superior to that available in other parts of the republic, and in the northern mining regions of South America generally. The Autioquenos have been miners for several generations, and many of those employed at the Frontino Co.'s works have been brought up at the mines, which is a distinct advantage. The ground encountered in the surface-workings of that district being very treacherous, they are skillful timber-men, every miner being able to put in his own timber in tunnels, stopes, etc., so that, except for the main shafts, where sawn timber is used, special timber-men are not required. In the shallow workings it is the custom for a miner to come out of the mine into the thickly-wooded bush and select and cut the timber he requires, which he will then take into the mine and put in

Jan 1, 1899

By Irwin Roman

In addition to projects such as those reported in parts I and II above, the Section of Geo-physics of the Federal Government has undertaken a considerable amount of fundamental research. Two such field-projects may be mentioned, one a magnetometric study in the Comstock Dis-trict of Nevada, and the other a resistivity-study of snow and ice. In addition to the field-problems, there have been two classes of research of a mathematical type. One of these has been the preparation of tables, scales, and charts for the important geophysical functions already known; the other has been the extension of the relations involved in the resistivity-problem. The magnetometric study at Spring Valley, in the Comstock District, was made for the pur-pose of determining the value of the magnetometer in extending the knowledge of a region, as ob-tained by purely geological means. The variations in the vertical magnetic intensity were mea-sured with an Askania balance at intervals of 20 feet, along lines as shown in Figure I.. These lines were 100 or 500 feet apart over an area approximately a rectangle 6000 by 7500 feet. In addition to the lines shown, two areas were selected for more intensive study. In one, short

Jan 1, 1940

MR. CHARLES F. RAND, President, BUTTE, MONT., APR. 29, 1913. American Institute of Mining Engineers. Dear Sir: In conversation here with Mr. Sales, who is much interested in the work of the Committee on Mining Geology, he made a suggestion which you may be interested to hear. He, and many of us, are interested in papers along our lines of special activity, as they appear from time to time in the Institute Transactions, and often take these papers with us into the field. It appears that the work of special committees which are being formed is likely to result in a much greater number of available papers than the Institute has ever before been called upon to publish. This year's Transactions, for instance, have to be published in two volumes. Why would it not be a good plan, instead of printing heterogeneous volumes, to classify the papers into several volumes, under main headings such, for instance, as iron and steel, precious metal mining, and mining geology ? We would, in fact, be very glad to suggest this as a topic for discussion, if you think it wise, in response to the Secretary's letter of April 18. Very truly yours, J. W. FINCH.

Jan 5, 1913

By James Bowron

Considering the importance of the steel trade and the strategic position occupied in it by the Birmingham district, it may be surprising to many to learn that the first pig iron smelted with coke was made in Alabama on Feb. 28, 1876, although merchant pig iron had been produced in Rockwood, Tenn., in 1867 -a plant that is still in operation The heavy deposit of Clinton ore, extending from Pennsylvania into Alabama, varies greatly in accessibility, on account of geological changes such as erosion or anticlinal upthrow; it varies equally as much in thickness and in quality. The brown ores extensively scattered through the South also vary materially in quality—some are relatively low in phosphorus and high in manganese, and vice versa. The red ore varies materially in phosphorus, but the iron produced from this ore was always considered too high in phosphorus for treatment by the acid bessemer or open-hearth process and did not contain sufficient phosphorus for the basic bessemer process. Under these conditions there remained only the basic open hearth as a possible process; and for many years it appeared impossible to use this, because, with coke smelted iron, the silicon was too high to permit its use in basic lined furnaces. Various attempts were made, from time to time, to produce a low-silicon iron, by carrying high lime burdens together with harder blowing, but the blast furnaces of the South were not equipped with the blowing power of today and from 31/2to 5-lb. pressure was the normal working condition. The result of these experiments, therefore, was that a furnace would get a lime set or be hastily changed to avoid scaffolding, and engineers and superintendents were careful not to renew the experiments. After the development of the beds of dolomitic stone in East Birmingham, the carrying of sufficient lime to bring down the silicon in the blast furnace to the permissible open-hearth limit was successfully done at the Alice furnace in Birmingham, commencing July 22, 1895. In a very short time the entire output of that furnace was being sold to different Northern steel manufacturers, with a guarantee that silicon and phosphorus should run below 1 per cent.

Jan 1, 1925

By E. T. Turkdogan, W. L. Worrell

The rate of reaction of hydrogen sulfide with ferrous sulfide was studied by measuring the initial rates of sulfidation of iron strips in hydrogen sulfide-hydrogen-argon mixtures at 670°, 800°, and 900" C. The time-dependent surface sulfur activity is derived from the instantaneous rate of sulfidation with the assumption that diffusion in the sulfide layer is in a pseudo-steady state with the gas-sulfide chemical reaction. The rate of sulfur transfer from hydrogen sulfide to the surface of iron sulfide is proportional to the partial pressure of hydrogen sulfide and inversely proportional to the activity of sulfur at the surface of the sulfide layer. The derived rate equation is based on the assumption that most of the surface sites on the chemisorbed layer of iron sulfide are occupied by sulfur atoms and that the slow rate-controlling reaction is the dissociation of hydrogen sulfide on the chemisorbed layer. The experimental results are in reasonable accord with this reaction model. 1 HE slow approach to parabolic growth rate in the sulfidation of iron in hydrogen sulfide-hydrogen mixtures is a manifestation of slow approach to surface equilibrium between the gas and the surface of the sulfide layer. For example, at 800°C and Fig. 7 in Part I, the parabolic growth rate begins after approximately 1 day of sulfidation time. With decreasing temperature and decreasing partial pressure of hydrogen sulfide, the time necessary to reach gas-sulfide surface equilibrium is much longer. These observations are similar to those reported previously by Turkdogan et al.' on the oxidation of iron to wustite in hydrogen-water vapor mixtures. The slow approach to gas-sulfide equilibrium is well-demonstrated by the results in Fig. 1 where the square of the weight gain per unit area, ( g S per sq cmI2, is plotted against time for gas mixtures having PH g//>H = 1.0 with 0, 25, 50, and 67 pct Ar at 800°C. The value of 1.5 X lo-' (g S per sq cm)' corresponds to almost complete sulfidation of the iron strip (- 0.05 cm thick) to iron sulfide. The points fall on S-shaped curves. If the inflection parts of the curves are considered to be linear, thus indicating parabolic growth rate and the establishment of gas-sulfide equilibrium, their slopes would have to be the same for a fixed ratio in the gas mixture. Such is not the case, and the slopes for the "linear" parts of the S-shaped curves are lower than the value when gas-sulfide surface equilibrium is established. The subject matter of this paper is the kinetics of the surface reaction of hydrogen sulfide with iron sulfide during the early stages of sulfidation of an iron strip. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The apparatus and materials used were the same as those discussed in Part I. In the present experiments of relatively short duration, a purified iron strip, 5 by 2 by 0.05 cm, which was suspended in the uniform hot zone of a vertical zircon tube, reacted with a flowing gas mixture of hydrogen sulfide-hydrogen-argon. The sample was suspended from a gold chain attached to a calibrated silica spring. The amount of sulfur picked up by the iron, which formed a layer of iron sulfide, was determined by measuring the displacement of a reference point on the silica spring, using a cathetom-eter. In all cases, the degreased sample was first annealed in a stream of oxygen-free dry hydrogen for several hours to remove any impurities such as oxygen, nitrogen, or carbon which might have been present on the surface of the sample.' The rate measurements were carried out at 670°, 800°, and 900° C in hydrogen sulfide-hydrogen-argon mixtures with pH2 s/Ph2 ratios from 4 to 0.1. In a few experiments of short duration no sulfur deposition was observed in gas mixtures with (comments concerning sulfur deposition at high pH s/ph ratios were made in Part I.) Typical examples of the results obtained are shown in Fig. 2 for two temperatures and two gas compositions. With the present experimental technique, reproducible rate data could be obtained only after a uniform

Jan 1, 1969

COAL is perennially -a subject of major interest at. Pittsburgh, but during the week of Nov. 19 to 24 it was especially to the fore because nearly two thousand persons gathered to take part in the second of the international conferences organized by President Baker of the Carnegie Institute. From the opening session on Monday morning when those attending were welcomed by President Baker and T. P. Gaylord, president of the Chamber of Commerce of Pittsburgh, until the party returned from the Clairton coke ovens on Saturday. afternoon, there was something going on all the time, and usually three sessions were in progress at once.

Jan 1, 1928

Edwin A. SpeRry, Denver, Colo. (communication to the Secretary*) :—Since writing my former paper on this subject I have had several discussions concerning some of the statements contained therein, with men who have had a large experience with the old form of buddle, both in this country and in Cornwall. The present paper gives a brief statement of some of the points debated, together with the arguments and proofs in their substantiation. The first point is the question of the capacity. In my origi-

Jan 1, 1904

By D. B. Jugle, J. B. Darby, O. J. Kleppa

A systematic study has been made of the kinetics of solution under steady state, dynamic conditions of titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, and nickel in liquid aluminum. It was found that the temperature dependence of the solution rate obeyed an Arrhenius-type rate equation, and that at a given temperature the rate of solution of the various solutes correlates quantitatively with the equilibrium solubility of the solute in liquid aluminum. These results are consistent with a mechanism where the rate-controlling step is the diffusion of solute atoms through a liquid boundary layer. THE present study was initially started in order to explore the feasibility of liquid-metal solution calorimetry for transition metals and alloys. Previous work1 in this field employing liquid tin as a solvent at temperatures in the 500' to 600' range had indicated that the rates of solution of most transition metals in tin are very low. Under such conditions effective solution calorimetry is difficult. The objective of the present investigation was two-fold: a) To obtain, as far as possible, quantitative data on the rates of solution of a series of transition elements in liquid aluminum. b) To explore whether liquid aluminum might be a suitable solvent for liquid-metal calorimetry. In the course of this work a comprehensive set of data was obtained on the steady state rates of solution of transition metals in a common liquid-metal solvent. The results are consistent with the boundary layer model, which assumes that the rate-controlling step consists of diffusion of solute atoms through a viscous liquid layer. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A vacuum-tight stainless steel vessel was surrounded by a resistance furnace, as shown in Fig. 1. In all experiments the temperature of the liquid solvent was controlled to 2.5' by means of a Micromax controller. A high-vacuum manifold connected to the vessel maintained a vacuum of 1 x 105 mm of Hg or better. The vacuum vessel was equipped with a charging section isolated from the working chamber by a vacuum-tight gate valve. This arrangement allowed the specimen holder to be removed or inserted into the apparatus without removal of the liquid metal bath. The specimen holder was suspended from a closed end stainless steel tube, which also served as the thermocouple protection tube. The portion of the tube that was below the solvent level was surrounded by an alumina protection tube to isolate it from the liquid metal bath. The stainless steel tube was connected through a rotary vacuum seal and a gear train to a fractional horsepower motor. For most experiments the tube was rotated at a constant

Jan 1, 1963

E. T. Dumble, Houston, Texas (communication to the Secretary) : During the field-season of 1890 I had occasion to examine some of the salines of eastern Texas. As the result of my stridy of them I came to the conclusion that, together with the oil of Hardin county (since extended to Beaumont by the work of Capt. Lucas) and the rock-salt and gypsum-deposits of the coast country, extending southward to the Rio Grande, these were simply a continuation of similar deposits in Louisiana described by Hilgard, Hopkins, and others; and I recommended the sinking of wells wberever they were found.

Jan 1, 1902