Search Documents

By Charles Willis

THE time is no longer when a man can act as an independent unit; the appreciation of the interdependence of one man upon another has emphasized the importance of the social unit. Epidemics have made us recognize that even a man's health is not distinctly his own to control as he pleases. The physical examination of workmen previous to employment started with an effort to prevent the spread of tuberculosis, for tuberculosis may be .detected in its early stages and cured. But it was soon found that many other diseases were detected and the saving of lives made possible. The physical examination does not mean the elimination of the unfit-on that basis it would utterly fail- but rather the measuring of a man's physical fitness and placing the man where he can do the best for himself, his fellow worker, and the company. Industry as a whole cannot expect to live up to the standard of physical examination set for the army, nor should it expect to do so, for in all branches of industry there are types of work that do not require -the same amount of endurance as does army work, and the placing of men with physical limitations in the work for which they are' capable permits a higher average of physical fitness for the work requiring physical excellence.

Jan 7, 1919

By Paul Billingsley

IN THEIR course across Ecuador, the Andes fail to show the mineral wealth with which they abound in Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. This may well be due merely to the concealment of recent volcanic ash and dense tropical jungle, but at any rate Ecuador has lacked the stimulation to development and progress afforded to the southern countries by the mines of Cerro de Pasco, Potosi, etc. 1 There is, however; in Ecuador, near its southern border, one mining district that, in recent years under North American management, has become a steady producer of mineral. wealth and. a community in which the sanitary and mechanical elements of modern life are displayed, for ;the first time, to the Ecuadorians of the lowland forests. The mining district of Zaruma is .situated in the province of El Oro, near the southwestern corner of Ecuador, about 50 km. (31 mi.) from the coast. Pizarro's first landing on the mainland was at Tumbez, at the mouth of the river that drains the Zaruma area; and the gold so abundantly found in this Indian town was soon traced to its source. In 1549, Mercadillo, one of the original (band, reached Zaruma, having worked his way up-stream through canyons that .are now regarded as impassable. The Spaniards proved themselves efficient prospectors, finding practically every orebody in the district as yet discovered; and, working

Jan 10, 1925

By N. F. Neumann, A. W. Schlechten

Metal chlorides were formed by reacting metal oxides and calcium chloride; the effect of additions to the reaction mixture was studied. It was found that by use of proper additions, metal chlorides could be prepared from mixtures that were not reactive under ordinary conditions. ManY recent metallurgical developments involve the use of chlorine or chlorides as primary reagents; good examples are found in the production of ductile zirconium and titanium by reduction of their chlorides with magnesium. Various methods of preparing metal chlorides are used and many others have been proposed. Some chlorides are formed by the direct combination of a metal or alloy with chlorine. Other processes react chlorine and metallic oxides; carbon or other reducing agents are usually employed to reduce the metal oxides and so promote chlorination. Metallic chlorides have also been produced by the exchange of chlorine between metal oxides and a chloride, such as sodium chloride. This type of reaction was the basis for the old process of chloride roasting in which metal ores were roasted in the presence of salt. Soluble chlorides thus formed

Jan 1, 1959

By C. S. Duncan, S. Scuro, D. R. Muss

Work is vepurted which was aimed at accentuating the pec14liar attributes of the GaAs laser diode, namely its sutzull size and its high efficiency. This has been done by reducing- transport losses in the bulk p and n regions of the diode and combining many of. these diodes into series stacks with common optical cazlities. The result of this effort is a nearly monochromati source at about 8450A With a luminous areu 0.05 by The GaAs laser diode is an attractive pulsed light source in the near ir because of its ability to emit very large pulse powers and its small size. In addition to this, the device is efficient; and the higher the 0.05 cm emitting peak pulse po we rs at greater than 300 LC at repetition rates below 200 pps into a cone about 0.01 steradians when operated at 77°K. The results of nzeasuvetnents of peak optical power and spectra frorr~ these stacks are reported and some conclusions are drawn about the vole the individual diodes play in the stacked operation. peak output power, the more efficient it is. The limit for the amount of power that these diodes can emit is the transient and average dissipation associated with the pumping pulse. This power dissipation arises primarily from transport across the bulk regions of the diode; this fact, along with the relatively low thermal conductivity of the GaAs, led us to the conclusion that higher power

Jan 1, 1968

By Burt Hartmann

The nation's ever-expanding construction and mining activity has placed an increasing demand upon engineers and geologists to design and construct stable slopes in earth materials-soil and rock. Man's attempt to handle these slope stability problems has been based primarily on practical experience and the resulting theories formulated to explain the phenomena. Too many instances occur when man is faced with a slope stability problem that has not yet been experienced and doesn't lend itself to solution by any existing theory. At this point he must extend himself in using his engineering judgment to arrive at a reasonable and safe design. As past experience has shown, all of the "safe designs" are not really safe. Sometimes they result in embarrassing failures. Measurements provide the key to understanding and controlling natural phenomena. We cannot hope to gain control of the slope stability problem until we understand the causes of slope failure, their behavior with respect to time and their relative magnitudes. Measurements required for an adequate definition of any slope problem must be of the highest reliability because of the importance of decisions which must be based on them. For this reason, direct measurements of movement, shear strength, water pressure, etc. of the unstable mass are preferable to indirect measurements of other physical properties. Movement instruments which can be positioned inside of the slope mass (within boreholes) are among the most useful in diagnosis and/or monitoring of slope movements. The higher the sensitivity and il-measurement precision possible with borehole instruments, the quicker the required information can be obtained and the more exactly may hazardous conditions be observed. A high density of measuring points in a single drill hole is deemed essential for diagnostic purposes. Behavior gradients may thus be obtained. The Pressure Meter (Fig. 1) can be used to measure a relative strength

Jan 1, 1968

By J. M. Gaines

THE use of oxygen in electric furnaces is relatively old, and the practice has been employed by several steelmakers prior to the recent impetus given generally to the use of oxygen in steelmaking. This application has been described recently in several publications,1 and a number of patents relating to the application of oxygen in electric furnaces have been issued.2 An effort is made in this paper to assemble recent information relating to the use of oxygen in electric furnaces and to present this material from a practical viewpoint, to an extent consistent with the withholding of certain operating data which manufacturers consider to be confidential. The use of oxygen has been extended during the past months in a number of additional steel companies by incorporating oxygen practice into regular production and by much increased experimentation. Available records show that oxygen is used more or less regularly at present in 18 shops, of which six utilize the oxygen for production and the others for experimen¬tation. The number of furnaces per shop using oxygen varies from one to six. Many types of electric-furnace steel have been prepared with the assistance of pure oxygen, including low-carbon and medium-carbon killed steels, low-carbon rimming steel and low-carbon and medium-carbon stainless and alloy steels. Oxygen has been used in furnaces of all sizes up to 90 tons capacity for accelerating charge meltdown and for reduction of carbon.

Jan 1, 1947

By W. C. Lacy

THE Cuajone porphyry copper deposit is the northernmost of a group of three deposits in southern Peru controlled by the Southern Peru Copper Corp.-Toquepala, Quelleveco, and Cuajone— all within a 20-mile belt. Although small pockets of high-grade copper oxide ores were worked in the Cuajone area in the 19th century, it was not until 1939 that its potentialities as a disseminated deposit were recognized by 0. C. Schmedeman. An exploratory drilling pro- gram was begun in December 1942 and continued until early 1945. The program was revived in November 1952 and completed early in 1954. Early exploration was by diamond drilling. Later exploration was predominantly churn drilling, with diamond drilling used only for wildcat holes. Along this northwest-trending belt of deposits. which follows the western slopes of the Andean Range, quartz-monzonite has invaded earlier dio-rite intrusives and a series of warped and tilted Cretaceous volcanic flows. Little faulting of consequence has been recognized within the mineralized areas. Sulfide minerals were introduced into all these diverse rocks, and mineralization was followed by erosion, oxidation, and enrichment. In Late Tertiary and/or Quaternary time the entire

Jan 1, 1959

By James C. M. Li

The thermodynamics of the set of functions including the activation enthalpy. the activation free energy, and the activation entropy for the motion of dislocations at low temperatures is formulated without a specific model or a mechanism. The behniiior near absolute zero of all these functions and of other relevant quantities related to dislocation mobility Is examined in the light of the third law of thermodynamics. The velocity measurements of Stein and Low for edge dislocations in Si-Fe are used .for illustrotion. In the plastic deformation of crystalline materials, a fundamental assumption, which is supported by direct measurements using etch-pit techniques,'-4 is that the average velocity of a certain mobile dislocation is a single-valued function of temperature and the effective shear stress exerted on the mobile dislocation: Sometimes under certain assumptions, even without direct dislocation-velocity measurements, an activation volume can be obtained from a change in strain rate in a simple tension test. Similarly an ac tivation enthalpy can be obtained by changing the temperature in a creep test. However, the assumptions involved should be studied carefully before using the results of these tests. Consider, for example, a tensile specimen at some stage of deformation with a distribution of mobile dislocations. Let the total length of dislocations of type i be pi per unit volume. The Burgers vector of these dislocations is hi which makes an angle ?i with the tensile axis. With respect to the same tensile axis, let the normal of the slip plane of these dislocations

Jan 1, 1965

By R. G. Robins, O. J. Kwok

The application of chemical thermodynamic theory to high temperature aqueous systems is discussed as a basis for the explanation of thermal precipitation. The derivation of high temperature potential/ pH diagrams is briefly outlined in order to show a temperature/pH relationship for hydrolytic precipitation, which is an effect that is caused simply by heating an aqueous solution. Various examples of thermal precipitation are given, with particular reference to separation of metal values from leach solutions. Metal sulphate solutions are shown to precipitate basic sulphates, hydrated sulphates , oxides, hydroxides, and oxydroxides of the metal depending largely on the pH, the concentration of metal ion, and the concentration of sulphate or bisulphate. The CuS04-H2S04-H20 system is treated in some detail, and the separation of copper from other metal ions is investigated. Other separations involving Fe, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Cr are considered. Other advantages of thermal precipitation, such as the formation of high purity, large particle size and easily filterable materials, are presented. The kinetics of thermal precipitation are also briefly examined.

Jan 1, 1973

By Eugene E. Ayres

The centrifuge has come into general use in the oil fields and in the establishments where lubricating and fuel oils are used. Probably centrifugal machinery will be found more useful in the refinery when the operators are more familiar with'the principles of modern centrifuga-tion and when centrifugal engineers better understand the refinery emulsion problems. It is not generally realized that centrifugal force and gravity have two distinct functions: First, subsidence wherein the suspended globules are brought into contact; second, coalescence (when this is possible) by rupturing the films around the globules. In the case of a water-in-oil emulsion, an exercise of the former function alone would yield: (1) oil, free, or as free as desired, from water; and (2) a concentrated water-in-oil emulsion—concentrated in the sense that it contains a relatively large percentage of the internal phase. An exercise of both functions will yield: (1) water-free oil and (2) oil-free water. Centrifugal force is much better than gravity for subsidence because, in the case of industrial emulsions where the suspended globules are visible under a microscope, subsidence is directly proportional to the force applied. Centrifugal force is only slightly better than gravity for coalescence. A minute trace of a proper reagent will immediately do more to nullify the interfacial surface tension opposing coalescence than an indefinite application of the highest attainable centrifugal force. No mathematical analysis has been made to explain the failure of high centrifugal force to induce a decidedly more rapid and more complete coalescence than is obtained by gravity. The adjustment of the centrifuge rotor depends more on the extent of coalescence that is desired or is possible than on any other factor. One reason for this dependence is to be found in the curious relation between the specific gravity and the hydrostatic pressure of emulsions. The continuous centrifuge works on the U-tube or Florentine flask prin-

Jan 1, 1924

By Thomas C. Atchison

An understanding of the physical processes involved in breaking rock with explosives will lead to better blasting techniques. In this chapter known rock breakage principles will be outlined, some conjectural ideas will be discussed, and areas needing further study will be pointed out. The principles outlined will serve as a basis for the design of blasting rounds described in the following chapter. 7.2-1. Factors Important to Rock Fragmentation. The efficacy of explosives as tools for rock fragmentation lies in their ability to deliver almost instantaneously large amounts of energy to a limited portion of the rock. When an explosive charge is detonated in a drill hole, its energy is released in a very small fraction of a second in the form of gas at extremely high pressure and temperature. The mechanics of the transfer of this energy to the rock and the resulting breakage are complex and not completely understood. Factors that have been identified as important to the fragmentation process may be grouped in three categories: explosive parameters, charge loading parameters, and rock parameters. EXPLOSIVE PARAMETERS. Explosive parameters known to influence breakage are density, detonation velocity, detonation impedance, detonation pressure, gas volume, and available energy. Detonation pressure is probably the best indicator of an explosive's ability to break solid hard rock. Detonation pressure is roughly proportional to the product of density and the square of the detonation velocity. The relative ability of different explosives to transmit their pressure to stress in a given rock is function of their detonation impedances. Detonation impedance is the product of density and detonation velocity. The volume of gas released in the explosive detonation undoubtedly is of importance, at least in the later stages of breakage, and is probably

Jan 1, 1968

By A. R. Troiano, W. J. Barnett

IN recent years the demands of space limitations and increased loads, particularly in the aircraft industry, have accelerated the trend toward utilization of ultra-high strength steels. The increased application of such steels has focused attention on the phenomenon of delayed failure or static fatigue. Parts subjected to a static load, after successfully sustaining the load for an extended period of time, may fail in a brittle manner. Subsequent examination of such failed parts by conventional laboratory tests in many cases reveals no apparent signs of embrittle-ment. That is, the material exhibits good ductility and impact resistance. Furthermore, consideration of the service conditions (environment and temperature) under which this brittle failure occurred eliminates its classification as a stress-corrosion or creep type of failure. Recently this unique time dependent fracture process has been the subject of numerous investigations. The most significant result of these studies was the recognition of hydrogen as the source of embrittlement. While the effect of numerous variables on the occurrence of static fatigue failure has been defined, an adequate explanation of these behaviors is lacking. The occurrence of this phenomenon in steels generally has been limited to strength levels in excess of 180,000 lb per sq in. Although steels at high hardness levels have exhibited delayed failure in the absence of hydrogen introduction after heat treat-ment,'.' this behavior was most prevalent when the material in processing had been subjected to an environment conducive to the absorption of hydrogen. Delayed failures have been produced in high strength steels by the introduction of hydrogen

Jan 1, 1958

By Oswald J. Heinrich

IN this paper I shall attempt a description of the successful extraction of coal from this property after it had been on fire for probably fifty years, or more, and after attempts, made at various times, which had still left considerable coal behind. The Richmond coal-field has a well-founded bad reputation, arising from the circumstance that many of its collieries have had to be abandoned, from time to time, if not entirely, on account of fires, caused by spontaneous combustion, to which the character of the coal in this field renders them peculiarly liable. While I fully assent to the opinion that this trouble lies in the nature of the coal, which is highly bituminous, and the seams of which are, moreover, divided by slaty bands, through which, as also in the coal, iron pyrites is more or less disseminated, often in microscopically small particles, I must, nevertheless, declare that many lamentable disasters, causing great loss of life and property, could have been avoided if a suitable system of mining had been pursued in all the collieries. If this could not have been done from the beginning of mining in this section of country (the history of which can be traced back to over one hundred years), at least experience enough existed upon this subject thirty and forty years ago to dictate the avoidance of the dangers to a considerable extent. It is therefore necessary here to refer first, in a few remarks, to the character of the coal deposits, particularly in this immediate neighborhood, the Midlothian being one of the oldest and most extensive mines, and some of its coal being much subjected to spontaneous combustion. I must also refer to the history of former managements to explain more clearly the results which were arrived at. The Midlothian coal-mine property, situated upon the eastern outcrop of the basin, about four miles south from James River, exhibits

Jan 1, 1873

By Blamey Stevens

In this paper, which is a logical extension of my paper, The Laws of Intrusion,1 the various pressures of emanation and their mechanical causes and effects on the large scale of nature are determined, and a classification of emanations is deduced therefrom. • The Subterranean. Sea. The subterranean sea is here defined as the intercommnnicating water contained in the trains of pores and fissures of the rocks down to great depths. Whether the actual amount of water constituting this subterranean sea be large or small, does not enter into the present argument, since the static pressure of this water at any particular depth is not a function of the quantity : it involves only the depth and the density of the water. Densities. The total pressure at depths down to 10 or 15 miles is made up of the rock-stresses investigated in my previous papers, and the pressure of the subterranean sea. The latter component must evidently be equal to the weight of a solid column of the overlying water of unit sectional area. As mater expands with heat, it should really be necessary to sum the density at every level. A knowledge of the densities of mater under a variety of conditions is therefore needed, but does not seem ever to have been ascertained for such combined pressures and temperatures as we have to consider. The specific gravity of water at 28' C. for various pressures up to 400 atmospheres, has been determined by Barus, 2 who

Jan 1, 1913

"The chief aim in style ought to be absolute precision", said Flaubert. "There is only one noun that can express your idea, only one verb that can set that idea in motion, and only one adjective that is the proper epithet for that noun." Let this be your motto. The engineer tries to be exact in all his measurements; he should measure his language with similar exactness. The technical term is a word of precision. It is not only precise, it is a word-saver. To the unscientific the earth is "a ball slightly flattened at the poles, something like an orange". To the scientific it is "an oblate spheroid". A similar contrast between the precision of the technical term and the vagueness of common words is afforded by a conversation between Ivanhoe and Rebecca: " ' What device does he bear on his shield?' asked Ivanhoe. 'Something resembling a bar of iron, and a padlock painted blue on a black shield.' 'A fetterlock and shacklebolt azure', said Ivanhoe"-using the technical terms of heraldry. It is good style in writing, however, to adapt your manner of expression to the intelligence and experience of the person or persons to whom the writing is addressed. The description of a mine should be worded differently according as it is intended to inform a mining engineer, a director, or a bishop. REMEMBER THE READER. It is as incorrect to write in a technical way for a non-technical reader as to write in a popular way for a technical or scientific reader. That style is best which enables the writer to place himself in the closest mental touch with his reader, to establish the maximum of sympathetic understanding. Let your precision be proportioned to your accuracy. You should not try to be precise in matters that do not admit of

Jan 1, 1931

By Carl Belser

This paper summarizes the data on the oil-shale deposits of western Colorado, Utah and Wyoming. It is based on published reports by the U. S. Geological Survey, on the results of core drilling and sampling by the Bureau of Mines, on the drill cuttings from the Genera1 Petroleum well, on a recent unpublished report by the Geological Survey on the geology of Naval Oil-Shale Reserves No. I and No' 21 and from information supplied by geologists of private companies who have investigated the Green River formation. The paper also contains a revised estimate of the grade and tonnage of minable thicknesses of oil shale of western Colorado. Introduction The oil shales of the Green River formation of Colorado, Utah and Wyoming comprise an important natural resource for the production of synthetic liquid fuels. The oil shale in western Colorado generally is more amenable to exploitation, apparently richer, and probably more persistent than in Utah or Wyoming. Work is now being done by the Bureau of Mines near Rifle, Cola. to ascertain the best procedures for mining the oil shale, producing shale oil from the oil shale, and converting the oil into more salable products. As a part of this program, holes were drilled and cores were taken of the oil shale on Naval Oil-Shale Reserve No. I. In addi- tion, drill cuttings were obtained from a well drilled through the Green River formation by the General Petroleum Co. about 18 miles northerly of the Naval Oil-Shale Reserve. Geology During middle Eocene time a broad, shallow body of water, now called Uinta Lake, covered northwestern Colorado and east-central Utah; a similar lake, known as Gosiute Lake, was in southwestern Wyoming Each of these contemporary lakes was bounded by high hills; the drainage was to the south. The Green River formation was laid down as sediments in the bottoms of these lakes. It is 3000 ft thick and has been divided into the following four members:

Jan 1, 1949

By George W. Maynard

In the death of Sir William Siemens, the Institute loses its most distinguished honorary member, one who, without exaggeration, may be ranked among the greatest Men of the century. In justification of this claim, I quote in part the words of two other men eminent in the walks of science. Professor Huxley, addressing the Royal Society, spoke of Siemens as "a marked example of vast energy, large scientific acquirements, and intellectual power of a high order," and as one " who had no superior in fertility and ingenuity of invention, while hardly any living man so thoroughly combined an extensive knowledge of scientific principles with the power of applying then] in a commercially successful manner. The value of his numerous inventions must be measured, not merely by the extent to which they have increased the wealth and convenience of mankind, but by the favorable reaction on the progress of pure science which they, like all such inventions, have exerted, and will continually exert." Dr. Wedding, in his address before the Verein zur Befarderung des Gewerbefleisses in Preussm, speaks of Siemens as being "so fortunate as to combine German erudition with British activity in such a manner that both nations, Gertnan as well as English, were equally proud of him; and, now that his rich life is ended, regret is expressed on both shores of the North Sea, first by the Germans that his entire life had not been spent in Germany, and his powers dedicated to Germany, and by the English that he was not born a Briton." Germany may well be proud of being the birth-place, not only of such a man, but of such a family; for where in history shall we find in a single family such a wide range of knowledge so successfully applied to the arts? The least distinguished name in the following list has added to the world's knowledge enough to satisfy the desire for fame of any ordinary man. This constellation is made up of:

Jan 1, 1884

By J. Parke Channing

We are accustomed to think that we are efficient in the United States, particularly with respect to such things as mining and manufacturing. The conduct of the war has demanded in England and in France a complete readjustment of manufacturing methods and plans, and today England, is probably as efficient a country as there is in the world, not even excepting Germany. This is all the more remarkable because it has been notorious for years that England has been inefficient in her manufacturing and the country has been flooded with things "Made in Germany.'' Today England is almost a socialistic community and the State is doing almost everything. England is now in such a position that practically everyone in the country is engaged in industry necessary for the conduct of the war, and this has been accomplished by increasing the efficiency both of her tools and of her man power. In the United States we certainly have been efficient so far as machines and perhaps so far as methods have been concerned, but we have not been efficient in the utilization of our man power. Before the war, our labor was undoubtedly far more efficient than that of England, but it certainly was not so highly efficient as it should have been, and the problem that confronts us today, and will all the more confront us after the war, is to make our man power efficient. England has had a taste of what you may call State Socialism, and her laboring men are not going to be content to return to the old order of things. There is one feature of the labor problem in England which has permitted her to reach this condition of state socialism with comparative rapidity; this is that practically all of her laborers are English; she has little or no foreign population. While an Englishman may be a strong union man and ready to fight his employer tooth and nail, at heart he is still a British subject, and when his country was in danger he rose to the occasion. In the United States we have such an admixture of unassimilated foreigners that the problem is more difficult, and as yet we have not been brought to that point of stress which has arrived in England. But if

Jan 1, 1919

By C. K. Eilerts, J. D. Ham

Laboratory research has been conducted to evaluate the characteristic effects of condensate saturation on the mobility of gas in typical reservoir rocks. A pump with two pistons provided phases in equilibrium at controlled flow rates and constant liquid-vapor volume ratios. Core samples were tested in a holder that permitted sealing steady-state phases in the pore spaces under flow test pressures for weighing with sufficient precision to give an accurate measure of the attained saturations. Parameters of the study were pressure, apparent velocity, flowing liquid-vapor volume ratio, fluid composition, core material and length-to-diameter ratio. Tests were conducted at 515 and 1,515 psia to determine the effect of pressure on the mobility-saturation relationship. Influence of the apparent velocities 0.30, 0.15 and 0.07 cm/sec and of five liquid-vapor volume ratios from 0.0001 to 0.01 was determined at 515 psia The principal fluid system was nitrogen and and separator liquid from a Gulf Coast condensate, but the effect of a condensate of different viscosity was also determined. The significance of a possible concentration of liquid near the outlet end of the test cores was investigated. Core materials included a consolidated sandstone and a low-permeability limestone. Relative mobility and liquid-vapor volume ratio relationships are concluded to be dependent on pressure, saturation and, to a lesser extent, on velocity. For each porous medium and fluid there is a minimum saturation essential to two-phase flow, and high velocities of flow have only limited effect on saturations in this range. INTRODUCTION It is now recognized that knowledge of the availability of a reservoir gas — the period that gas may be recovered from a reservoir at a given rate — is as important as the estimate of gas in place. When reservoir conditions are such that pressure decline owing to production will result in retrograde condensation, liquid saturation can increase in the structure around the production well in a way that may restrict flow capacity, and hence future availability. l Based on a numerical solution of transient radial flow of single-phase gas-condensate fluids, 2 a program for computing the accumulation of condensate in a reservoir and the effect of this condensate on deliverability has been developed. During this development a need evolved for data that described the influence of pressure, velocity of flow and condensed liquid on mobility as recovery progressed. This paper presents the results of experimental investigation to obtain insight into the mobility relationship at reservoir pressures of gas-condensate fluids. A core holder for flow tests at reservoir pressure was developed to weigh the core and its fluid contents under pressure to determine saturation. A specially constructed pump was used to drive a two-phase fluid through the core until a steady state prevailed. The core was used as a differential device, and properties measured were intensive rather than extensive. APPARATUS Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of the major pieces of equipment used in the mobility determination. The weighable core holder is connected to a two-piston, constant-displacement pump. Attainment of steady-state flow is indicated by stability of the flow differential read from the high-pressure manometer. WEIGHABLE CORE HOLDER An important part of the data needed was the mobility-saturation relationship. This required that mobilities and saturations be measured at pressures, flow velocities and liquid-vapor volume ratios characteristic of condensate reservoirs.

By John Boardman

THE Anaconda company has never indulged in any employee activities at Butte which might be termed paternalistic, but it has exerted a vast amount of effort in care of its employees during working hours. The reason for this policy is not lack of interest or that the company does not feel the effect of employees' activities while they are "off the job"; it is that the company and the city of Butte have grown up together and, each has been adequate in its own sphere, the company in providing employment at the highest possible wage and the city in providing housing, sanitation, commercial services, medical services, schools, churches, amusements and entertainments. The one exception to this independence between the company and the community is the Butte Water Co., which is a wholly owned sub-sidiary of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Mention of this relationship is made here because the water supply of such a city as Butte is one of the principal factors in determining the health of the people. Very early in the development of the Anaconda company an adequate and dependable water supply for the operations became necessary, therefore the company took over this important community function. So well has this activity worked out that during the whole period of time covered, in which the company has expanded to become practically the sole mine operator and the community has grown from a small mining camp to the status of a modern city, there has been no shortage of water or any outbreak of water-borne, epidemic disease.

Jan 1, 1938