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NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period June 10, 1919, to July 10, 1919. ANDERSON, JOHN EDWARD, Min. Engr., Lehigh Valley Coal Co., 121 N. Laurel St., Hazleton, Pa. BENBOW, B. L., Mgr., Cleveland Wire Division, National Lamp Works, General Electric Co., 1770 E. 45th St., Cleveland, Ohio. BLAIR, CHARLES S., Geol., Tennessee Coal, Iron & R. R. Co., Birmingham, Ala. BOLAND, FRED L., Chief Draftsman, Mine Dept., Chile Exploration Co., Chuquicamata, Chile, South America. COLLIER, OTTO L., Civil & Min. Engr., Secretary, Ernest M. Merrill Engrg. Co., Mullens, Wyoming Co., W. Va. DELAMATER, GEORGE RICHMOND, Asst. Supt:, By-product. Coke Oven Dept., Steelton Plant, Bethlehem Steel Co., Steelton, Pa. DOELL, WILLIAM R Chief Engr., Mahuomen Iron .Co., Crosby, Minn. ENDO, SHINZO 365 Komagome Shimmeicho, Hongo, Tokio, Japan. EVANS, CHARLES E., Chief Draftsman, American Smelt. & Refin. Co., Murray, Utah. FISCHER, OSCAR A 62S First National Bank Bldg., Denver, Colo. FISHER, GEORGE KINGSBURY, Met. Engr 47 Baker St., Saranac Lake, N. Y. FRAZEE, VERNE, Min. Engr Moweaqua, Ill. FURNICHI, ROKUZO, Supt. of Min. Dept., Besshi Copper Mine, Baron Sumitomo Co. Ehime Japan

Jan 8, 1919

By P. H. Mell

The little village, from which this formation receives its name, is situated on a bluff of the Alabama River, 175 feet above water level. This bluff is a portion of high table land that begins in the western portion of Choctaw and extends through Clarke and Monroe counties. We find points on this ridge more than 100 feet higher than Tuscaloosa, and nearly as high as the Tennessee River at Tuscumbia. Through this the Alabama River cuts its way, exposing a beautiful cross-section of the strata, of which the accompanying sketch may give some idea. The fossils are found about 75 feet below the surface and 100 feet above the level of the river. There are seven distinct strata. 1. The lowest, extending from the water's edge up the bluff 80 feet, is a soft calcareous rock containing about 15 per cent. of carbonate of lime, with occasional specks of mica. In this a few Ostrea, Turritellæ, and Flustræ were found, but so friable as to fall to pieces when handled. 2. Next comes a stratum varying from 2 to 8 feet, consisting of

Jan 1, 1880

By B. L. Averbach, M. Cohen, G. P. Conard

IT has been frequently observed that, when metal crystals are bent and annealed or when they are bent at elevated temperatures, the asterism of the Laue spots is split discontinuously into tiny intensity maxima. This finding indicates that segmented crystallites or subgrains are produced, which are relatively undistorted within themselves but which differ slightly in orientation from their neighbors. The following viewpoints have been put forward concerning the nature of this segmentation process: 1—Crussard' has described the phenomenon as "re-crystallization in situ." According to this mechanism, the deformed lattice recrystallizes on heating into an aggregate of comparatively strain-free subgrains separated from one another by low-angle boundaries and having nearly the same orientation as the original crystal. This process differs from the classical type of recrystallization in that the latter involves the formation of grains having quite different orientations from that of the mother crystal. 2—A similar but more detailed picture has been advanced by Cahn' who adopted the term "polygonization." In this interpretation, the plastic bending of lattice planes results in an excess of dislocations of one sign, but at suitable temperatures these dislocations migrate along slip planes and collect in localized regions to form an array of low-angle boundaries. Concurrently, the lattice segments between the boundaries lose their curvature and elastic strain. 3—The "cell formation" concept of Wood and co-workers: unlike the two hypotheses cited, postulates that the segmentation of the lattice is basically a mode of deformation and is not an annealing phenomenon. Cell formation appears to compete more effectively with respect to the normal slip process as the deformation temperature is increased and as the strain rate is decreased. The present work was performed on 3.2 mm diameter 99.99' pct Zn single crystals, grown from the melt in a gradient furnace. The major impurity was 0.003 pct Fe. The crystal orientations ranged from those with basal plane parallel to the rod axis to those with the basal plane almost perpendicular to the rod axis. The specimens were bent on templates to effective radii varying from 14.2 to 1.3 cm at the temperatures from —196" to 100°C. In each case, the axis of bending was parallel to the basal plane. Subsequent annealing was carried out at temperatures from —196" to 400°C. Back-reflection Laue pictures were taken on the convex surface of the bent specimens, before and after annealing. This procedure was found to yield better resolution of the detail in the diffraction spots than did the previously used Laue transmission technique. Some X-ray pictures of rods bent at —196" and —78°C were taken at these respective temperatures without intermediate warming to room temperature. In addition, bent crystals were acid cut" parallel to the basal plane, and double-crystal spectrometer rocking-curves were obtained from the etched (0001) face before and after increment an-

Jan 1, 1954

By T. I Harkins, J. Brian Eby

This paper outlines the geophysical investigation of the area covering the Darrow salt dome, Louisiana. Surveys with the refraction seismograph and torsion balance failed to disclose the dome, but reflection dip shooting was successful and was confirmed by later drilling. Introduction The Darrow salt dome and oil field lies in western Ascension Parish, Louisiana, on the outside of a sharp bend and on the east bank of the Mississippi River. The dome occurs about 30 miles south of Baton Rouge and 80 miles northwest of New Orleans. Its geology, shape and structure have been ably described in detail by Carroll E. Cook1 and, except for the general features, will not be repeated here. The purpose of this paper is to record some of the interesting and pertinent geophysical data contributing to the discovery of the dome and eventually the oil field. The salt dome is circular in outline and comes to within about 4625 ft. of the surface. At this depth the diameter of the salt plug is approximately 4800 ft. The dome has only a thin cap rock of less than 75 ft. Some oil has been found and is being produced in Miocene sands above the cap rock, but most of the field's production comes from a narrow ring of wells around the east and south flanks of the dome. Producing horizons on the flank are found at 5670 to 5840 ft. in the Miocene and 6890 to 6985 ft., 7028 to 7060 ft. and 8260 to 8270 ft. in the Oligocene. The deepest well that has been drilled is the Humble Oil and Refining Company's Community B-5, on the south flank of the structure, which reached a depth of 10,013 feet. The size and shape of the field and the area of production are indicated on Fig. I. The line showing the area of production encloses all wells now producing and all abandoned producers, both on the top and flank of the dome. This line of production is shown on all subsequent geophysical maps as a direct means of comparing the early geophysics to later drilling development. Darrow dome occurs on the low, flat flood plain of the Mississippi River; it is protected from flood overflow by high artificial levees. The rich loamy soil supports a high degree of cultivation, principally sugar cane. Drainage is secured by many small canals and the water table of the area is at or near the surface. These particular conditions of topography, drainage and top soil greatly influenced the early geophysical picture, and the influence was always unfavorable. Surveys with Refraction Seishograph and Torsion Balance A reported oil show in a water well drew attention to the lands of the Belle Helene

Jan 1, 1943

By J. Brian Eby, T. I. Harkins

This paper outlines the geophysical investigation of the area covering the Darrow salt dome, Louisiana. Surveys with the refraction seismograph and torsion balance failed to disclose the dome, but reflection dip shooting was successful and was confirmed by later drilling. Introduction The Darrow salt dome and oil field lies in western Ascension Parish, Louisiana, on the outside of a sharp bend and on the east bank of the Mississippi River. The dome occurs about 30 miles south of Baton Rouge and 80 miles northwest of New Orleans. Its geology, shape and structure have been ably described in detail by Carroll E. Cook1 and, except for the general features, will not be repeated here. The purpose of this paper is to record some of the interesting and pertinent geophysical data contributing to the discovery of the dome and eventually the oil field. The salt dome is circular in outline and comes to within about 4625 ft. of the surface. At this depth the diameter of the salt plug is approximately 4800 ft. The dome has only a thin cap rock of less than 75 ft. Some oil has been found and is being produced in Miocene sands above the cap rock, but most of the field's production comes from a narrow ring of wells around the east and south flanks of the dome. Producing horizons on the flank are found at 5670 to 5840 ft. in the Miocene and 6890 to 6985 ft., 7028 to 7060 ft. and 8260 to 8270 ft. in the Oligocene. The deepest well that has been drilled is the Humble Oil and Refining Company's Community B-5, on the south flank of the structure, which reached a depth of 10,013 feet. The size and shape of the field and the area of production are indicated on Fig. I. The line showing the area of production encloses all wells now producing and all abandoned producers, both on the top and flank of the dome. This line of production is shown on all subsequent geophysical maps as a direct means of comparing the early geophysics to later drilling development. Darrow dome occurs on the low, flat flood plain of the Mississippi River; it is protected from flood overflow by high artificial levees. The rich loamy soil supports a high degree of cultivation, principally sugar cane. Drainage is secured by many small canals and the water table of the area is at or near the surface. These particular conditions of topography, drainage and top soil greatly influenced the early geophysical picture, and the influence was always unfavorable. Surveys with Refraction Seishograph and Torsion Balance A reported oil show in a water well drew attention to the lands of the Belle Helene

Jan 1, 1943

By H. A. Wheeler

The great depths attained by some of the older mines, and the milch greater depth at which they will have to he worked in the not distant future, strongly emphasize the imperfect and inadequate character of our present hoisting-practice. The depth of 3000 feet having been exceeded at several places, and 4000 feet almost reached

Jan 1, 1891

By G. L. Kothny

Developments of well-surveying instruments, coring .and core orientation, were in an advanced state when drilling for oil began—these developments actually originated with the mining industry.' Surveying of oil wells was not generally used in the United States until Alexander Anderson2 disclosed that the majority of wells drilled with rotary tools were crooked, with average horizontal drifts of about 516 ft. for holes 5000 ft. deep and about 793 ft. for holes 6000 ft. deep. This disclosure brought about the development of many additional instruments for surveying oil wells during the progress of drilling and after their completion. Surveying of boreholes, during the process of drilling at regular depth intervals, became a standard practice in the petroleum industry. Some producing states even established laws making check surveys mandatory, during drilling and under certain conditions also after completion. The surveying of boreholes also brought about changes and improvements in drilling practices. It provides information for the guidance of the hole while drilling, and for plotting the course as the work progresses, enabling the driller to take corrective measures immediately and with the least expense. The reasons for drilling straight holes are too well recognized to warrant any full discussion of them here. Straight holes are less costly to drill, because they reach the object on the shortest course. Table I shows the horizontal drift and loss in vertical depth for various angles of inclination. It is not surprising, therefore that many drilling contracts for oil wells today limit the drilling contractor to a maximum inclination off the vertical of 2° or 3O. In the mining industry the reasons for drilling straight holes are still more serious. A crooked hole may miss an ore body underground or provide incorrect information regarding an ore body. Types of Surveying Instruments The surveying instruments used in oil-well drilling may be classed in two types: I. Inclinometers, recording inclination only.

Jan 1, 1949

By Carl H. Unruh, D. L. Katz

Experimental data are presented for hydrate formation conditions for gas mixtures of carbon dioxide and methane. Equilibrium constants for carbon dioxide, defined as the mole fraction of carbon dioxide in the gas phase (dry basis) divided by the mole fraction of carhon dioxitle in the hydrate (dry basis)... were calculated usine the equilibrium constants for methane developed in an earlier paper. INTRODUCTION A series of papers have been written on gas hydrates, giving temperatures and pressures at which hydrates would form.2. 3, 4. 5, 6. 9. 12, 13, 15 Vapor-solid equilibrium constants have been developed for methane, ethane, propane and iso-butane' by which it is possible to compute for a specific gas mixture the temperature and pressure at which hydrates will form. Carbon dioxide is present in many natural gases in concentrations usually from 0.1 to 2.0 per cent. It also forms a gas hydrate with water and presumably enters the solid solution when present with a natural gas which is forming a hydrate. The equilibrium constant giving the ratio of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the gas phase to the concentration in the solid phase is required for including the effect of the carbon dioxide when computing the conditions for hydrate formation. Direct determination of the concentration of carbon dioxide in solid hydrate requires a difficult separation to be made. Therefore, this research resorted to the measurement of the temperature and pressure at which specific mixtures of methane and carbon diox- ide would form hydrates. From the equilibrium constants previously mentioned for methane, it is possible to compute the equilibrium constant for carbon dioxide, without measurement of the composition of the solid phase. Fig. 1 shows the conditions at which methane and carbon dioxide form hydrates. The methane curve FG extents to some high pressure while the carbon dioxide curve AB intersects the vapor-liquid water-liquid carbon dioxide

Jan 1, 1949

By Carl H. Unruh, D. L. Katz

Experimental data are presented for hydrate formation conditions for gas mixtures of carbon dioxide and methane. Equilibrium constants for carbon dioxide, defined as the mole fraction of carbon dioxide in the gas phase (dry basis) divided by the mole fraction of carhon dioxitle in the hydrate (dry basis)... were calculated usine the equilibrium constants for methane developed in an earlier paper. INTRODUCTION A series of papers have been written on gas hydrates, giving temperatures and pressures at which hydrates would form.2. 3, 4. 5, 6. 9. 12, 13, 15 Vapor-solid equilibrium constants have been developed for methane, ethane, propane and iso-butane' by which it is possible to compute for a specific gas mixture the temperature and pressure at which hydrates will form. Carbon dioxide is present in many natural gases in concentrations usually from 0.1 to 2.0 per cent. It also forms a gas hydrate with water and presumably enters the solid solution when present with a natural gas which is forming a hydrate. The equilibrium constant giving the ratio of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the gas phase to the concentration in the solid phase is required for including the effect of the carbon dioxide when computing the conditions for hydrate formation. Direct determination of the concentration of carbon dioxide in solid hydrate requires a difficult separation to be made. Therefore, this research resorted to the measurement of the temperature and pressure at which specific mixtures of methane and carbon diox- ide would form hydrates. From the equilibrium constants previously mentioned for methane, it is possible to compute the equilibrium constant for carbon dioxide, without measurement of the composition of the solid phase. Fig. 1 shows the conditions at which methane and carbon dioxide form hydrates. The methane curve FG extents to some high pressure while the carbon dioxide curve AB intersects the vapor-liquid water-liquid carbon dioxide

Jan 1, 1949

By Oliver Bowles

SUPERFLUOUS varieties and standards which are meriting the critical scrutiny of the manufactur-ing industry have a special significance in the non-metallic mining industries, where, many of the final or intermediate products are manufactured at the mine or quarry. Such processes of manufacture must be considered an integral part of mining in its broader sense. Improvements may be either elimination or standardization. - The chief requirement of elimi-nation is an agreement between consumers and pro-ducers based on facts deduced from: statistical data. Standardization is much, more complex. Standards .may be established only when a very; thorough knowledge has been gained of the physical and chemical properties of the products, and the requirements of consumers. The activities of the Bureau of Standards are. largely directed toward such determinations. Paving-brick manufacturers, together with highway engineers, representatives of certain engineering socie-ties, and Government bureaus, have agreed that of the 66 styles of paving brick on the market 11 only are, essential and 55 are superfluous. Steps have been taken to reduce the output of -all but the 11 standard types. It is customary for manufacturers of structural slate to prepare it in sizes specified by builders and architects. Thus the material cannot be manufactured in advance and the result is irregular activity of mills, delays in filling orders, etc. To improve this condition, the Structural Slate Co. has issued a series of pamphlets giving complete specifications of structural slate for various purposes. Architects find it so much easier .to, order slate from these sheets that standard sizes are specified in preparing plans for new structures. Slate switchboards are usually manufactured after. the order has been received. One manufacturer claims that 80 per cent. of all switchboards are of standard sizes, and he keeps such sizes in stock. The facility with which orders may be filled from stock, and the improved quality of seasoned switchboards, will undoubtedly influence electrical, companies toward a more uniform standardization in size. Simplicity, could be further attained by the elimination of minor irregularities in .style; for example, in the beveled. edges.

Jan 2, 1922

Air-sand Process of Cleaning Coal Discussion of paper by THOMAS FRASER and H. F. YANCEY, presented at the New York Meeting, 1926, and issued, as Pamphlet No. 1561-F, with MINING AND METALLURGY, February, 1926. T. DEVENNY, Edgarton, W. Va.-How near the size of the sand can the coal to be treated be brought? Do you use an 8-mesh coal on that cleaner? J. J. RUTLEDGE, Baltimore, Md.-From the little I have seen of the apparatus in operation, I should say 8-mesh. In my experience in metalmine concentration work, trying to separate different minerals on one jig, sometimes I have succeeded and sometimes not. This apparatus has appealed to me; something of this kind should be useful with the silicates and carbonates of zinc. I think this apparatus has possibilities in metal mining. Recently in our coal field a screen has been introduced for cleaning coal; it is giving excellent service. When I asked the inventor why he did not take it to the metal mines, he said there was a good and sufficient reason, in a patent way. There may be reasons why it would not be applicable for metal mining; but the simplicity of it appeals to me and I cannot see why it could not be so used. T. FRASER (written discussion).-We feel that 8-mesh would be about -the minimum size of coal practicable to treat by the air-sand process. This would depend partly upon the friability of the coal. The more nearly the lower size limits of the coal- approaches the size of the sand, the more .time will be required in screening the sand out of the cleaned coal, which would mean a little more chance of breakage. In regard to the treatment of ores; this would necessitate the use of some heavier mediums than ordinary silica sand, or some other means of making the separation at a higher specific gravity than is required for coal. We are now working on a method of obtaining this effect for the preparation of anthracite coal without resorting to the use of heavier and more expensive material than common sand.

Jan 1, 1927

By G. L. Kothny

DEVELOPMENTS of well-surveying instruments, coring and core orientation, were in an advanced state when drilling for oil began-these developments actually originated with the mining industry.1 Surveying of oil wells was not generally used in the United States until Alexander Anderson2 disclosed that the majority of wells drilled with rotary tools were crooked, with average horizontal drifts of about 516 ft. for holes 5000 ft. deep and about 793 ft. for holes 6000 ft. deep. This disclosure brought about the development of many additional instruments for surveying oil wells during the progress of drilling and after their completion. Surveying of boreholes, during the process of drilling at regular depth intervals, became a standard practice in the petroleum industry. Some producing states even established laws making check surveys mandatory, during drilling and under certain conditions also after completion. The surveying of boreholes also brought about changes and improvements in drilling practices. It provides information for the guidance of the hole while drilling, and for plotting the course as the work progresses, enabling the driller to take corrective measures immediately and with the least expense. The reasons for drilling straight holes are too well recognized to warrant any full discussion of them here. Straight holes are less costly to drill, because [ ] they reach the object on the shortest course. Table I shows the horizontal drift and loss in vertical depth for various angles of inclination. It is not surprising, therefore that many drilling contracts for oil wells today limit the drilling contractor to a maximum inclination off the vertical of 2° or 3°. In the mining industry the reasons for drilling straight holes are still more serious. A crooked hole may miss an ore body underground or provide incorrect information regarding an ore body. TYPES OF SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS The surveying instruments used in oil-well drilling may be classed in two types: I. Inclinometers, recording inclination only.

Jan 1, 1946

By H. R. Froning, R. O. Leach

In wertability alteration flooding, a chemical agent is rnoved through a reservoir by the flood water to increase oil recovery by decreasing the degree of wetting of the rock by the oil. Substantial amounts of the chemical may be lost during movement through the reservoir. The extent of the loss, and therefore the economics of the process, depends in some cases on factors which are difficult to reproduce in the laboratory. Therefore, a short-duration, low-cost field test method is needed to permit evaluation of chemical requirements under actual field conditions. This paper describes a small scale rest conducted at a single well for measuring chemical requirements, thereby giving a more reliable evaluation of this important factor in the applicability and economics of the process. In the rest a small wafer slug containing the chemical agent and a nonadsorbed tracer is displaced into the reservoir by a known volume of wafer. The well is then placed on producrion. Chemical loss per barrel of pore volume contacted is calculated from [he fractional recoveries of the agent tested and the nonadsorbed tracer. The method has been used to determine within the actual reservoirs the chemical requirements for both a sandstone and a dolomite reservoir. Several chemical agents are potentially available for wettability alteration flooding, although none is universally applicable. For some applications of the method, chemical costs per barrel of additional oil recovered can be substantially less than one dollar. INTRODUCTION Wettability alteration flooding provides a means of increasing oil recovery from reservoirs by decreasing the degree of wetting of the rock by the oil and increasing the displacement efficiency of the flood water. Earlier studies demonstrated a relationship between oil recovery during waterflooding and the degree of wetting of a rock surface by an oil. The application of wettability alteration flooding to the Harrisburg field of Nebraska provided a field test' of this recovery process. Subsequently, additional laboratory and field tests have developed additional procedures for evaluating wettability alteration flooding, and have indicated where the process may be applicable. Applicability of this process to specific reservoirs is determined by a progression of tests to determine sus- ceptibility of the reservoir to alteration of its wettability, to indicate the degree of recovery improvement and to estimate the amount of chemical required to process the reservoir. The economics of applying improved oil recovery processes depends not only upon the degree of improvement in oil recovery achievable by the process but also upon the process costs and the timing of the income and the investment. Emphasis in this paper is on the expenditure aspects of the process. The work reported in this paper indicates that the chemical investments required for wettability alteration flooding are substantial. For evaluating the economics of a potential flooding application it is imperative that a sound estimate of the chemical requirements be made for the reservoir. Generally, true reservoir conditions are not adequately simulated in laboratory chemical propagation tests. Because of wide well spacings, many years might be required to obtain chemical propagation data from conventional pilots or inter-well tests. Consequently, n short-duration, low-cost method is needed to determine chemical requirements in the field. The potential applicability of wettability alteration flooding is discussed, as well as the economics of wettability alteration with respect to the inherent and imposed restrictions on the timing of income and investments. DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS In the process of moving a chemical bank through reservoir rock, some of the chemical agent lags too far behind the flood front to be effective or is otherwise lost to the reservoir system. The extent to which these losses occur overshadows the reductions in chemical concentration due to diffusion and to mixing with the reservoir fluids. Experience indicates that almost without exception, chemicals which induce a wetting change undergo either sorption reactions or chemical reactions with mineral constituents of the pore surfaces. Other reactions may occur between the added chemical and the reservoir oil and water. Even in limiting consideration to reactions of the relatively inexpensive inorganic salts, bases and acids, the reactions may be exceedingly complex. Reservoir pore surfaces consist of more than silica in sandstone reservoirs, and more than calcite or dolomite in carbonate reservoirs. Many mineral species are present, each exhibiting specific tendencies to react with an injected chemical. The reactions which occur can consume enough of the agent to have an important effect on economics. These reactions can cause a change in pH of the chemical bank, or may remove some of the active chemical by precipitation, adsorption or reaction to form a new chemical which may or may not be effective in

By J. L. Huiatt, R. B. Tippin

Introduction Great Salt Lake Minerals & Chemicals Corp. (GSL), a subsidiary of Gulf Resources & Chemical Corp., is located on the east side of the Great Salt Lake, approximately 20 miles from Ogden, UT. GSL processes brine from the north arm of the lake to produce potash, salt cake, salt, and magnesium chloride brine. Potash fertilizer, in the form of K2SO4 is GSL's primary product. The CSL Sulfate of Potash Complex: The GSL potash complex (depicted in [Fig. 1]) is divided into a solar evaporation pond system and the process plants. The solar evaporation system consists of a 17,000-acre (68.8 km2) ponding operation where the various salts deposit during the summer evaporation season and a harvesting operation which recovers the deposits during the remainder of the year. The harvest is either preconcentrated in the flotation plant or processed directly in the chemical plant where sulfate of potash (SOP) is produced. The chemistry of the lake brine results in a solar deposit containing primarily kainite (KC1 . MgSO4 . 3H20), schoenite (K2SO4 . MgS04 . 6H20), and halite (NaCI), with some carnallite (KC1 . MgC12 . 6H20) and epsomite (MgSOq . 7H20). Other minerals may be deposited, depending upon the weather during the evaporation season. Each year, the solar deposit in the evaporation ponds will greatly depend upon the summer weather conditions, which have in the past proven to be quite unpredictable. Weather may alter both the quantity of the solar deposit and the composition of this deposit. During a "short" evaporation season, the tonnage deposited decreases, but depending upon the short-term weather, the potash mineral content can vary greatly. During an "erratic" evaporation season, with intermittent summer rains or

Jan 1, 1980

The Manufacturer's Viewpoint A prominent manufacturer of mining 'machinery not long ago expressed himself as being confident that he was securing the best kind of publicity for his product through the advertising pages of the monthly Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Such an expression coming from such a man is highly gratifying; yet it is justifiable when the high quality of reader and subscriber is taken into consideration. In fact, the majority of those using our advertising pages feel the same. It is to be regretted, of course, that others catering to our field do not realize the means at their disposal for presenting the points of interest of their product to the mining man. The question has been asked, " Do your members read their Bulletin?" They not only read the editorial pages, but they "admit being up-to-date enough to peruse the advertising section to "see what is new." The next question the prospective advertiser asks is, " Will the Bulletin bring inquiries?" The answer to this question holds good for any publication having as subscribers those who have purchasing or recommending power-yes, if the article advertised is not a stock one, that has been before the public for any length of time. To secure inquiries on, say, a standard centrifugal pump or any other standard product, the features of which are well known, is a most difficult proposition. Yet, of course, some inquiries are secured, but mostly from those having use for the catalogue or trade literature for reference purposes. It is safe to say that the traceable returns from advertising in trade publications hardly, if at all, pay for the advertising. The real returns are intangible, and result from the constant publicity, and keeping ?everlastingly at it." Who can say what subconscious effect is taking place when an advertisement is "glanced at," to say nothing of the effect produced when the copy is attractive and interests the reader. Time after time it has been proved that sales have been secured as a result of an advertisement, yet no inquiry had been made directly traceable to advertising.

Jan 8, 1915

By J. H. Clemes

The process of leaching silver ores with sodium hyposulphite is comparatively new, and published accounts of the details and losses of the process are as yet very few. The following account of a careful series of experiments to determine the actual loss in this process may therefore be acceptable to members of the Institute. The ore treated was highly calcareous, and the principal sulphide present was iron pyrites. Following is an analysis by Professor Price, of San Francisco, of the ore treated : Per cent. Silica,..........15.13 Sulphur,.........13.31 Arsenic,.......... 9.82 Iron............ 17.33 Alumina,..........1.35 Zinc,...........4.92 Lead,..........1.78 Carbonate of lime,..33.78 Magnesia,.......... 2.58 100.00 Ten tons were crushed dry with a 30 X 30 screen = 900 holes per square inch. In order to feel our way with this ore, two experimental or "pilot" charges were roasted. Pilot Charge No. 1. Treated 1000 pounds in a four-hearth reverberatory. 8.30 p.m.—Entered fourth hearth, remaining there one and onehalf hours; sulphur began to burn. 10 p.m.—Changed to third hearth; ore became red-hot half an hour after entering; the fireplace was kept almost destitute of fuel. 2.30 A.M.—Changed to second hearth. Charge continued, giving off a large quantity of sulphurous fume; the fireplace was kept dark.

Jan 1, 1884

Jan 1, 1891

By John J. McKetta, Donald L. Katz

Recent experimental data on the methane-n-butane-water system have been combined with data in literature to present: (I) the water-vapor content of natural gases, (2) the solubility of water in hydrocarbon liquids, and (3) the solubility of natural gases in water. Since water is present in petroleum reservoirs, experimental data regarding the behavior of water in hydrocarbon-water systems is of increasing engineering importance. A survey of literature (Table I) shows that data of these types are fragmen-tary at temperatures above the hydrate region. Experimental data taken from the authors' recent investigation of the meth-ape-n-butane-water system are presented.17

Jan 1, 1947

By John J. McKetta, Donald L. Katz

Recent experimental data on the methane-n-butane-water system have been combined with data in literature to present: (I) the water-vapor content of natural gases, (2) the solubility of water in hydrocarbon liquids, and (3) the solubility of natural gases in water. Since water is present in petroleum reservoirs, experimental data regarding the behavior of water in hydrocarbon-water systems is of increasing engineering importance. A survey of literature (Table I) shows that data of these types are fragmen-tary at temperatures above the hydrate region. Experimental data taken from the authors' recent investigation of the meth-ape-n-butane-water system are presented.17

Jan 1, 1947

By Joseph William Pinder

Every millman engaged in the operations incident to the handling of crushing-rolls knows that in ordinary practice, when fine product is desired, the ore-materials delivered to the machine, divided into four sizes, may be estimated, approximately, as follows : Per cent. Papsing a 4-mesh screen,..40 2- " " ........30 " 3/4-inch-mesh screen,.. 20 Larger,...........10 This estimate refers more particularly to the requirements of medium-sized rolls and fine crushing. But, depending largely on the character of work to be performed, the coarser material is often larger and of a greater percentage, while the bulk is always more or less fine.

Jan 1, 1899