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By O. C. Blade

The term "Ichtnyol" is a name applied loosely to certain preparations used in pharmacy. These preparations do not occur as such in nature but are manufactured by various chemical processes. Ichthyol is the name trademarked for a product manyfactured by the Irhthyel-Gescllschaft (Cordes Hermanni & Co.) of Hamburg, Germany, and marketed in thin, country by Merck & Co., Inc., (5, 86, 87)3/. Although used in the literature rather loosely, the correctly applied word refers to the product obtained by sulphonating and then neutralizing with ammonia a distillate from the oil retorted from a certain high-sulphur bituminous shale found near the village of Seefeld in the Austrian Tyrol. Due to the fact that fossils of fish and marine animals occur in the limestone associated with the bituminous shale, these deposits have long been known as, the "lchthyolite schistc of Seefeld" ( 55) . The Greek word "ichthys"" for fish and the Latin word "oleum" for oil are the words from which the term is derived. The crude, tarry shale oil, whose distillate is the raw material for the sulphonation process, has been referred to since the Middle Ages as "Dürsten" or "Tirschen" oil, and the term "ichthyel oil" has been used occasionally in the literature to designate the retorted crude oil (92, 93, 106, 117). The first application of the name "Ichthyol" to a particular product is credited to Schröter (35, 129). Various names for products manufactured by sulphonating bituminous distillates have been coined, and in some of these names the root from the word ichthys has been retained. Some of these names can be found in New and Nonofficial Remedies under the heading, Sulphoichthyolate Preparation, and Substitutes (5).

Jan 1, 1938

By John Wise

Significant movement to an existing slurry wall which serves as a retaining wall on 'O' Street in Southeast Washington, D.C. initiated the Department of Public Works for the District of Columbia to invite specialty contractors to propose a rehabilitation and stabilization for the failed slurry wall. Nicholson Construction Company proposed and was awarded a contract for the construction of an anchored precast lagging and soldier pile wall to be located approximately 4 feet in front of the existing structure with granular fill placed between the new and existing walls. Stabilization of the existing slurry wall also included drilling horizontal weep holes and demolishing the failed panels down to the existing ground surface. A new and improved drainage system was also constructed to increase the amount of water directed toward the existing storm sewer system running along 'O' Street. This paper provides a detailed account of these construction activities.

Jan 1, 2003

The epizonal Ag-Pb-Zn vein deposit at San Bartolome is characterised by a base-metal sulphide assemblage containing the spectacular development of interpenetrating, bladed networks of pyrrhotite which have been replaced by marcasite and pyrite. A similar assemblage displaying the same crystal habits and textures are also a diagnostic feature of the Sn and SnAg deposits ofBolivia. On this basis, it is reasonable to conclude that both deposits were formed from fluids of similar nature and origin. Although no economic accumulation of Sn is known in San Bartolome, further comparison of the geologic setting, age, mineralogy, fluid inclusion data and magmatic association of this deposit with the Bolivian systems has highlighted additional similarities consistent with a hypothesis that more extensive Sn mineralisation might exist in the San Bartolome area.

Jan 1, 1995

By Eldon C. Pattee

Reconnaisance samples of reported beryllium occurrences in Idaho, Washington, Montana, and Oregon were chemically and spectroscopically tested in a mobile laboratory. The two predominant types of occurrences were green beryl associated with Cretaceous intrusions and disseminated aquamarine associated with Tertiary intrusions. Although the beryllium content of known deposits in the Northwest is too low for economic development at present, total submarginal-grade beryllium resources in pegmatites are estimated to be 570,000 to 1,870,000 tons containing 0.024 to 0.167 BeO. A potential source of 500,000 to 700,000 tons of beryllium-bearing tactite in Idaho and Montana averages 0.033 to 0.080 percent BeO.

Jan 1, 1968

By Jacek Paraszczak

Numerous problems encountered in the mining of narrow vein deposits challenge the productivity, competitiveness and profitability of many mines. Mechanization of mining operations is one of the most important means to ensure the healthy survival of this mining sector. Vein deposits account for nearly all the world's primary silver production, as well as a significant portion of gold, tin, copper lead and zinc. In North America, narrow vein mining constitutes an important sector of the industry. Operators exploiting such deposits are concerned with the most appropriate mining method and equipment to mine in such a way as to minimize waste rock dilution. Unfortunately, most of the equipment available does not meet the additional geological and economical restrictions typical of narrow vein mining. Thus, mining these deposits is labor intensive and can result in low productivity. Consequently, the profitability of many such mines is reduced. Increased mechanization is one of the solutions to ensure their healthy survival. This paper reviews the state-of-the art in mining equipment with reference to narrow vein mining limitations. Problems encountered Geological conditions and economical factors have a decisive impact on the choice of mining method and equipment. Many ore bodies are relatively small, usually erratically distributed, often less than 2 m (6.5 ft) wide, with dips ranging from 0° to 90°. To make things worse, ore body limits are sometimes difficult to determine and the ground is hard and abrasive.

Jan 1, 1992

The cost of preparing a feasibility study is notoriously difficult to estimate. Studies for mining projects are typically commenced when an exploration programme has identified a mineable resource and pre-feasibility studies have shown that development of the resource would lead to an economically viable project. Pre-feasibility studies will normally include an estimate of the cost of a formal feasibility study and this estimate would then be firmed up before a commitment is made to proceed with the formal study. Data for preparing the feasibility study cost estimate will be sketchy, geological investigations, metallurgical testwork, and marketing studies may be needed before the scope of the project and hence the scope of the formal study can be finally determined. Before an estimate of the work required and hence of the cost of the feasibility study can be prepared the source of project funds must be decided. Studies for internally funded projects are often less rigorous than those which must be "bankable" and subject to the scrutiny of external financial institutions. This paper sets out suggestions for preparing more accurate cost estimates for feasibility studies by ensuring that all activities are included and shows how a staged approach to preparing such studies can minimise costs and guard against cost overruns. It also provides a case study showing how the estimate compared with actual costs for a recent feasibility study completed by Pancontinental Mining Limited.

Jan 1, 1990

By M. Cornelius

Drilled shaft construction through caving soils has historically been an uncertain, risky and costly operation. Uncertain, because the zone of caving may or may not be known, risky because the loss of a shaft is disastrous, and costly because the Contractor, who faces these risks, must include large sums of money in his bid for shaft wall stabilization techniques. This case study will discuss the stabilization techniques that are typically used within the United States, and then present new technologies, born in Europe, that are being utilized in the States by Malcolm Drilling Company today.

Jan 1, 1999

Jan 1, 1968

By D Craw

Formation of gold-bearing veins in Otago Schist was intimately linked to the structural evolution of the schist belt. The currently-exploited Macraes gold deposit formed in a regional scale shear zone during latemetamorphic uplift of the schist belt. Further exploration for this type of deposit will be facilitated by an increased understanding of the late-metamorphic structural evolution of the schist belt. To this end, a three-dimensional cross section through the Otago Schist has been drawn using structural data gathered at outcrops in a 20 - 40 km wide transect across central Otago. This is the first continuous detailed structural section to be drawn through the belt. The section spans an area from Textural Zone 1 metagreywacke of the Torlesse terrane in the northeast through TZ 4 schist in the central region and across the Caples-Torlesse boundary to Textural Zone 3 schist of the Caples terrane in the southwest. Two different late-metamorphic structural generations are identified in this section: the long-recognised Manorburn Generation, and a new æPoolburn GenerationÆ. The location of the Caples-Torlesse boundary has been refined on this transect by field mapping combined with whole rock geochemistry.

Jan 1, 2001

By R. J. Boyd

SUMMARY The productivity of drill and blast methods of mining in hard rock is limited by the cyclic nature of the operation, and a plateau of performance has been reached, even with the most advanced equipment developments. Higher mine operating costs and lower metal prices have more than ever generated the need for breaking through these productivity barriers. After initial field testing The Robbins Company has designed and manufactured, on a joint venture basis with Mount Isa Mines, Ltd., Australia, a prototype "Mobile Miner" for continuous cutting of hard rock. This paper describes the cutting concept, the initial application of a completed 1,156 m (3792 ft.) long 14% decline, actual performance and delay analysis, developmental modifications, anticipated performances of a fully developed machine, and possible future applications. Sincere appreciation is expressed to the management of Mount Isa Mines, Ltd., for allowing access to the data used in this paper. The views expressed here are those of the author and not necessarily those of Mount Isa Mines, Ltd. INTRODUCTION A paper titled, "Design and Development of a Mobile Mining Machine", was presented by J.P. Kindsvater at the RETC, New York, in 1985. This paper described the evaluation of a test fixture in an andesite quarry near Seattle, followed by design, construction and

Jan 1, 1987

The effect of rare earth element Y (0-2.0at.%) on the microstructure of TiAl alloys at the as cast and rapidly solidified conditions has been investigated. The results show that the addition of Y greatly refined the microstructure of TiAl alloys at both conditions. The refinement is more significantly with higher Y content. The refinement of Y in the cast alloys is attributed to that the strip-shaped Y-rich phase locating on the grain boundaries impedes the grain growth during solidification. In the rapidly solidified alloys, Y-rich phase dispersing uniformly as spherical particles in the matrix acts as heterogeneous nucleation sites which increases the nucleation rate of ??phase during the ????phase transformation, and produces a refined initial microstructure during solidification. Higher cooling rate restricts the grain growth during subsequent cooling.

Jan 1, 2010

By Rose L. Ballard

This chapter summarizes data on crude nonfuel mineral production for the United States, its island possessions, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Included also are the tables that show the principal nonfuel mineral commodities exported from and imported into the United States and that compare world and U.S. mineral production. The detailed data from which these tables were derived are contained in the individual commodity chapters of volume I and in the State chapters of volume II of this edition of the Minerals Yearbook. Although crude mineral production may be measured at any of several stages of extraction and processing, the stage of measurement used in this chapter is what is ordinarily termed "mine output." It usually refers to minerals or ores in the form in which they are first extracted from the ground, but customarily includes the output from auxiliary processing at or near the mines.

Jan 1, 1983

By A. Kapito

The formation of bainite in steel is dependent on the size of the casting, the heat treatment, and the alloying elements. It is difficult to obtain a fully bainitic microstructure in steels during heat treatment because of its close proximity to the martensite (a?) reaction. The ferrite (a) and pearlite reactions in steels are also rapid and shield the bainite reaction. Alloying elements therefore need to be added to separate the bainite reaction. Boron (B) and molybdenum (Mo) are key elements added to bainitic steels because of their ability to retard the a reaction. Other elements used in the production of bainitic steels are silicon (Si), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), and titanium (Ti). In this paper we investigate the effect of alloying elements on the bainite reaction through the use of dilatometry. Dilatometry is a technique that determines phase transformations in the steel and through which continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curves can then be developed. Some initial results are presented of an ongoing study on the development of bainitic steels for railway wheel applications.

Jan 1, 2013

By H. J. de Haan, J. van Lookeren

In view of their size and favorable characteristics, Shell's heavy-oil fields on the eastern coast of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela — known as the "Bolivar Coast" — are obvious candidates for the application of thermal recovery methods. During the last decade various methods have been tested, such as steam drive,', steam soak and in-situ combustion.3 Steam soak was discovered as a promising production method rather accidentally in 1969, during early steam drive testing in the Mene Grande Tar Sands1 When steam erupted at the surface due to breakdown of the overburden, the injection wells were back-flowed to relieve the reservoir pressure. This resulted in high oil production rates, all the more impressive because the reservoir is unproducible by primary means. It was concluded that injection of limited amounts of steam might be a very effective method for stimulation of heavy-oil wells. To obtain information that would be more widely applicable, testing of the process was continued in the eastern part of the Tia Juana field (Fig. 1). Here even more favorable results were obtained than in Mene Grande. This created sufficient confidence to prompt a large-scale project, which was considered essential for an adequate evaluation of ultimate recovery, steam requirements, mechanical problems and economic prospects. To obtain an early answer on the ultimate recovery a fairly depleted area was selected in the western part of the same field ("A" in Fig. 1). The first steam was injected in March, 1964. This paper describes the performance until the end of 1966. The production mechanism and well inflow performance are discussed in some detail. In view of the favorable results obtained so far, steam soak operations have expanded considerably since the start of this project. Presently, five other projects are under way, of which two are about the same size as the one under discussion, with further extensions being programmed. Description of the Project Reservoir Data Shell's part of the Main Tia Juana reservoir has a proven area of 8,800 acres and an average net oil sand thickness of 130 ft. It contained an initial quantity of 2,750 million bbl of stock tank oil (STOIIP), with an API gravity ranging from 10 to 15 API and a viscosity of 100 to 10,000 cp (at 122F). As a geological unit it is known locally as the Lower Lagun-illas member of the Lagunillas formation, which is early Miocene in age. The sand bodies are believed to be distributary channel sands deposited in a lower coastal plain. Most of the channel sands have lateral and some vertical communication. The field was developed mainly in the period from 1936 to 1950. The ultimate primary recovery is estimated at 18.1 percent of STOIIP, of which 12.5 percent STOIIP had been produced by the end of 1963 from some 540 wells. By then the average pressure had decreased from an initial value of 960 to 550

Jan 1, 1970

By H. Lawson

The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) issued Program Information Bulletin P09-03in April of 2008, providing formal guidance on using programs that model the redistribution of stress during underground mining of coal. A key part of this guidance is visual observation and mapping of ground conditions. If a correlation between ground conditions and model output can be established, the model is considered to be verified, and can be used to guide mine design in similar ground. A simple scale is recommended for ranking observed roof, rib, and floor conditions. This paper discusses optimization and implementation of a ground condition rating scheme in the gateroads of a deep underground longwall coal mine. Roughly 80% of each gateroad length deteriorated in a fairly uniform manner. However, this manner varied between gateroads, as did pillar size. The implementation of a ground condition mapping program, similar to that recommended in PIB 09-03, was successful in characterizing the ground response to mining in gateroads of a longwall coal mine.

Jan 1, 2012

An examination is made of some of the consequences of a magmatic gas phase developed during a late stage of differentiation of an acidic magma. Elements possessing halides with high partial pressures (Sn, Mo, W) may be removed from the magma by distillation into gas bubbles in the manner suggested by Fenner (1933). The common chalcophile elements are not affected by this mechanism, but form sulphides which may become attached to rising gas bubbles by one of three distinct mechanisms. The gas bubbles may then carry the sulphides upwards and concentrate them in some favourable locus, giving rise to an ore-forming fluid. The process would operate selectively upon different sulphides and is capable of providing an explanation of the paragenetic succession observed in ore deposits as well as other important geological criteria of ore genesis.INTRODUCTIONThere is a widespread belief among contemporary geologists that a large and important class of ore deposits is genetically related in some way·to acidic igneous rocks. This class includes the tin-tungsten-molybdenum-bismuth type of mineralization as well as a variety of sulphide deposits.A basic problem confronting explanation of the genesis of these deposits is the manner in which trace elements which were originally widely dispersed in granitic magmas were segregated therefrom and concentrated into economic mineral deposits.The principles underlying the formation of one group of minerals deposits (pegmatites) related to granitic magmas ate reasonably well understood, largely due to the labours of Goldschmidt and his school. However, many geologists have noted that there appears to be some sort of fundamental discontinuity between pegmatite formation and the origin of the more common hypogene ores, particularly sulphides.Accordingly it has been suggested that these ores...

Jan 1, 1956

By G. H. Lind

Research into the safe and economic extraction of underground coal pillars in the Witbank and Highveld coalfields of South Africa highlighted that future practices will have to consider pertinent risks associated with this least safe of all underground coal mining methods conducted in South Africa. To this end, a computer-based program called A-PEP (Analysis for Pillar Extraction Potential) was developed to assess three aspects of this mining practice, viz. risks associated with the physical attributes, operational risk attributes and economic attributes. This intelligent tool can thus be used when planning to conduct underground pillar extraction to ensure that all pertinent risk elements and legislative requirements are considered to conduct this mining method safely before a submission is made to the Department of Minerals and Energy. Keywords: operational risk management, mine planning, underground coal mining, pillar extraction.

Jan 1, 2003

By Bruce F. Grant

"INTRODUCTION The future of oil production in the part of the Appalachian region included in southwestern Pennsylvania; West Virginia, and southeastern Ohio is directly dependent on the maintenance of existing wells. This report presents an analytical study of the methods used in oil-well reconditioning in this area. The study is part of a research program designed to evaluate those means of stimulating oil production that can effectively and economically maintain present oil-production rates and make it possible to keep existing wells in operation. Well-reconditioning work was curtailed during the war; therefore, an abnormally large number of wells in the Appalachian Region is now in need of repair. Because the lubricant content of Appalachian crude: oils is high and the refined lubricating oils an; particularly suited to use in high speed, high-temperature engines, the demand for these crude oils during the war exceeds, the maximum rate of production obtainable under wartime operating conditions. Increases in operating, expenses, inability to meet war-time reconditioning costs, and inflexible price structures caused the abandonment of an alarming number of wells during the past 4 or 5 years.As a means of increasing regional oil-production rates, new drilling in the older fields for primary production generally is uneconomical because reservoir pressures in most of the fields have virtually been depleted and the production rates of newly drilled wells are small."

Feb 1, 1948

By Colin Rawlings, Simon Pepper, Maria Karakitsiou, John Mathews, Peter Townsend, Russell Bowler, David Keeble, Christopher Darton, Scott Sadler

National Grid needs to maintain a connection between two existing electricity sub-stations (Beddington & Rowdown) in the Croydon (south London) area, and allow the replacement of two 275 kV cable circuits that are buried under roads. This is to be achieved using a single 400 kV cable circuit within a 10 km (6.25 mile) long, 3 m (9.8 ft) diameter high voltage cable tunnel which is being driven through water bearing Chalk, at depths ranging from 5 m (15 ft) to 80 m (262 ft), with four access shafts(12.5 m (41 ft) in diameter) ranging in depth from 10 m (31 ft) to 40 m (131 ft). The Chalk in this area acts as a source of public drinking water supply (PWS) and is protected by areas designated Groundwater Source Protection Zones. To minimise the groundwater risk the design and construction of the cable tunnel and shafts has paid particular attention to the construction materials used, including testing of these construction materials prior to use, developing construction methods (including the design of the Earth Pressure Balance TBM) and maintaining a groundwater monitoring & testing programme prior to and during construction to ensure the integrity of the Chalk aquifer is maintained as a drinking water source. This paper describes the tunnel &shaft design and construction in relation to these particular groundwater environmental issues which set new precedents for tunnel assessment, design and construction requirements in the United Kingdom.

Jan 1, 2007

By T. M. Williams, P. M. Green

Paper presented at Mineralisation in the Caledonides, the Mike Gallagher memorial meeting held in Edinburgh, 27-28 June 1996. The sediment geochemistry of streams draining Southern Uplands and Lake District turbidites was compared with lithogeochemical data for the source greywackes, using stratigraphically defined catchments. Several systematic trends in element abundance variation between source and stream sediment can probably be applied more widely to interpretation of drainage geochemistry. Pb and Zr increase markedly from source rock to sediment, by adsorption on clay and zircon grain concentration. Variation of feldspar-related elements Rb, Sr, K and Ba appears to be controlled by source grain size and compositional maturity. Ni shows surprisingly little change and Fe and Co are only slightly raised. Cr is particularly useful, with variations superimposed in anomalously high regional levels. Abrupt changes in Cr distribution in stream sediment coincide with stratigraphical boundaries, allowing drainage data to be used as a surrogate for whole-rock values

Jun 19, 1905