Search Documents

By K. J. Liles

The Bureau of Mines conducted laboratory semicontinuous and continuous heavy liquid tests to determine the feasibility of producing commercial-grade products from the high-clay sylvinite ores of the Permian Basin in New Mexico. Continuous test operations demonstrated that concentrates containing 59.9 percent K2O and recoveries of over 75 percent of the contained potash can be obtained. The organic heavy liquid was effectively recovered by vaporization, condensation, and absorption methods. Less than 5 parts per million of heavy liquid vapors were released to the atmosphere. This loss represents only 0.02 pound of heavy liquid per ton of ore treated.

Jan 1, 1973

By A. B. Hooker, L. C. IlsLey

"Observation of the use of trailing cables in ""mines shows that the chief limiting factor in the life of the cables and their safe use is the smashing or crushing of the cables in service, together with the effects of consequent splicing.Trailing cables are crushed when run over by cars, mining machines; and locomotives or when hit by falls of roof. Crushing damages the insulation and may cause failure at once or in later use. Failure may be either by short circuit between the conductors or by grounding to the track. The failure of a live cable causes electric arcs capable of igniting explosive mixtures of methane and air. Every cable failure in a gassy or dusty mine is, therefore, a real or potential hazard.Some mine operators do not allow the splicing of trailing cables for use in gassy mines, bet require that a damaged cable be immediately replaced and if repaired that it be used only in nongassy mines. Other operators allow the making of temporary splices to permit completion of the shift but require that such splices be remade and vulcanized before the cable is used again.Still other operators allow the continued use of temporary splices, which in general means that a cable is used until the splices give trouble in reeling, or overheat, or pull apart. Then the spliced sections are either cut out or the whole cable is replaced.Splices often determine the useful life of a cable. A splice poorly made may pull apart ueder mechanical strain and cause arcing that burn* the surrounding cable or ignites as or coal-dust. If it has lower conductivity a splice is the first part of the cable to heat; it may become so hot under load that it will burn apart and damage other parts of the cable, or, if it be a soldered splice, the solder may melt and allow parting of the cable. A poorly made splice often has insufficient insulation which may alloy short-circuiting between conductors or permit external contacts capable of giving an electric shock to one handling the cable. The splice is sometimes bulky from too much insulation and takes up too much room on the reel, causing uneven reeling; also by catching on the spooling device the oversized splice may receive expressive pulls and wear. Splicing is therefore a very important factor in the use of trailing cables."

Mar 1, 1932

By Dave Bigby

Hatworth Colliery, operated by RJB Mining (UK) Ltd, is successfully mining the Deep Soft Seam at a depth of 1000m using single face retreat longwalling. The seam is characterised by a weak roof generally comprising 4 to 6m of well bedded carbonaceous mudstones overlain by weak siltstones. The paper describes the layout and support design strategies which have enabled the colliery to adopt sole support by rock reinforcement techniques for its longwall gateroads. To achieve this success the colliery layout has had to be radically modified to take account of the in-situ horizontal stress field. The layout is also closely controlled by environmental considerations, the seam being one of the gassiest in the UK Economic support by strata reinforcement has been achieved using a combination of rockbolting of the roof and sides installed at the face of the heading, and systematic double birdcage cable bolting installed on drivage and supplemented ahead of the retreating panel. The layout and support strategies have been developed through a combination of detailed underground measurement of support and stress parameters backed up by numerical modelling using FLAC. The FLAC modelling has paid particular attention to careful representation of bedding properties and validation through underground stress measurement.

Jan 1, 1996

By Neldon L. Jensen

Although ASARCO Incorporated, the only domestic producer, had terminated copper smelting operations and associated recovery of byproduct arsenic trioxide at Tacoma, WA, in 1985, it shipped small quantities of both trioxide and metal from its remaining stocks in 1986. Imports for consumption of arsenic trioxide increased significantly, owing to increased demand for arsenical wood preservatives and the decrease in domestic shipments of trioxide. Prices remained unchanged throughout the year. Development of gallium arsenide integrated circuits, important in advanced military and commercial electronics circuitry, continued to gain momentum during 1986. Domestic Data Coverage.-Shipments of small amounts of arsenic trioxide and metal from remaining stocks by Asarco were reported voluntarily to the Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 1988

The relationship between neural network (NN) performance and the parameters that form the architecture of the neural network is complicated. This paper studies an issue that is still controversial—the effect of the number of neurons and number of hidden layers on NN performance. This paper tests if the above parameters affect network performance when the NN is trained according to the quick stop strategy. It was determined that the number of neurons did not have any effect on the NN performance for a single layer or a double layer network. It was also found that the training error and calibration error could be poor indicators of the prediction correlation coefficient.

Jan 1, 2003

By L. Echeverri

Research studies have shown that the flow within feedwells displays a vortical structure and high velocities at the locations where standard tangential inlets force its way into the feedwell swirling flow, producing high local shear rates and flow non-uniformities. These hydraulic deficiencies can be attributed to the discrete feeding through a few entrances, usually one or no more than a few tangential feedpipes, which practically project jets into the vortex within the feedwell. The main consequences are unequal flocculation with aggregates subjected to different amounts of shear and a non-uniform discharge from the feedwell. This paper presents results on the application of CFD and small-scale models to develop a new design that overcomes these problems by using an involute shaped inlet that converges around the feedwell. The result is a new feedwell with enhanced hydraulics that perfectly couples with the FLSmidth E-Duc® Feed Dilution system by protecting the flocculated aggregates that have been carefully produced upstream, and that favors uniform sedimentation conditions within the thickener thanks to a uniform discharge, while maintaining a practical and trouble-free geometry with excellent turndown.

Jan 1, 2012

By M. Kumral

Raw material fed into a processing or refining plant is required to be uniform in composition for several reasons. When the mined ore is highly variable in quality the only way to ensure consistency is to homogenize the ore prior to the process. The problem is more complicated in the case of multiple ore sources. The idea behind the research is that theoretical blending ratios can serve not only to meet predefined specific criteria but also to reduce grade fluctuations of variables under consideration. In this paper, the problem is formulated as a quadratic programming problem, whose objective function is in quadratic form and constraints are linear. A case study was conducted on a data set from an iron orebody to demonstrate the technique. The objective was to minimize the blend variability in terms of each variable (in this study, iron, silica, alumina and lime) grade of ores extracted in three different production faces. The stockpile capacity, lower and upper limits of each variable satisfying operational requirements and non-negativity were constrained to the model. A modified simplex method developed by Wolfe was used for solving the blending and homogenization problem. The promising results can be used as apart of the stacking and reclaiming design. Keywords: blending and homogenization problem, quadratic programming, Wolfe method.

Jan 1, 2005

Sluiceboxes can provide a much higher concentration ratio than most other gravity concentrators (up to 50 000:1) at very high overall placer gold recoveries (greater than 99 per cent). They are also very reliable, inexpensive and simple to operate. This combination is very difficult to beat and explains why the sluicebox is still the most important placer gold concentrator in northwestern Canada, Alaska and the rest of the world. A sluicebox is a rectangular fl ume containing riffles on matting, through which a dilute (<12 per cent) slurry of water and alluvial gravel flows. Sluiceboxes are actually centrifugal concentrators with settling velocity playing a minor role in gold recovery. Due to their higher density, gold particles tend to segregate to the bottom of the slurry flow where they form a streamline that is diverted by a low pressure zone into a riffle. Under ideal conditions, this ribbon of slurry will be overturned as it flows down the rear of the following riffle and will continue fl owing in a circular path to form a vortex. At the bottom of this vortex, centrifugal and gravitational forces combine to drive gold particles into or beside the matting. To remove the gold concentrates, sluiceboxes are shut down and the riffles and matting are taken apart and cleaned. The slurry velocity provides the energy that powers the vortex. If the velocity of the slurry is reduced through overloading with solids, insufficient water flows or shallow gradients it may not sustain a full size vortex. If the riffles are too close, too far apart, too tall, or if there is not enough energy available to the vortex, the vortex will not be formed properly and gold recovery will be reduced. If the slurry velocity is too high, extreme turbulence and the resulting scouring will also cause gold losses. Testing sluiceboxes with conventional sampling and evaluation techniques is very costly, time consuming and problematic. Most placer gold ores contain a very small number of gold particles in a large volume of pay gravels. Sluiceboxes can lose coarse gold particles. The presence or absence of one of these particles in a tailings sample can lead to high unpredictable errors (nugget effect) even when large sample volumes are processed with care. Every time conventional samples are upgraded, additional errors are introduced due to the inefficiency of recovery equipment. Nuclear tracer tests are more accurate, faster, cheaper and safer than conventional sampling. In 1989 through 2002, the recovery efficiency of dozens of sluicing systems was determined by mixing radioactive gold particles (tracers) into the feed streams of dozens of placer mines in the Yukon Territory, British Columbia, Alaska and Guyana. Four distinct sizes of nuclear tracers were used and their recovery was related to the design and operational characteristics of the individual sluiceboxes and their pay gravels. At clean up, scintillometers were used to detect the very low level X-ray and gamma ray radiation emitted by these tracers and locate them in the sluice runs. The effectiveness of any given section of riffles was easily diagnosed by the presence or absence of tracers. At every mine the gravel feed rates, water flows, equipment dimensions and riffle performance were measured. After the gold tracers were removed from the fi nal concentrate and counted, the concentrate was sieved and weighed. These gold recovery, weight and sieve data were used to calculate the quantities and size distributions of the gold particles in the original pay gravels and those lost in the tailings. The expired tracers were stored in a lead lined container until their radioactivity was near background levels (about two months). The standard errors from these radiotracer tests were estimated from binomial probability theory with the equation: SE = {(n + p + q) ^ 0.5}/n. Where n was the total number of radiotracers added, p is the proportion recovered and q was the proportion lost. Each overall recovery estimate would be within one standard error of the true recovery value (14 times out of 20) and almost always within two standard errors of the true recovery (19 times out of 20). The maximum standard error with 100 tracers was five per cent and occurred when the recovery approached 50 per cent. With higher recoveries, standard errors usually ranged from one to two per cent.

Aug 1, 2010

By Manuel Sierra Lopez

Southern Perú Copper Corporation sucursal del Perú es una empresa de propiedad del Grupo México, realiza actividades minero metalúrgicas en las regiones de Moquegua y Tacna, explotando las unidades de producción de Toquepala y Cuajone siendo utilizado el método de explotación de Tajo abierto. Además Southern Perú Copper Corporation cuenta con una fundición de cobre ubicada en la Ciudad de Ilo y un patio puerto de donde se traslada los ánodos y cátodos de cobre a los mercados internacionales. Southern Perú, mediante su política de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE), viene desarrollando diferentes programas y proyectos; los cuales, buscan contribuir con el desarrollo del territorio mediante el fortalecimiento y desarrollo de capacidades técnico productivas.

Sep 1, 2017

By Feng Yongxuan

Anchored sheep pile is normally used in deep excavations, many of which only require stability in accordance with Terzaghi theory. In this paper, based on the experience, new lateral earth pressure method is adopted taking account into interaction among soil, anchors and sheet piles so that a group for the project under very difficult conditions and very severe requirments, especially, for the displacements are determined according to that mentioned above. During and after construction, displacements monitoring were carried out for about four months, which was proved that there was a little difference between calculation and practice.

Jan 1, 1991

By James W. Stewart, A. C. Colvine

Introduction Precambrian shield terrains the world over are experiencing an unprecedented level of concerted exploration for lode gold deposits. Reasons for this include: • The increase in the price of gold (following 40 years at $1.13/g or $35 per oz) has transformed targets that were once unattractive into viable exploration propositions. • The relatively suppressed market for other metals produced from shields (base metals, nickel, iron, and uranium) has further focused exploration attention on gold. • The preeminence of gold production from rocks of early Precambrian age, as shown in Fig. 1. • The relatively high grade of gold in these mines (averaging about 10 Wt or 0.29 oz per st) permits profitable extraction even under depressed gold prices. A number of these mines have been in continuous operation for more than 50 years. • The recent discovery of the major Hemlo deposit, in well exposed rocks adjacent to the Trans Canada Highway, has had a world-wide impact. This demonstrates that a major new deposit can be found even in an accessible, well exposed area of a shield; gold mineralization is susceptible to rational exploration; and new target types for gold exploration exist. This paper reviews exploration activity for gold in shield terrains worldwide (Fig. 2), excluding Early Proterozoic paleoplacers of the Witwatersrand type. Emphasis is on the Archean, which is traditionally the most productive part of the Precambrian shields. There is also an emphasis on the Canadian shield (Fig. 3) because of its vast areal extent and exceptionally broad range of mineralization styles. Geological Approach A basic problem exists in gold exploration when compared to exploration for base metal massive sulfides that predominated during the 1960s and 1970s. Gold concentrations cannot usually be detected by airborne geophysical instruments. The majority of massive sulfide deposits were detected using airborne electromagnetic detectors and magnetometers. A full 75% of Canadian gold discoveries can be credited to surface prospecting. The percentage is even higher in other countries. This observation allows for great optimism for two reasons: • Large areas of shield terrain are obscured by either surficial deposits (glacial tills, clays, and desert sands) or deep surface weathering. This makes them inaccessible to prospectors. Logic dictates that such obscured areas should have the same potential for gold concentration as has exposed bedrock. • The Hemlo style of mineralization, a roughly tabular ore body where gold is associated with disseminated sulfides, is different from the traditional prospecting target. The gold is hosted by discrete quartz veins. While it is true that limited discoveries were made at Hemlo more than 30 years ago, and this style of mineralization is present elsewhere, recent

Jan 12, 1984

By P. Hickey, J. Spenceley, T. J. DeMull

Development of the Batu Hijau Project was successfully completed in the fourth quarter of 1999 with the final handover and start-up of ore processing facilities. The development project had started more than three years earlier, in August 1996, when the Owner, PT. Newmont Nusa Tenggara (PTNNT), awarded an EPC contract to Fluor Daniel (FD) for design and construction of the project including: copper concentrator, port, power plant, town site, and infrastructure. PTNNT managed the development of the mine and procurement of mine equipment with its own forces. Bringing the Batu Hijau copper deposit into production was the largest mining project ever undertaken. Development of Batu Hijau was a complex project involving the work of tens of thousands of people in all parts of the world to complete engineering, manufacture and deliver equipment, supply materials, and build the plant. The ore deposit is located on the tropical island of Sumbawa in a remote and undeveloped section of Indonesia. The location and environment presented challenges for all phases and aspects of the project. To meet the challenges, the project team combined good planning and teamwork to best utilize the resources available. This approach assured continuity of personnel through construction to operations and minimized cost, resulting in completion of the project ahead of schedule and under budget.

Jan 1, 2001

By D. Vogt

South African underground hard rock mines are typically managed using measurements made daily, weekly or even monthly of key parameters such as face advance, readiness to blast, blast success, temperature or dust levels. Health, safety and productivity can all be greatly improved if a real-time measurement system can inform decision making. To enable this vision of widespread sensing, communication and decision support, CSIR has developed an open standard architecture for communication of sensor data, and a reference implementation using that standard. The standard, called AziSA, meaning ?to inform? in isiZulu, will allow any device that complies with it to join any network that supports it. The standard is designed for South African gold and platinum mines. To be practical in a typical Bushveld platinum mine, a real-time sensor system needs to be robust, reliable and cheap: ?Sensors are equipped with power sources that will last as long as the sensor is required. In effect, sensors need to be disposable: cheap enough not to warrant repair if they break. ?Communication in the stope is wireless, to avoid there liability problems associated with wire connections. For example, wires to sensors in the face area are unlikely to survive blasting. ?To get information out of the stope, the power line to the scraper winch is used as a communications link. Unlike a separate communications link, the power line will be repaired if damaged, because of its importance to production. ?Outside the stope, communications are transferred onto the mine communication infrastructure. To succeed as a management system, the next key element is the use of software decision support tools that will analyse masses of real-time data to extract key parameters and trends for decision makers. A range of sensors has been developed, including commercial sensors that have had wireless adapters added to make them AziSA compliant, and bespoke sensors that provide low cost sensing of typical mining parameters. An important parameter in any sensor network is the location of the sensor. This has to be easy and cheap to establish, so a tool has been developed to locate sensors in the confines of a stope, using ultrasonic and radio techniques. Once sensors are installed and located, they associate their location to all data that they produce. All the data from the system are captured at surface in a flexible database that can be queried by any application that requires data of any kind. It is simple to program alerts, and for actions to be associated with alerts. The use of wireless in stope also allows for communication from surface to the stope, or from stope to stope. The first implementation of an AziSA compliant system is being installed as part of the Mine Health and Safety Council funded rockfall elimination project. The design is discussed, and a future application for a platinum mine is considered.

Jan 1, 2009

By James W. Bass

Introduction Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) is an improvement over coal-fired boiler design. It offers several advantages over conventional boilers. AFBC can meet sulfur and nitrogen oxide emission regulations without the need for add-on flue gas treatment equipment. The relatively low combustion temperature inhibits ash melting, thus reducing slagging and fouling that can in turn increase a boiler's fuel flexibility. AFBC process The fluidized bed boiler that operates at atmospheric pressure on the fire side (AFBC) is relatively simple and no different in purpose from those pulverized coal boilers used by utilities today. Fluidized bed boilers can generate steam at the pressure and temperature needed by modern steam turbines. Only the firing system is different. In fluidized bed combustion, the fuel can be almost any coal or waste fuel. It is burned in the presence of a bubbling bed of limestone. Air is forced through the bed at a velocity sufficient to support the weight of the bed particles. When the bed is fully fluidized, it bubbles like a boiling liquid. Although the burning coal makes up less than 1% of the fluidized bed, all the bed particles are heated quickly by the turbulence. The calcium in limestone reacts with sulfur dioxide produced in coal combustion to form calcium sulfate in a dry solid state. In this way, sulfur emissions regulations can be met without installing flue gas desulfurization equipment. Boiler tubes submerged in the bed absorb heat directly from the turbulent solids. The heat converts water in the tubes to steam or superheats the steam. Because of the intimate contact of the boiler tubes with the fluidized bed, heat transfer is highly efficient. Consequently, less boiler tubing surface is needed to generate the same amount of steam as in a comparable pulverized coal boiler. The optimum temperature for sulfur capture is relatively low, about 815°C (1500°F) as opposed to 1370°C (2500°F) for pulverized coal boilers. This results in the formation of lower levels of NON. Because operating temperatures are below those that fuse coal ash, a single design can burn a variety of coals without slagging or fouling problems. TVA's AFBC development program Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA) involvement in AFBC development began in 1974 and has addressed the technical uncertainties through a comprehensive program of design, experimental, and analytical studies. In 1979, TVA and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) developed plans for a 20-MW AFBC pilot plant, a 10-fold scale-up over the next largest test facility. Pilot plant design features TVA constructed the pilot plant at the Shawnee Steam Plant near

Jan 4, 1986

Currently in Canada there are 15 major mining companies with a minimum of $1 billion in market capitalization or net private value. This group forms the core of an important sector for Canada. The mining sector had gross revenues of about $35 billion in 1988. This compares to a Canadian GDP of $410 billion in 1988. There are at least three different sub-groups within the mining group, each facing the future with very different prospects for the coming years.

Jan 1, 1989

By Mohammadreza Khanmohammadi, Kazem Fakharian

"AbstractIn driven piles, the gradual dissipation of excess pore water pressure and consequently the soil setup significantly contribute to increasing the pile capacity with time. The question is risen that how the scale differences affect the stress state variations around the pile shaft and at the pile tip? Would the CPT predictions better correlate with End-Of-Drive (EOD) or Beginning of Restrike (BOR) conditions? On the other hand, are the proposed a and ß parameters for clayey soils mostly predicting the EOD or BOR situation? The main objective of this paper is to back calculate the a and ß parameters from CPT profiles, pile Dynamic Load Tests (DLT) at the EOD and BOR as well as Static Load Tests (SLT) and evaluate how they compare with those suggested in literature. Four precast 400 mm square concrete piles driven in North Azadegan Oilfield in Khuzestan Province were selected for the comparisons. CPT test results were available from the extensive geotechnical investigation at the study site. DLT tests using PDA were carried out at EOD, 1 day and 14-day BOR on all the 4 piles. All the piles were SLT tested as well. The UniCone software was used to estimate the tip and shaft resistances using 4 methods including the Dutch, Eslami & Fellenius, LCPC and Schmertmann. The results indicate that the a-method based on the proposed values in literature has predicted a shaft capacity of 90% of the 14-day BOR. This is while the ß-method has predicted a shaft capacity equivalent to 1-day BOR results only. Therefore, both methods have under-predicted the shaft capacities compared to real capacities measured after the significant soil setup in the study area. Two of the CPT methods have underestimated, one has overestimated and one has matched the estimated 60-day capacity."

Jan 1, 2014

By Dan Armour

Bolting solutions traditionally offered only wet drilling or dry drilling options; each with advantages and disadvantages. Joy Mining Machinery has developed a Mist Drilling System that incorporates the best of both types of drilling. Compared to wet drilling, mist drilling offers as much as a 90% reduction in water use. As a result, floor and roof conditions are tremendously improved. This offers a safer and more comfortable work environment for operators. Mist drilling can offer a significant reduction in noise levels compared to dry drilling and in recent trials, bit life has been greatly improved. Holes are cleaner and operators experience less exposure to respirable dust.

Jan 1, 2005

A review is presented of developments in mill liners to improve performance in terms of wear, impact, as well as mill grind and throughput. These developments are in response to the growth in size of SAG mills and the use of larger ball loadings and ball sizes in modern SAG milling practice. Shell liner developments include specific mechanical design features such as special bolting, directed metal flow to prolong liner life and a focus on the process aspects of the mills to provide more effective grinding motion with reduced wasteful ball-on-liner impacts. Grate design developments aim to provide high throughput of material, especially in the larger size fractions, while providing good impact and wear life. Curved pulp lifters are designed to ensure, at high mill speeds, complete discharge of coarse solids from the mill.

Jan 1, 1999

By C. Schuffeneger

"The design of SAG milling circuits for mining projects requires the incorporation of the energy consumption considerations and the evaluation between different flexibility-adding options to absorb the time-dependent variation in the ore lithology. In order to expand the focus of the engineering design, a higher level of deepness and quality in the baseline information must be achieved to elucidate all of the constraints on throughput, energy consumption and product quality generating a design optimization consistent with an integrated vision of the process. This paper presents a review of a collection of typical examples of the copper and gold mining project in the Chilean Andes, in which both process and energy efficiency criteria are considered when the focus is to deliver an integral solution that incorporate those areas in the design. The intensive use of energy in the SAG milling, the process continuity and the quality of the product are a function of the proper design and selection of grinding equipment and plant layout, aligned with the mining plan and associated with projected future expansions and production increases.INTRODUCTION Autogenous and Semiautogenous grinding technology, large diameter and short length mills, begins with the Handsel design. During the decade of 1930’s, Handsel-Hardinge studies led to cascade mill development. Nowadays, 80 years later, continuous improvements in design and technology have been conducted to a completely new generation of gearless SAG mills that have led to an increasing capacity at the concentrator plants. Considering the existing alternatives, SAG mills are the most implemented option for the grinding circuit today. This work presents a review of the SAG mill implementation parameters and circuit considerations and its correlations in the most recent projects in Chile with an ore treatment capacity above 50 ktpd since the decade of the 90’s up to now. From this period, the tendencies will be analyzed using project design data. Based on process design information, the recent SAG mill history in relevant projects related to the new generation of commercial SAG mills, technical associated considerations and performance will be discussed. Circuit selection based on energy utilization will be revised to bring up a more holistic perspective on the SAG mill circuit design concepts. As is now well known, the heart of every concentrator plant are the grinding mills. Higher demands on throughput, availability and power consumption optimizations require not only high performance electrical equipment but also a well selected grinding circuit. The energy efficiency issues associated to the circuits design will be reviewed."

Jan 1, 2012

Maori economic development still remains an enigma to many people some 157 years after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. It has only been in the last decade as a result of increasing pressures from Maori to recognize and settle grievances arising from the Treaty and the resulting compensation issues that "mainstream" has begun to sit up and take notice. While Treaty settlements such as the Tainui, Ngai Tahu and Fisheries settlements have gained prominence as a source of economic potential for Maori, there are significant existing assets owned by Maori worth an estimated $4.6 billion that add an exciting new dimension to Maori contribution to New Zealand's enterprise economy.   Despite the fact that many claims have yet to be resolved, Maori are clearly shifting from grievance to development mode as evidenced by their focus on capacity building through education, strategic alliances nationally and internationally and the significant growth of nett asset worth of Maori interests in a number of industry sectors.   In essence, Maori provide a large un-tapped economic potential in New Zealand. The years of relative economic obscurity appear to have wetted their appetite for positive growth and economic independence. Given current trends, it would not be unrealistic to expect the asset base of Maori to double in value over the next decade and to see the emergence of Maori owned Corporates not only within the New Zealand economy but also trading actively in the global market place.

Jan 1, 1997