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By R. Khanna, K. Hyun Ko, A. J. Berkovich, J. Hook

"The co-pyrolysis of synthetic polymer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and agricultural wastes (naturally occurring polymer-macadamia nut shell) was investigated in the temperature range 473K to 1273K using a horizontal furnace with an aim to understand their thermal degradation under isothermal conditions. In-depth characterization of pyrolysis residues was carried out using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for carbon structure, and through determination of the concentration of unpaired electrons using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). In previous studies, it has been found that PET thermally decomposes ~ 650K-700K, releasing (~80 wt % of initial weight) gaseous products due to random chain scission. In the case of macadamia nut shell, three types of byproduct can be obtained from pyrolysis: char, tar and gaseous products. In the co-pyrolysis of macadamia nut shell with PET in 50-50 wt% ratio, total product weight ratio could be modified with the addition of PET acting as a hydrogen source. This is because a recombination of thermal cracking products of cellulose could be suppressed by hydrogen from PET, which will later lead to an enhancement of tar formation. In addition, pyrolysis around 673K is sufficient for bond cleavage to occur in cellulose and lignin leading to the formation of negatively charged activated carbon with high surface area, providing bonding sites for volatiles evolving from PET. Therefore the co-pyrolysis may be able to enhance the product yield (tar/char/solid carbon residue) along with a reduction in the release of gaseous products. During the co-pyrolysis, temperature was found to have a significant influence on the kinetics of thermal degradation and solid residual by-products after co-pyrolysis.INTRODUCTIONPlastics are being used worldwide in a wide range of applications in the modern society; their usage has resulted in increasingly a massive waste problem. The production of most synthetic plastics requires hydrocarbons that are produced from petrochemicals derived from fossil oil and natural gas, a non-renewable source (Speight 2011). Currently, plastic manufacture utilizes ~4% of world oil and gas production, and it is expected to drive further increases in petroleum demand by 1-2% due to their large volume of manufacture (Hopewell, Dvorak et al. 2009). Landfilling and incineration of plastic waste are the two main routes to plastic waste management (Encinar and González 2008). In Australia, only 10% of waste plastics were recycled in 2006 (White and Hyde 2011). This means that large amount of fossil fuels from plastics has either been simply burned for energy recovery or buried in the ground. There is an urgent need for developing alternative avenues for recycling waste plastics. Our group at UNSW has carried out extensive research on the recycling of waste polymers as carbon resource in steelmaking including slag foaming and carbon dissolution from waste plastics into liquid steel at 1600°C; the effect of basic plastic characteristics such as chemical composition, structure, bonding network etc. was examined (Sahajwalla, Rahman et al. 2009)"

Jan 1, 2012

By John Newby, Edward Kennedy, Ulf Gwildis

Alluvial deposits of major rivers often provide relatively uniform tunneling conditions. However, these conditions pose specific challenges due to the tunneling behavior of the granular soils as flowing ground, if unsupported. This paper describes the design considerations and construction experiences gained during the Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) drives for the Annacis Island WWTP New Outfall System in the Vancouver, B.C. metropolitan area. Meeting the design criteria for connecting two (2) deep on-land shafts with an in-river riser manifold required advancing a 5-meter-diameter slurry TBM through the Fraser Rivers sands and at a tunnel invert elevation with a baseline hydrostatic head of 3.4 bar.

Dec 1, 2022

By A Kobzev, C Robben

Sensor-based particle sorting of gold ores is the masterclass of preconcentration. The technical challenges of a grade in ppm scale makes a direct detection with currently available technology in milliseconds impossible. Consequently, the detection and classification of particles into ore and waste classes relies on detectable proxies which are the foundation for the classification. These must be reliable and repeatable across the ore bodies processed in future. A sensor-based particle ore sorting equipment must therefore be calibrated systematically by understanding the gold deportation in different lithological groups. Also, it must be in best operational state to minimise possible misplacement. The technical challenges are met by a stringent financial regime governing the business case. Many gold ore sorting projects require a stable grade of gold in the rejected waste significantly below 1gr/t. Two examples are introduced in this paper:  The pilot results and operational experience of X-ray transmission (XRT)-based particle ore sorting for pebble sorting of sulphide associated ore;  Laser-based particle ore sorting for pebble circuit of an orogenic, quartz associated gold ore. Usually, sensor-based particle sorters are installed in the crushing section of a plant. However, for large capacity plants, the number of equipment required, and the associated material handling costs result in significant capital and operating expenses for plants with 1200tph run-of-mine capacity. As a conclusion, it was decided to investigate sensor-based particle ore sorting applied to the pebble stream of two existing semi autogenous mills.

Nov 10, 2020

By Joseph A. Dos Santos

The largest TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) tunnels are typically along modest slopes, but not always. Occasionally high slope angles are required beyond the capabilities of conventional open trough trailing conveyors. A 2019 project required a large TBM to ascend to an incline angle of 25°. A Sandwich Belt high angle conveyor could easily solve the high angle conveying problem but such a system must include all of the features of the conventional trailing conveyor, particularly the ability to extend with the TBM advance. The writer responded to the challenge and developed a TBM trailing Sandwich Belt high angle conveyor with all of the needed features. The invention (U.S.A. patents awarded October, 2021 and November, 2022) however goes beyond the 2019 project requirements and extends to any high angle incline. This writing first presents the broad Sandwich Belt high angle conveyor development, then its use in various construction and tunneling projects prior to this TBM Sandwich Belt trailing conveyor invention. Finally we present the new TBM Trailing Sandwich Belt high angle conveyor with all of its features and implications.

Jun 13, 2023

By T. R. Kostecki, A. J. S. Spearing, A. Hyett, M. Gadde

Ground control research for underground coal mining has progressed significantly over the past several decades. With this progression, and the ability to analyze and model underground conditions, underground working conditions have significantly improved. In order to progress further, the behavior of roof support must be known and be adequately modeled, such that models can be used for support design under different geological and mining conditions. This paper discusses the results from a research project funded by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and undertaken by Southern Illinois University Carbondale and Peabody Energy. The research involved installation of active and passive instrumented bolts in mines, recording relevant in situ data and then attempting to model the behavior of the bolts as mining progressed. Such calibrated models could aid in design of roof supports under different geological and mining layouts and thus, hopefully, further improve rock related safety.

Jan 1, 2012

By Fabrício Domith Rodrigues, Marcelo Moreira Furst Gonçalves, Leonardo José Silva de Oliveira, Luiz Fernando Andrade de Castro

Eventualmente é necessário ajustar a largura de placas via processo de oxicorte. Contudo, o processo de corte convencional a frio não é recomendado para algumas qualidades de aço por gerar susceptibilidades às trincas na seção de corte. Para contornar a ocorrência de trincas no corte convencional foi desenvolvida e aplicada na Usiminas uma nova técnica de oxicorte em placas com base na utilização de duplo maçarico. Após otimização dos parâmetros de velocidade e posição dos maçaricos foi possível obter temperaturas da ordem de 200°C, homogeneamente distribuídas ao longo da seção de corte, favorecendo o ajuste dimensional sem trincas. Com a implementação industrial, verificou-se índices superiores a 85% de aprovação de placas e, consequentemente, o aproveitamento de placas que anteriormente não eram destinadas a geração de produtos laminados.

Oct 1, 2019

By Liming Yuan, Isaac Zlochower, RICHARD THOMAS, Thomas H. Dubaniewicz, Teresa Barone

Mining vehicle manufacturers are developing lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery electric vehicles as an alternative to diesel-powered vehicles. In gassy underground mines, explosion-proof (XP) enclosures are commonly used to enclose electrical ignition sources to prevent propagation of an internal methane (CH4) air explosion to a surrounding explosive atmosphere. Li-ion batteries can create pressurized explosions within sealed enclosures due to thermal runaway (TR). Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) measured TR pressures of lithiumiron phosphate (LFP) cells as a function of free space within sealed enclosures and observed an inverse power relationship. A well-confined cell produced 294 bar (4260 psia) of pressure during a TR, far exceeding minimum pressure containment specifications for conventional XP enclosures. Results indicate that adding enough free space surrounding LFP cells can reduce TR pressures to levels below that expected for CH4-air ignitions. Measured TR temperatures were below the minimum autoignition temperature of CH4-air.

Nov 6, 2020

By George R. Stephans

The Climax Mine is a panel caving mine which has had a long history of incidents of severe ground control problems. The nature of the ore deposit, which lends itself to the caving meth- of of production, a1 so makes the mine susceptible to large scale stress concentrations which are referred to as ?weight? problems. These problems have increased with increased production and also with expansion to deeper mine levels. During the past twenty years the mine has had to learn to cope with these problems in order to remain in operation. A number of practical guidelines and useful techniques have emerged from these efforts. The purpose of this paper is to share a few of these ideas. The Mine is located near Leadville, Colorado on the continental divide at an elevation of 3450 meters. The ore body is a large low grade deposit of disseminated molybdenum sulfide. It measures about 1200 to 1600 meters in diameter and it had an original depth of about 660 mters. The Mine has been in operation since 1918 and the massive nature of the ore body together with its blocky, highly fractured condition made it natural for the caving system to have been adopted for production at an early date. Open pit mining was started in 1973. The total plant has a capacity of more than 50 thousand tons per day, and more than 400 million tons of reserves at an average grade of 0.310 percent molybdenum disulfide remain to be produced.

Jan 1, 1982

By A. G. Oppegaard

Most iron ores treated by the R-N direct reduction process yield metallic iron products considerably lower in titanium, manganese, and chromium oxides and alkaline metal sulfates/sulfides than were contained in the original ores. These metallic iron products are suitable as feed stock for the open hearth and electric steel-making furnaces. The elements which are rejected in part are acceptable in the product since the product is designed to by-pass the blast furnace. R-N reduction conditions (PCO+H2-1 atmosphere, 1830° to 2150° F.) are adjusted for each ore. The iron ore which is reduced to 90 to 95 percent metallic iron is then subjected to the conventional beneficiation techniques. Under these conditions, 55 to 80 percent of titanium oxides, 75 to 95 percent of manganese oxides, 60 to 90 percent of chromium oxides and up to 97 percent of alkaline metal sulfates contained in the ore are rejected with the gangue to the non- magnetic tailings. The metallic iron products illustrated in this work contained 89 to 96 percent total iron, one to five percent TiO2, 0.2 to one percent MnO, 0.3 to 1.6 percent Cr2O3 and/or up to one percent alkaline metal sulfide. Usually only one of these components was present. Recoveries ranged from 80 to 96 percent of the iron in ore.

Jan 1, 1958

By BUREAU OF MINES

This paper is a revision of Reports of Investigations , Serial 2541 , which was published in November , 1923 , for the benefit of State mining inspectors , safety engineers of mining companies , and others interested in electrical safety inspection in mines . It presents the important points that should be watched by inspectors and briefly reviews the work of the Bureau of Mines in testing of electrical apparatus and equipment to determine their permissibility for use in gassy coal mines .

Jan 1, 1929

AT the Tulsa meeting of the A. P. I., the following reso-lutions, expressive of the policy of that organization, were among those adopted: RESOLVED, That we endorse the conclusion of the Federal Oil Conservation Board in its report of September, 1926, that the prevention of the waste of gas incident to the pro-duction of oil is of paramount importance in the conserva-tion and economical production of oil, and the president of the Institute is requested to appoint a committee of seven to devise and suggest to this board, or the executive com-mittee, such measures as will enable the industry, while continuing to meet the consumption requirements for pe-troleum and its products, to conserve in its natural state such reserves of petroleum as may not then be required for consumption. RESOLVED, That the president of the Institute appoint a committee of seven to formulate and recommend to this board or its executive committee, at the earliest practicable date, a program of legislation; Federal and State, to be advocated by the Institute giving sanction and effect to agreements by oil producers for the curtailment of produc-tion in pools where and during periods when there is over-production, having for their purpose the economical and orderly production of oil.

Jan 1, 1927

By M. M. Rao, P. G. Winchell, R. J. Russell

A detailed analysis has been used to correlate the avalable thermodynami c da In on iron-ric11 Fe-Ni (41loys in the body-centered a, and the face-centered y phases. The inp ut injovrt~ation required by the a am lysis consists of tile heat of the a, to y transformation at 1123°K, the heat of mixing of y at 1123°K, tile specific heats of both a, and y (decomposed into Debye, electronic, and magnelic contributions), and the positional and magnetic entropies of both a, and y. PYLrrzary oirt.bul of the analysis is the free energy of each phase as a Junction of temperature and composition. FOr Fe-Ni alloys the adjustment of twenty-one parunletevs allows the accurate reproduction of enthalpy data for both phases, the heat of mixing- for y, the a/y equilibrinm compositions in the Fe-Ni phase diagram, and the usually accepted enthalpy and entropy of a and y iron. Also obtaitzed are fuirly accurate reproductions of electronic specific heat coefficients predicted from electron- to-atom ratio interpolations and To temperatuves eslimanted from transformation studies. Also considered in the calculation are the elastic constants, Curie temperatures, saturation magnlelizalion values, and indications of short- range order. The measnred activity coefficient of iron in anstetnite could not be accurately matched. The major source of uncertainty in the model is thought to be the magnetic contribution to the entropy of austenite. Calcrclations were extended to Fe-ni-C alloys using available carbon-acliuity data. The free energy of transformation from martensile to r at fixed composition was obtained as a function of nickel and carbon contetzt, and binary thetal-carbon phase diagrams Were estimaled as a function of nickel contenl. We needed thermodynamic information for Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-C alloys at temperatures between 400" and 800°K in order to interpret the results of several phase-transformation studies. The most recent theoretical analysis of the thermodynamics of Fe-Nialloysl was based on a lumped-parameter, regular-solution model and used the Fe-Ni phase diagram available at that time.' Because significant difficulties were encountered in attempting to extend this analysis to Fe-Ni-C alloys, and because more experimental data has become available recently, we decided to attempt a new correlation. The analysis used here allows the extrapolation of measured and calculated thermodynamic values to lower temperatures and the extension of the thermodynamic analysis to Fe-Ni-C alloys. The structure of this correlation consists of expressions containing a total of twenty-one adjustable parameters. The forms of these expressions are discussed in the next section; however, a less formal summary is presented now to provide a physical overview of the model and to indicate its connections to prior work. Primary input information for this correlation is described below. The measured values of the specific heat of iron3 and its analysis475 and theoretical estimates of the specific heat of y* iron at low tempera- loys at 1123°K has been measured by solution calori-metry.7 The enthalpies of both a, and y have been measured most recently by Scheil and Saftig,B who used a dry-ice calorimeter. These data are used to formulate expressions for the heat of mixing of y and the heat of transformation of a, to y both at 1123°K. The a and y solubility limits in the Fe-Ni phase diagram have been redetermined recently9 by methods which assure a close approach to equilibrium. The a to y transformation can occur without change in nickel content or free energy at a temperature called TO; TO temperatures for various nickel contents have been estimated from transformation studies. The computed free-energy functions are adjusted by means of the parameters to fit both the phase diagram and the TO temperatures. Primary emphasis is placed on the phase diagram fit. Iron activities have been measured in Fe-Ni austenite10 between 973" and 1173°K. These activity data, which cannot be fitted accurately with our model, indicate that iron is substantially ideal in iron-rich austenite. Secondary, but helpful, information for the present correlation is provided by neutron diffraction and saturation magnetization measurements on both body-centered and face-centered Fe-Ni alloys."-'3 These results were interpreted11 in terms of composition-insensitive, localized magnetic moments on both iron

Jan 1, 1968

By Alcides José de Lucena Silva

O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar o desenvolvimento da compensação de sopro no Alto-Forno 3 da CSN durante as manobras dos regeneradores para o ciclo de sopro com o incremento da vazão do ar soprado vindo do moto-soprador. Para a realização deste trabalho utilizou-se a metodologia DMAIC. Na apresentação do resultado final serão demonstrados valores alcançados em torno de 60% de redução da pressão da base do alto-forno com o desenvolvimento e por consequência, um aumento de sua produtividade.

Aug 1, 2018

"An unparalleled growth in the Canadian coal industry in 1970 coincided with increasing awareness by Canadians of their environment and their geography with its accompanying transportation factors. R and D on coal moved with greater emphasis toward solving problems in these areas as well as continuing with strong interest in coal preparation, carbonization, combustion, ""weathering'', spontaneous ignition, storage, exploration and geology. Long-range ""basic"" research was not forgotten in that work continued on coal-based carbons, coal chemistry and agrobiological uses for coal. This paper reviews the status of these many areas of coal research at the beginning of the seventies and takes note of some of the more significant legislation and projects brought to the author's attention. No attempt is made to itemize or to describe in detail all the worthwhile projects, many of which are reported elsewhere."

Jan 1, 1971

By J. S. Fox

"Pyroclastic rocks are useful guides to volcanic centers due to the tendency of their fragments to increase in size and volume toward the source vent. The felsic rocks of these centers can be the prime hosts of base metal deposits in the Precambrian Shield; their sub-volcanic equivalents are often the focus of porphyry copper mineralization in the Cordillera. Quantitative mapping of pyroclastic rocks has not yet developed into a routine prospecting tool in Canada, however, possibly due to the cumbersome nature of existing manual techniques and their limitation to structurally simple terrains.A rapid pyroclastic mapping method has been developed whereby the field geologist acquires only a down-plunge outcrop photograph, a record of the fragmental deformation ellipsoid and a record of some descriptive features from each station. Mean fragment size and volume percent are obtained later in the laboratory from a photo-enlargement: by means of a digital analyzer. A computer program uses the strain parameters to 'undeform' the field measurements and obtains genetic information from the descriptive data. Results can be superimposed on a geologic map, with values for each station being represented by a dot of a specified diameter corresponding to the size or volume percentile range to which the value belongs.Control traverses were run over the pyroclastic rocks surrounding the Anderson Lake mine and the Flin Flon South main shaft in northern Manitoba. In both locations, the mapping has delineated regular increasing trends in mean size and volume per cent toward the head frame."

Jan 1, 1977

By Walter E. Lewis

This circular presents the method of making tests and apparent results of comparing performance of tungsten carbide insert bits and steel detachable bits by the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. at the company's mines on the Marquette iron range of Michigan. The mines are at Ishpeming and Negaunee, Mich., and include the Cliffs Chaft, Mather "A", Cambria-Jackson, and Mather "B". There are four general characteristic types of high-grade iron ore on the Marquette range. B. H. Boyum2/ classifies the Cliffs Shaft as "hard-ore" and the Cambria-Jackson and Mather "A" as "soft-ore" types of deposit. Shaft sinking through Jasper, slate, and graywacke was in progress at this writing at the Mather "B", with completion at 3,100-foot depth in August 1949. The many different kinds of rock and ore at the mines of the Cleveland- Cliffs Iron Co. and the experimental work being carried on with carbide in- sert bits make it possible to compare, generally, the carbide insert and steel detachable bit. The type of "hard ore" at the Cliffs Shaft mine re- quired close study of the possible use of the insert tit, and their records are more complete than those of the "soft-ore" mines. History and development of tungsten carbide tips inserted in rock drill bits have been covered by R. W. Adamson, C. H. Vivian, R. C. Sullivan,5/ and others. Tungsten carbide insert rock bits have only recently been introduced to the domestic mining industry. Although unusual performance records are being reported at operations employing the insert bits, the general adaptability of the tool to all rock types and the advantages to be gained by using carbide insert tits remains to be demonstrated. Insert-bit performance is being observed at numerous mines and quarries throughout the United States The several mining operations at the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. at Ishpeming, Mich., is one site where exhaustive comparative tests of insert and conventional steel detachable bits are currently in progress. Results to date are sufficiently impressive to be of general interest to the mining

Mar 1, 1950

By M Allen

By its nature, the mining industry is energy and emissions intensive. In the future, the world will still require the outputs of mining but the industry will need to adapt to the low emissions economy. Understanding the risks of climate change to a particular site or at a company level is key to managing this transition.CITATION:Allen, M, 2018. Assessment of climate risk in the Australian mining industry, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2018, pp 13–16 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 25, 2018

By James Coull, Brian Wilson, David Siddle

"In 2012, Golder Construction Inc. was awarded a Design-Build contract for the design and construction of an extensive, deep ground improvement scheme to support up to 20 metres (66 ft) high Mechanically Stabilized Earth walls and bulk earthworks required for the development of the proposed Kitimat Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) facility at Bish Cove, British Columbia (BC). Utilizing Cutter Soil Mixing (CSM) to construct barrettes consisting of overlapping rectangular panels of in-situ cement-treated soils, a deep mixing scheme, covering an area of approximately 12,900 m2 (15,430 yd2) and comprising some 1645 CSM panels to depths of up to 30.7 m (101 ft), was developed to provide the required static and seismic stability for the LNG structures, and meet the project-specific performance criteria.CSM panels were constructed through varying thicknesses and discontinuous layers of fine-grained, very soft to soft marine deposits, and loose to compact sands, with occasional interbeds of dense sands and gravels. Panel completion criteria was based on soil response factors, as measured by the CSM equipment, with the design requiring a typical embedment of about 2 m (7 ft) into dense silty sand to sand and gravel to provide the required bearing. A total volume of approximately 73,900 m3 (96,660 yd3) of soil was treated with cement to consistently yield average unconfined compressive strengths exceeding 2.5 MPa (363 psi).This paper outlines the challenges associated with the construction and quality control of this large deep mixing scheme in highly variable geotechnical conditions at a remote location with barge-only access, and limited communication facilities. Specifically the paper will discuss the logistical challenges faced and solutions adopted for the project; equipment redundancy requirements for a 24/7 operation; the impacts of wear and tear, as well as variability in subsurface conditions on productivity; quality control processes adopted for the project, including the value of provision of an on-site laboratory; and materials handling issues, and their impacts on mix design and quality control."

Jan 1, 2017

By L. S. Zhou

Germany-made AFX-100 multi-grade fluidized classifier, with exquisite built-in structure and unique novel design, materializes not only advanced and efficient classification, but also precise particle distribution and safe operation, in addition to lower energy consumption and operational cost. It, simultaneously in place of screw grader, water cyclone, and fine mesh sieve, is equipped with multi-function, and indicates superior advantage in comparison with other else grading facilities. As the third-generation equipment, which is efficient and modern, it, in China and therefore all over the world, will find wide application in processing both fine and ultra-fine iron ore resources. Industrial test, carried out in Benxi Steel?s Waitoushan Iron Mine, shows efficient classification, i.e., ?74µm particle contents in coarse, medium and fine products come to 6.09%,11.82% and 82.73%, respectively, while qualitative and quantitative efficiencies end up by 74.38% and 87.66%, respectively. Its separation efficiencies amount to 2.2 times as many as spiral classifiers, 1.8 times as hydrocyclones, and 1.3 times as vibration high-frequency fine screens. Another industrial test, which was practiced in Anshan Steel?s Donganshan Sinter Plant, indicates that classification qualitative efficiency comes to 65.06%, equal to 1.51 times as many as hydrocyclones; yield, 55.79%; -71µm particle contents in medium and coarse products, 42.02%; -71µm content in fine product, 95.42%; and concentration, 12.33%. Estimated separation indexes are as follows: Yield for concentrate at 31.22%, up 0.22% than that from general processing line; concentrate grade at 66.42%, up 1.13%; recovery ratio comes to 65.84%, up 1.28%, which, based on pilot study, results in 20 million yuan of economic return for Donganshan Floatation Plant.

Jan 1, 2014

By W Liu, S Gao, D Wei, B Cui, Z Guan, Y Shen

Beneficiation of low-grade fine-grained hematite ores becomes increasingly important due to rapid depletion of high quality iron ore resources. However, fine particles, especially ultra-fine particles, make efficient beneficiation of these ores more difficult. Therefore, methods to reduce the influence of fine particles must be considered to achieve better beneficiation performance. Analysis and systematical beneficiation tests were carried out on an ultra-fine-grained hematite ore slime from washing a fine grained hematite ore. Ore particles were found to be presented in loose soil. While some of the ore particles were agglomerated, they were very fine and contained up to 76.5 per cent -0.023 mm material. In this paper, using a single magnetic separation flow sheet with sodium silicate (SS) as a dispersing agent, a concentrate containing 65.05 per cent Fe was obtained at an iron recovery of 68.58 per cent from the hematite ore slime of 56.65 per cent Fe. The single magnetic separation flow sheet was simple and reliable, the agent SS was effective in dispersing ultra-fine particles. The results are believed to be applicable to similar hematite ores.CITATION:Wei, D, Guan, Z, Gao, S, Liu, W, Shen, Y and Cui, B, 2013. Beneficiation study of an ultra-fine-grained hematite ore slime, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2013 , pp 495-500 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 12, 2013