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By A. H. Bell

DEEPEST hole in the earth, and deepest producing oil well in the world-such is well No. K.C.L. A-2, of the Continental. Oil Co., completed on April 12 in the San Joaquin valley about four miles west of Wasco, Calif. It penetrated the earth's crust to a depth of 15,004 ft.- almost three miles-a depth that exceeds by over 2200 ft. that of the previous record holder in western Texas. It is now producing oil from sands at a depth from 13,092 to 13,- 175 ft., which is about 1500 ft. deeper than the record formerly achieved in Louisiana. Continental's new well was bottomed in what is possibly Domengine-Avenal Eocene sand, and is producing from the Middle Miocene equivalent to the Rio Bravo sand.

Jan 1, 1938

By Cleland N. Conwell

The term "tender tundra" is a myth---a well-developed myth, but contrary to the fact. Any area that supports herbivores must have a plant base to supply food, In Alaska, herds of caribou migrate and live north of the Arctic Circle. And, if there is enough growth in the moss and lichens and arctic grass to support a caribou herd, the "tender tundra" can heal after it has been disturbed by mining. Another myth is that Alaska is an ice box. Actually, many areas In the state---particularly the Interior---have a high agricultural potential. Nevertheless, the fact remains: whether it is reclaimed by advancing the productivity from forest to agriculture or is allowed to remain a wild-life habitat, Alaskan land will revegetate. Reseeding speeds reclamation, but left to nature, native species will reclaim the land whether it was disturbed by forest fires, roads, villages, or mining. In fact, it is impossible to find many of the old gold mining camps.

Jan 1, 1975

By T. D. Yensen

It is safe to say that of all the different materials that go to make up electrical machinery, iron is the most important. Upon its magnetic and electrical quality depends not only the efficiency of the machine but, to a very large extent, the cost. Aside from the mechanical strength, there are three characteristics of iron that are of importance in this connection, viz., magnetic hysteresis, electrical resistance, and magnetic permeability. In the homopolar machine, where the magnetic flux is unidirectional, permeability is the only important factor, but in all other machines the flux is reversed in one or more parts and causes losses due to hysteresis and eddy currents. The eddy-current loss depends largely upon the electrical resistance of the iron; the higher the resistance the lower the loss, under otherwise identical conditions. These hysteresis and eddy-current losses cause heating of the machine, and as they depend upon the magnetic density in the iron, this density must be regulated so that the heating shall not be excessive. If the hysteresis and eddy-current losses and the permeability of the magnetic circuit will permit an increase in the magnetic density, or, in other words, a decrease in the amount of iron, this in turn will mean a decrease in the amount of copper needed, with a consequent decrease in the copper loss. It is thus seen that, indirectly as well as directly, the above characteristics have an important bearing on both the efficiency and the cost of electrical machinery. In general, it may be said that iron for electrical machinery should have the following characteristics: (1) low hysteresis loss, (2) high electrical resistance, and (3) high permeability. These are the characteristics that investigators have been striving to attain since electrical machinery first came into use. Until the beginning of the present century, Swedish charcoal iron was regarded as the best grade of iron for magnetic purposes, and even now it ranks high among the various grades used. About that time Sir Robert Hadfield1 produced a number of iron alloys that revolution-

Jan 1, 1916

By John B. Umhau

[' is ann.tal surve:' gives sta.tistical data regC:ll~dirg rims.ry and feCOA-dUTY or ~cra:p tin used in thL United States by industries anc. includcc dc..ta l' is ann.tal surve:' gives sta.tistical data regC:ll~dirg rims.ry and feCOA-dUTY or ~cra:p tin used in thL United States by industries anc. includcc dc..ta ]

Jan 1, 1938

By D. Van Dooren

The final goal of the research project is to develop a 3D FEM model that is able to predict the kinetics and micro-structural evolution during the bainitic transformation. The input parameters consist of thermodynamic and atomic mobility data obtained from the ThermoCalc and mCTRA databases combined with structural mechanics data extracted from the stress-strain curves of the fcc and bee phases. In this paper the general principles of the model are outlined and some interesting preliminary results are shown and commented. The full implementation of the model has presently not been achieved yet. In the model the bainitic transformation is considered as a sequence of martensitic (re)nucleation and growth of a ferritic subunit followed by the carbon rejection into the surrounding austenite. The (re)nucleation of the subunits will be described through a non-classical martensitic nucleation criterion. Once a nucleus has been activated at a specific location in the material, a full-sized subunit is instantaneously formed through a displacive mechanism. The stress state in the system that arises due to the transformation strain can be calculated by a 3D FEM programming code. Immediately after the formation of the subunit, another 3D FEM programming code calculates the carbon diffusion from the supersaturated ferrite into the surrounding austenite. The resulting stress state and carbon profiles will be used to determine where and when a new subunit will nucleate based on a renucleation criterion. Keywords: Bainitic Transformation, Modeling, Eshelby, Carbon Diffusion

Jan 1, 2003

By H. H. Schrenk, W. P. Yant, P. H. Mautz

"In a study of the chemistry and pathology of chronic benzene poisoning, which was conducted cooperatively by the United. States Bureau of Mines, the Barrett Co., and the producers of benzene, it was necessary to make quantitative determinatious of the abzorption, distribution, and: fate of benzene in the organism. Although methods for determining benzene in relatively large amounts were available no satisfactory method was found for removing and determining the small amounts that are present in the tissues or excretions after exposure to conditions which ultimately cause chronic poisoning. This no doubt accounts for the lack of information in the literature on this particular phase of benzene poisoning.The writers have found in work that will be described in a subsequent publication that the amounts of benzene present in the tissues and excretions under conditions of exposure which produce chronic benzene poisoning arc of the order of a fraction to a few milligrams per 100 grams of tissue. This report describes a method developed and found satisfactory for these determina¬tions.RÉSUMÉ OF PERVIOUS METHODSA method for the determination of benzene in tissue was developed by Joachimoglu. 5 In the Joachimoglu procedure the ground organs are mixed with water and acidified with diluted sulphuzic acid, and the benzene is distilled into a receiver containing carbon tetrachloride. The benzene is nitrated in the carbon tetrachloride, the carbon tetrachloride evaporated, the acid mix¬ture neutralized, and the dinitrobenzene extracted with ether. After removal of the ether the dinitrobeuzene is determined gravimetrically. Joachimoglu reports that this method is about 55 to 60 percent quantitative."

Aug 1, 1935

By M. K. Rizkalla

This paper discusses the time-dependent behaviour of rock when it involves the presence of several layers of rock strata in the vicinity of mine openings, mining in sequences and the placement of backfill. The paper describes numerical techniques which proved useful when such situations are encountered in practice. The model is elastoviscoplastic. At given time stations, short term loading or changes can be made to the creep behavior of the rock. The modelling technique is first described and is followed by simulations of stresses and displacements in a potash mine with the primary objective to demonstrate the effect of such aspects as mining and fill sequences in 3-D. This involves cutting finite elements representing the strip of the mining face and simultaneously filling those elements representing the newly placed fill. The stiffness of the fill varies with the degree of compaction at each point. In this way, the effect of the time of fill placement, the gap between the top of the fill and the back as well as the degree of compaction are simulated. The second example is a 2-D problem simulating the long term effect of backfill, as a material compacting with time, on the settlement of the layers above it as well as the closure of the room.

Jan 1, 1996

By J. W. Horne, W. B. Shirey

"INTRODUCTION The United States Bureau of Mines in cooperation with the State of Colorado at the University of Colorado has conducted experiments to determine the amount and composition of the noncondensable gases evolved when crude shale oil is distilled under pressure.Hydrogen sulphide is one of the components found in the complex mixture of gases produced by the distillation of shale oil under pressure. This paper deals with the apparatus and method used in determining the amount of hydrogen sulphide evolved in the laboratory experimental cracking stills.The study required a complete extraction of all the hydrogen sulphide from the gas stream after it left the water-cooled distillate condensers and before the as stream entered the charcoal absorber for removing the light naphtha. In devising the method it was necessary to take into account a constant variation of velocity, pressure, and percentage of sulphide in the total gas stream coming from the still.Ordinarily, the quantitative determination of hydrogen sulphide in Gas is made by analyzing small samples taken at regular intervals. This estimation can be accomplished by use of the Bunte gas burette as modified by Tutriler,4 or by a similar method. In the industries where the flow of as is constant end of uniform composition, this practice is sufficiently accurate for plant control. For experimental work where many variables have to be taken into consideration, as in the case at hand, these methods are not applicable."

Oct 1, 1931

By Donald L. Mordell

Introduction A very large part of the world's fuel resources are in solid form, as various grades of ?coal, but an increasing proportion of fuel demands on this Continent and else-where are having to be met by liquid fuels. Convenience and, in many cases, cost weigh heavily in favour of the liquid: fuels, and there are many fuel burning applications where the use of coal would be impractical, such as for automotive or air transport. By extrapolating the present trends one might conclude that, in future years in Canada and the United States, coal will be used only in a few power stations close to coal fields. If such a state of affairs should arise, it will obviously prove embarrassing to those accustomed to make their livelihood from the winning and marketing of coal, but it is perhaps not so obvious that it must also prove an embarrassment to the nation. The major reasons for this are two in number. Firstly, if present coal production is to be replaced by oil production, a large capital expenditure is necessary, which must inevitably be paid by the consumer; and secondly, in times of emergency, large amounts of oil fuels are required for military purposes which cannot be achieved with solid fuels. It is obviously unwise, therefore, to discontinue the use of coal for those non-military jobs that it can do. If we examine the major fuel markets we find that there are three: Domestic heating Steam generation Transport by air, sea, and land For domestic heating, the extreme convenience of oil, in spite of its greater cost, has captured much of the coal market.

Jan 1, 1952

By Rénard Chaigneau

Quality during induration Drying ??40% of energy ??Drying velocity = f(1/radius2) ??Size versus risk of condensation ??Flow is important (minimise fines)Oxidation ??IOC Fe2+ typically 0.04% ??Important to minimise Fe2+forLow Temperature Disintegration ??Tight size distribution is key13

May 1, 2011

By Mark E. Emerson

Foreign and domestic companies find the mineral potential of this country's stern public lands, its capital markets, political stability, and "open-door" policy attractive for hard mineral exploration. Traditionally, exploration in the US has been geographically based and responsibility oriented at the district level. The 1970s brought a decentralized approach to exploration as major non-metal companies began to diversify into hard minerals. The emphasis was on capital intensive metal and energy projects involving bulk-tonnages. The recent economic downturn in metals has caused many of the new participants to withdraw from the mineral scene. The surviving companies have shifted their emphasis toward medium scale precious metal projects having high operating margins and rapid return on equity. Exploration expenditures in the United States are now principally focused on gold and silver to the exclusion of practically all other commodities. In the search for precious metals companies have scaled back their exploration efforts and have began to apply new approaches to target selection. The search is being assisted by rapidly evolving conceptual models. The change in orientation has led to numerous new discoveries. The finds are essentially "rediscoveries" that c,-re previously uneconomic. The majority are low-grade surface deposits that have involved low discovery costs and short lead times for development by low-cost mining and beneficiation methods. The emphasis on gold to the exclusion of all other commodities raises questions regarding the direction of exploration in the US for the rest of the 80s.

Jan 1, 1984

Organization Place Date 1919 Automotive Engineers New York, N. Y. Feb. 4-6 American Institute of Mining Engineers New York, N. Y. Feb. 17-20 New England Association of Gas Engineers Boston, Mass. Feb. 19 American Institute of Electrical Engineers New York, N. Y. Feb. 19-21 National Society for the Study of Education Chicago, Ill. Feb. 25-28 American Railway Engineering Association Chicago, Ill. Mch. 18-20 American Electrochemical Society New York, N. Y. Apr. 3-5.

Jan 2, 1919

By Lívia Lopes de Oliveira Goulart

A prática de escória espumante ganhou o mundo dos fornos elétricos a arco por apresentar muitas vantagens, dentre elas a redução das perdas térmicas do arco elétrico para o ambiente, reduzindo o consumo de energia elétrica e também permitindo uma maior recuperação do metal perdido em forma de FeO para a escória através da reversão feita com a injeção de C. No entanto, a eficiência das escórias espumantes produzidas atualmente ainda é tema de estudo para aqueles que querem melhorar a eficiência do processo, a vida do equipamento e reduzir custos de elaboração. Assim, esse trabalho tem como objetivo otimizar as propriedades da escória através do ajuste da saturação em MgO, melhorando a eficiência da escória espumante e reduzindo a perda de Fe sob a forma de FeO. O resultado das alterações realizadas foram ganho de energia elétrica medido e redução da perda de rendimento metálico do FEA, obtida comparando o peso produzido e o esperado pela carga metálica.

Oct 30, 2017

By Charles Hudson Martins de Vasconcelos, Isaque Alan de Brito Moura, Mônica Aline Magalhães Gurgel, Tatiane Santos Ferreira, Andersan dos Santos Paula

Aços bifásicos ou Dual Phase são caracterizados por uma microestrutura ferrítico- martensítica, a qual consiste em uma matriz de ferrita equiaxial com 10 a 20% de martensita dispersa na forma de ilhas. Neste trabalho, utilizaram-se amostras de aço baixo C, micro adição de Nb e Mo, na condição laminada a frio (BFH). As simulações físicas nesse material, em escala laboratorial, foram conduzidas com o objetivo de avaliar a evolução microestrutural após redução de espessura através de laminação a frio e recozimento intercrítico com temperatura de encharque de 800 °C e permanência por 180 segundos na temperatura máxima, seguido de resfriamento sob duas proposições: em água (criticar a fração de austenita formado no encharque em função do potencial para recristalização da ferrita) e ao ar (inferir na formação de ferrita epitaxial e subsequentes transformações bainítica e/ou martensítica no decurso do resfriamento). Utilizando o auxílio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), observaram-se que para obtenção da microestrutura característica de um aço DP seria necessário o ajuste dos parâmetros de recozimento em função do percentual de redução na laminação a frio, ou seja, aumentando o percentual de redução do material é necessária a diminuição da temperatura ou do tempo de encharque para que sejam obtidos resultados adequados as características de um aço DP.

Oct 26, 2019

By WALTER VOIGTLANDER

FOR nearly 100 years wire rope has been fabricated in much the same way. To the great majority of mine superintendents wire rope is just wire rope, little or no semblance of individuality or identifying characteristics. Such an impression was fairly justified until three or four years ago when a practical means was found of performing or preshaping the wires and strands. This discovery permitted a revolutionary change in wire rope manufacture. Instead of merely twisting a number of wires into a strand, then twisting several strands into a complete rope (which twisting would naturally result in great internal strain, thus reducing the resiliency and over-all efficiency of the completed rope), the preformed wires and strands were laid in place without force or twisting. The obvious result was a rope more nearly approximating mechanical perfection. The applied loads are more evenly distributed throughout the component wires and strands, thus reducing unbalanced wire stresses. This results in a higher safety factor. The fact that preformed rope will not unravel when untied at the ends proves the absence of a torsional stress that exists in ordinary rope. A greater useful allowable stress in the wires is therefore possible in actual operating service.

Jan 1, 1926

Mineral deposits in New Zealand whose origin can be ascribed to primary magmatic segregations are associated with mafic-ultra- mafic complexes related to two orogenic episodes which took place during Paleozoic and Mesozoic times. These mafic-ultramafic complexes are essentially of two types. One is ophiolitic and has podiform chromite mineralisation presumably formed below a spreading ridge. The other type occurs as intraplate layered intrusions in which Fe-Cu-Ni sulphides and Fe- Ti-V oxides have formed as a result of liquid immiscibility with the host magma, and have subsequently accumulated by gravity means. Generalised descriptions are given for some deposits in NW Nelson, Fiordland and Marlborough districts.

Jan 1, 1980

By William H. Peterson

How is the Government's oil import control program doing? In July 1954 Mr, Eisenhower established the Cabinet Committee on Energy Supplies and Resources Policy. On July 29, 1957, the Administration imposed "voluntary" company oil import quotas on American oil importers to maintain "a healthy domestic (oil) production industry" and safeguard "national security." On March 10, 1959 the President by proclamation made the voluntary program mandatory. But study of the program in practice shows that it is not working out as expected and-that there is some doubt that its aims and other related Administration purposes are being achieved. Take the Administration's anti-inflation policy. To be sure, the President apparently recognized in his March 10th proclamation that in restricting cheap imported oil in favor of more expensive-domestic oil he was making the inflation fight that much harder, for he called for Government surveillance of domestic oil prices to prevent them from getting out of hard, And indeed while domestic crude oil prices have not risen appreciably during 1959 neither have they fallen appreciably (although there has been some price weakness in the past few weeks).

Jan 1, 1960

Jan 1, 1902

By B K. Da, S A. Balaji, G P. Roy, T K. Dutta

The raw material handling complex at the Durgapur steel plant provides iron ore, crushed coke and flux to two sinter plants. Either some facilities were not envisaged or not properly designed before the project stage which caused problems during operation of the plant. The absence of an in situ roll turning facility, used to increase maintenance activities for disassembly, transportation of rolls to central machine shop and assembly of rolls, led to decreased crusher availability and increased activities for the maintenance crew. The provision of a smaller vibro feeder/screen in place of a suitable sized screen caused jamming of the screen deck, adversely affecting screening efficiency and the crushing index of crushed coke. Some design modifications and developmental work was undertaken, such as the development and installation of an in situ roll turning facility in the existing limited space, achieving low feed (0.1 - 0.2 mm/rev), lower cutting speed of 30 - 40 m/minute for 350 BHN hard roll, which was also a difficult engineering challenge to bring within the tolerable limit of vibration. This was successfully achieved. Modifications to the screen deck, introduction of differential speed crushing and modification to the vibro screen and vibro feeder for uniform distribution of feed have been incorporated. These innovative design modifications to the in situ roll turning have led to a drastic decrease in maintenance activities and an improvement in the crushing index. Modifications to the screen have resulted in the elimination of jamming and improved screening. Modifications to the vibro screen before the primary crushers and to the vibro feeder before the secondary crushers have prevented excessive wear in the central portion of rolls, ultimately leading to increased roll life. Incorporation of differential speed crushing has resulted in an increased crushing index and decreased generation of micro fines. All the above modifications have led to distinct improvements in equipment availability, increased roll life and a decrease in maintenance activities and improvement in crushed coke granulametry, ultimately resulting in improved productivity and quality of iron ore agglomeration at the sinter plant. The innovative design modifications mentioned above are discussed in detail in this paper.

Jan 1, 2005

By Alistair James, James Alcorn, Chaitan S. Sandhu, Andy Small

The Risk-Informed Decision Making (RIDM) working group is a group of industry professionals formed under the joint initiative undertaken by United States Society of Dams (USSD), Tailings Dam Safety Committee and Canadian Dam Associations (CDA) Mining Dam Safety Committee (MDC). The working group was organized to develop a guideline on implementation of a RIDM process relating to the design of mining water dams and Tailings Storage Facilities (TSF). Since its formation in 2022, the group has completed a literature review of more than one hundred (100) cross industry publications on applications of RIDM in mining water dams and TSFs, has held two industry workshops in Niagara Falls, Ontario in 2024 and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan in 2025 to capture industry input relating to the understanding and application of RIDM. The working group has subsequently formulated a process that constitutes good industry practice as it relates to application of RIDM in mining dams and TSFs. The authors, through their engagement and leadership in the working group and facilitating the two industry workshops in 2024 and 2025, are of the opinion that the successful application process of RIDM across Canada and United States (U.S.) is still not clear to many industry practitioners. There is confusion over terminology, good versus poor RIDM, and in some cases reluctance to use the RIDM terminology. This paper addresses critical knowledge gaps identified in the RIDM implementation for mining water dams and TSFs through three years of stakeholder engagement. It provides clarity of the process via a joint position statement and implementation roadmap, resolves terminology confusion, and documents contradicting industry opinions to promote adoption of good RIDM practices in Canada, U.S. and beyond.

Feb 22, 2026