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By O. A. Ojo, O. A. Idowu, N. P. Wikstrom, M. C. Chaturvedi

Transient Liquid Phase Bonding (TLP) of a Nickel base superalloy, Inconel 738, was performed to study the influence of holding time, filler gap size, and temperature on the joint microstructure. Insufficient holding time for complete isothermal solidification of liquated insert caused formation of eutectic-type microconstituents along the joint centerline region. An increase in the eutectic thickness with increase in initial filler gap size was observed in joints prepared at a constant temperature and holding time. In agreement with prediction by conventional TLP diffusion models, an increase in bonding temperature for a constant gap size, resulted in decrease in the time, tf, required to form a eutectic-free joint by complete isothermal solidification. However, a significant deviation from these models was observed in specimens bonded at and above l 175°C. A reduction in isothermal solidification rate with increased temperature was observed in these specimens, such that a eutectic-free joint could not be achieved by holding for a time period that produced complete isothermal solidification at lower temperatures. Considerable enrichment of the liquated insert with base metal alloying elements at higher temperatures is suggested to be an important factor contributing to the observed departure from conventional TLP prediction.

Jan 1, 2006

By H. A. Kishawy, S. Kannan, M. Balazinski

Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are new generation engineering materials that possess superior physical and mechanical properties compared to nonreinforced alloys. However, the presence of abrasive ceramic reinforcements in the ductile matrix causes severe tool wear and premature tool failure. Flank wear was found to be the dominant wear mode while the main wear mechanism was abrasion. Analysis of the cutting tools using scanning electron microscopy has shown that both two body and three body abrasion are operational during machining MMCs. A methodology for predicting the tool flank wear progression during bar turning ofMMCs was presented in an earlier paper [1]. In the proposed model, the wear volume due to two body and three body abrasion mechanisms was formulated. Then, the flank wear rate was quantified by considering the tool geometry in 3D turning. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the contribution of two body and three body abrasion towards the tool wear volume during cutting MMCs.

Jan 1, 2006

By B. Oraee-Mirzamani

One the most important tasks after excavation of tunnels is the implementation and installation of a support system. Tunnel collapse poses a safety hazard and can cause worker injuries. In addition, it may have a severe economic impact because tunnel collapse can stop production and ore transportation. Therefore, an appropriate and well-designed support system is necessary for collapse prevention and to help stabilize the tunnels. In this research, we suggest a support system for the Parvade1 underground coal mine. The study case is a common mining roadway tunnel in the E1 longwall panel in this mine. To design an appropriate support system, we used the finite element method (Phase2 software). The results of this research can be used to design support systems for future tunnels in this mine and any coal mine that has similar conditions.

Aug 1, 2013

By Seher Ata

"Virtual reality, a three-dimensional computer generated environment, has become recognized delivery system for many forms of education. This article describes the application of virtual reality to mineral processing education. An interactive mineral processing visualisation module has been developed at University of New South Wales (UNSW), Australia. The module provides students with an overview of a base metal concentrator, details about each stage of the process, as well as revealing how the mined ore progresses from stage to stage. The module also involves developing a number of instructional based plant layouts and flowsheets in the virtual environment that are intended to assist the user in understanding the essential components of the base metal concentrator.INTRODUCTIONVirtual Reality (VR) is the creation of an artificial environment that is experienced through sights and sounds provided by a computer (Squelch, 2001). The simulated environment is achieved through a host of technologies such as three-dimensional graphics, audio feedback and special peripheral devices to produce interactive environments.VR has been used in diverse fields including medicine (Riener & Harders, 2012), entertainment (Hsu, 2011), military (Manojlovich, Prasithsangaree, Hughes, Chen, & Lewis, 2003), manufacturing (Zimmermann, 2008; Jiang, 2011), and chemical processing (Schofield, Lester, & Wilson 2005; Squires, Andersen, Reklaitis, Jayakumar, & Carmichael, 2014). VR is also becoming recognized delivery system for many forms of education, including engineering education (Bell & Fogler, 1996; Bell & Scott, 1998; Shin, 2002). For example, virtual laboratories have been designed and developed to teach students fundemental features of the heterogeneous catalytic mechanisms and absorption columns (Bell & Fogler, 1995), the multi-phase and multi-component blast furnace iron making process (Babich & Senk, 2009) and to guide students to identify various safety measures while working in real laboratory (Bell & Fogler, 1996)."

Jan 1, 2016

By M. Tanaka, H. Narita, T. Fuchikami, K. Morisaku, K. Nagao, T. Yoshida, K. Kuroda

The effect of various N-substituents on the performance of amide-containing tertiary amine compounds in the extraction of Rh(III) from HCl solutions was investigated to optimize the structure of these compounds for industrial use. It was found that N-2-ethylhexyl-bis(N-di-2-ethylhexyl-ethylamide)amine and tris(N-di-2-ethylhexyl-ethylamide)amine, which have long, branched alkyl chains, were suitable for Rh extraction, because they were soluble in a practical diluent (80 vol% n-dodecane?20 vol% 2-ethylhexanol) and stable against highly concentrated HCl/Rh solutions, and showed high selectivity for Rh(III) over Pd(II) and Pt(IV).

Jan 1, 2014

By E. Nurminen

Thermal transport properties of copper flash smelting flue dust have been investigated. Such values of the dust are needed to correctly model the process and to optimize its heat recovery performance. Dust accretions on heat recovery boiler walls may have a significant influence on the boilers heat transfer efficiency. Measurements of the thermal transport properties have been made for industrial flue dust and for pure sulphate components. The measurements have been conducted at temperatures up to 400 °C and the effect of porosity on these properties has also been investigated. The results indicate that the flue dust and the sulphate components are effective thermal insulators and the dust build-up on the boiler walls is likely to greatly decrease the heat transfer efficiency of the boiler.

Jan 1, 2007

By N. Nemeth

A brief summary of available filtration research is given. Its usefulness and shortcomings to practical application are examined and suggestions for new avenues of research outlined.

Jan 1, 1967

By E. S. Moore

"The Michipicoten-Goudreau area, bordering on the northeast corner of lake Suferior, has had a tectonic history related to that of the geosyncline occupied by this lake. This basin has been a major structural feature in the Canadian Shield since at least late-Precambrian time. It has been extensively faulted and was the centre of great igneous activity in the Keweenawan feriod . Many of the faults, folds, dykes, and sills in the surrounding regions tend to head directly or indirectly into this basin. Some of the faults in the Michipicoten-Goudreau area appear to run under the eastern part of lake Superior just as the large Keweenaw fault in Michigan extends into the lake on the south side. Some of these faults may even be extensions of or counterparts of the faults on the south side of the lake. Another set of faults in the Michipicoten-Goudreau area runs nearly transverse to some of these major faults, and it is evident that in some places movement has recurred at a later time on faults formed in an early period.STRATIGRAPHYThe rocks of this area, with the exception of Pleistocene and Recent formations, are all Precambrian:"

Jan 1, 1954

By D. G. Brophey, J. A. O’Neill

"High costs, both in terms of human resources and financial costs, have long been the end result of accidents involving vehicles which continue to occur too often throughout our industry.For example, radio remote control LHDs too often seriously injure their operators in underground operations. Costly efforts are required by mine owners to provide safety bays and platforms from which their operators can work safely. In open pit operations, large heavy haulers have too frequently backed over vehicles or turned into vehicles unfortunate enough to be situated in their large blind spots. These are just two examples of situations that have occurred again and again under similar circumstances.Meanwhile, electronic methods of detecting proximity to vehicles have continued to develop. The time has come for the industry to think “outside the box” to evaluate whether many of these new methods can solve these recurring problems.This note takes a look at various types of proximity detection technologies that are in use today in other industries, and discusses the various potential applications within our industry."

Jan 1, 1998

By John A. Dresser

At a meeting of the Montreal Branch of this Institute in the autumn of 1928, the Honorable J. E. Perrault, Minister of Mines for Quebec, announced his intention to enlarge the Bureau of Mines of Quebec by the addition of a Division of Geology. The announcement further stated that the geological work proposed should be begun in the following field season, and that it should be on a substantial scale of not less than six field parties. The announcement was received with enthusiasm and much encouragement was held out for the success of the effort. It has been thought that the present meeting would be a suitable occasion to present a report of progress of this Division for the three years that have since elapsed. History This, of course, is not the first geological work to be undertaken by the Bureau of Mines. Prior to the establishment of the Division of Geology, the Bureau of Mines had not been unmindful of the need of geological research, but it had always lacked the means necessary to any sustained work. For more than 25 years the late J. Obalski was the Superintendent and the sole occupant of the Bureau. Yet, even then, Obalski, besides routine visits to mining districts, made a few exploratory trips along the north shore of the St. Lawrence river and one to Chibougamau, but without the equipment necessary to effective results.

Jan 1, 1932

"Virtual reality, a 3D computer-generated environment, has become a recognized delivery system for many forms of education. This paper describes the application of virtual reality to mineral processing education. An interactive mineral processing visualization module developed at the University of New South Wales, Australia, provides users with an overview of a base-metal concentrator and details about how the mined ore progresses through stages in processing. The module also involves developing instructional based plant layouts and flowsheets in the virtual environment. These assist the user in understanding the essential components of the base-metal concentrator.RÉSUMÉ La réalité virtuelle (RV), un environnement en 3D généré par ordinateur, est devenue un système de prestation reconnu pour diverses formes d’éducation. Cet article décrit l’application de la réalité virtuelle à l’éducation dans le domaine de la minéralurgie. Un module interactif de visualisation du traitement des minerais développé par l’université de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, en Australie, offre aux utilisateurs une vision d’ensemble d’un concentrateur de métaux communs ainsi que des détails concernant la progression du minerai extrait à travers les différentes étapes de traitement. Ce module implique également le développement de schémas de réalisation et de traitement didactiques dans l’environnement virtuel, lesquels schémas aident les utilisateurs à appréhender les composantes essentielles d’un concentrateur de métaux communsINTRODUCTIONVirtual reality (VR) is the creation of an artificial environment that is experienced through sights and sounds provided by a computer (Squelch, 2001). The simulated environment is achieved through technologies such as 3D graphics, audio feedback, and special peripheral devices to produce interactive environments.Virtual reality has been used in diverse fields including medicine (Riener & Harder, 2012), entertainment (Hsu, 2011), military (Manojlovich, Prasithsangaree, Hughes, Chen, & Lewis, 2003), manufacturing (Zimmermann, 2008; Jiang, 2011), and chemical processing (Squires, Andersen, Reklaitis, Jayakumar, & Carmichael, 1992; Schofield, Lester, & Wilson, 2005). Virtual reality is also becoming the recognized delivery system for education in many fields, including engineering (Bell & Fogler, 1996, 1998; Shin, 2002). For example, VR laboratories have been designed and developed to teach users fundamental features of heterogeneous catalytic mechanisms and absorption columns (Bell & Fogler, 1995), the multi-phase and multi-component blast furnace iron-making process (Babich & Senk, 2009), and to guide users to identify various safety measures while working in a real laboratory (Bell & Fogler, 1996)."

Jan 1, 2017

By SeyedBijan Mahbaz

Development of Geomechanical Earth Models (GEM) is a prerequisite to reservoir management, involving issues such as stress path analysis, prediction of induced seismicity and sanding initiation, and coupled flow-stress modeling that leads to more realistic predictions of oil rates and rock response. Part of GEM development is the stipulation of the 3-D lithostratigraphic disposition (geometry) which is used to choose the geomechanical units. The digital geological model is then populated with quantitative and semi-quantitative data on rock properties, fluid properties, saturations, initial conditions (p, T, [_]) and other information. Both fluid and solid properties are needed this requires integration of geomechanics skills with geophysical and rock physics skills, and this article deals with a subset of this integration process, with an example from two wells in southwest Iran.Rock physics approaches are used to predict reservoir rock and fluid properties with wellbore and 3-D seismic data, which are also used to interpolate rock mechanics properties to the inter-well regions. The first step in a generic rock physics approach is diagnostic and involves the introduction of a suitable Rock Physics model.Acoustic impedance (AI), shear impedance (SI), and density (_) are the fundamental rock properties usually derived using AVO equations, and these parameters, along with attenuation coefficients, can then be correlated to static rock mechanics properties that define deformability and perhaps even strength. In this study, Poisson Impedance is introduced as a new seismic attribute used for lithology and fluid differentiation in the FahliyanFormation (reservoir rock) in two oil wells in the southwest of Iran. To do this, a novel rock physics model was developed for this naturally fractured carbonate reservoir.Currently, these data are also being used to correlate to a limited rock mechanics data base to develop a more extensive GEM to serve as input to more general geomechanical and reservoir modeling tasks.

Jun 1, 2012

By B. W. Snyder

INTRODUCTORY THE earliest known case of transmission of natural gas by pipe lines was early in the Christian era when the Chinese used bamboo pipes to transport natural gas from surface seepages to heat brine for the recovery of salt. Since that time many materials have been used as conduits-hollow wooden legs, wood stave pipe, day tile, cast iron, and, finally -since about 130 years ago - steel pipe. Even then, this new material came into use rather . slowly for, as recently as 80 years ago, wood pipe was still being used. However, as techniques were developed to take advantage of the properties of steel, this material gradually replaced all ethers for the transportation of gas for longer and longer distances at ever increasing pressures. In 1912, one of the longest pipe lines of its size at that time was built-this was a 16-inch line bringing gas from Bow Island to Calgary, a distance of 170 miles. We have been able to find records of only two ether such lines at that time-one a 185-mile 16-inch line from Vivian, Louisiana, to Little Rock, Arkansas, completed in the summer of 1911, the ether a 280-mile line from West Virginia to Toledo, Ohio. This last ? mentioned line was reported in a magazine article of September, 1912, but no indication was given of its size on completion date. It is apparent, therefore, that modern high pressure transmission of natural gas is a technique less than forty years old.

Jan 1, 1951

By J. Kang

Large-scale land reclamation has been undertaken in Singapore since the 1960s. In the early years, the fill materials excavated from the hills. In recent years, sea sand is the main source of the fill materials. The contractors used to import the sea sand from the neighbouring countries such as Indonesia. However, in early 2000, the sea sand import from Indonesia and Malaysia was banned. Cambodia, Myanmar, and Philippine therefore became the alternative sources for sea sand. Distance between the jobsite and these countries is over 1,200 km, and transporting sea sand from these areas became a critical issue that could affect the contractor?s performance. Figuring out the right combination of transportation means for a longdistance sand transportation would be challenging because of uncertain situations. We developed a stochastic simulation model, using ARENA, to figure out the right quantity of small-size barges, bulk carriers, and loading/unloading equipment, which could help project managers yield the most production for sand transportation. This paper presents how we developed the simulation model, how it was applied to figure out the optimum combination among various size barges, different bulk carriers, and various types of loading/unloading equipment, for the sand transportation project in Singapore.

Aug 1, 2013

By G. C. Milligan

"A regional mapping program, conducted by the Nova Scotia Department of Mines, has shown that the George River Group of pre-Middle Cambrian rocks consists of a wide range of sedimentary and volcanic rocks, intruded by syenite, granite, granodiorite and lesser amounts of gabbro and diorite. Together, these rocks support the high ground of northern Cape Breton Island. Over this large area, the metamorphic grade ranges from low to extremely high.The rocks were folded prior to emplacement of the intrusions in Middle Cambrian time, and there was also post-Mississippian disturbance and faulting, but the structural history and pattern are still only imperfectly understood.Sulphide mineralization is known at Meat Cove, Lime Hill and in a number of smaller deposits. The most Cavour-able host rocks appear to be magnesian Iimestone, or schists derived from shales. Ail known sulphide bodies have an associated halo of retrograde metamorphism; in some cases, this is extensive enough to be used as a prospecting aidA vein of nickel-bearing sulphides has recently been re-discovered in the former gold mine at Second Gold Brook-an association which appears to be unique."

Jan 1, 1971

By J. Lee, K. B. Min, J. Rutqvist

Shear slip of fractures in fractured rock masses is a critical issue for many geological engineering applications, such as the design of underground nuclear waste repositories, enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), and geosequestration of CO2. This paper presents new development of the TOUGH-UDEC simulator for analysis of coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) processes in fractured porous media. As an alternative to developing a single coupled THM code in discontinuum, two existing wellestablished codes, namely TOUGH2 and UDEC, are coupled to cover coupled THM analysis of multiphase fluid flow, heat transfer, and deformation in fractured porous media. TOUGH2 is widely used for modeling heat transfer and multiphase, multicomponent fluid flow, and UDEC is a well-known discrete element code for rock mechanics, which have been verified and used by many groups all over the world. Although a sequential coupling of two codes is less efficient than having a single code in principal, a big advantage with coupling of TOUGH2 and UDEC is that both codes are well tested and widely applied in their respective fields. When linking two codes, the coupled equations cannot be solved simultaneously; they should be solved sequentially, with coupling parameters passed to each equation at specific intervals. After solving thermal-hydraulic equations through the TOUGH2 model, pressure (P) and temperature (T) information is delivered to UDEC model. Pressure information is directly stored at the center of each UDEC zone and domain, however, temperature information is interpolated from zone-centers to the corners nodes. After solving the mechanical equation through the UDEC model—considering new pressure and temperature—calculated fracture apertures are converted to equivalent permeability and porosity for TOUGH2 flow analysis. The solution was calculated by iteratively following an explicit sequence for numerical efficiency. Verification examples are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the coupled TOUGH-UDEC simulator.

Jan 1, 2015

By T. L. Tanton

"The New Helen mine is 12 miles east of Michipicoten harbour on lake Superior. It is 2 miles east of Wawa station, on the Algoma Central railway, with which it is connected by a spur line railway and a highway.The mine was discovered by Ben Boyer in 1898 during the gold rush near Wawa lake, Ontario. The original discovery was of solid hematite ore extending to a height of 100 feet on a hill rising abruptly on the east side of Boyer lake. The property was acquired by the Algoma Steel Corporation and mining was commenced in 1899. The first iron ore was shipped in 1900. The mine was operated until 1918 when the hematite became exhausted at a depth of 800 feet below Boyer Lake level.Drilling at the Helen mine, after 1910, revealed a large body of siderite both below and to the east of the hematite. By 1913, the body was known to be about 200 feet wide, 3,000 feet long, and at least 2,200 feet deep. In this there was estimated to be 100,000,000 tons of proved and probable siderite ore. An adit was driven into this body in 1917, and in 1918 work was suspended. In 1937 the Algoma Steel Corporation proceeded with the development of the New Helen mine by open-cut mining, and the beneficiation of the ore by sintering. Production commenced in 1939 and has since been maintained at the rate of approximately 500,000 tons a year.From 1900 to 1918, inclusive, the total production from the Helen mine was 2,823,369 tons of hematite ore and 51,930 tons of pyrite. From 1939 to the end of 1945 the total production from the New Helen mine was 3,921,455 gross tons of siderite ore.GEOLOGYThe Helen property is underlain by rocks of Precambrian age. For general description, and a statement on the structure of the iron deposits, the map-units are those shown in Fig. 1.The oldest rocks occur in a complex that lies north and south of an east-west trending zone, 1 ½ miles long and ¼ mile wide, in which the iron deposits occur. That part of the complex lying south of the iron deposits includes small masses of altered conglomerate and slate, and greenstones and pyroclastics. Other fairly abundant rocks are sericitic, chloritic, ottrelitic, and carbonatized schists of doubtful origin, and almost massive metamorphic rocks in which a development of carbonate, ottrelite, quartz, and other minerals has obscured a pre-existing schistose structure. Felsite and quartz porphyry are· prominently exposed south of the iron deposits."

Jan 1, 1954

By W. G. McBride

THE present demand for men with engineering training exceeds anything in the history of the profession. Recent estimates indicate that mechanization of war has reached such a stage that at least twelve horsepower is required now for every one horsepower needed to run the machines of the first Great War. The scale of operations exceeds anything in the past, while more territory and people are involved than ever before. Many of our allies have inadequate or no facilities for producing the thousand and one articles absolutely necessary to the conduct of modern warfare. Lack of preparedness has made it necessary to produce at an unparalleled rate to gain parity with the enemy, while our losses have been so heavy that replacement, in itself, presents a task which might well stagger less courageous peoples. This means that not only is there an unprecedented demand for engineers to produce the machines, munitions, and supplies of war, but there is a correspondingly large need for men with engineering skill in the uniformed forces to operate and maintain the vast numbers of ships, 'planes, tanks, trucks, radios, and a myriad of other devices to carry on the varied activities of war. This abnormal demand came upon us after almost ten years of stagnation in the engineering industries. During this time many trained engineers drifted into other callings, while the lack of jobs for graduates caused a falling off in the number of men training for this profession. Consequently, the supply of well trained engineers was below normal when the madman of Germany precipitated us into the present turmoil. Added to all this, we in Canada are still suffering from governmental inefficiency in the utilization of the available supply of engineers. In the armed forces, engineers have been assigned to office and other work where their engineering training is not only wasted but for which men with more suitable training could be found. Mining engineers are debarred from service as aeronautical engineers, and students in mining engineering are denied the bursaries provided for aiding students in engineering. Mining and metallurgical engineers are both barred from the Ordnance department of the army. This arises from a misunderstanding in relation to engineering training. In Canadian engineering schools, all engineers are given a sound training in the branches of human knowledge which are fundamental to engineering: mathematics, physics, and chemistry. The basic difference between the several categories of engineers lies in the fact that training in the application of this fundamental knowledge to the solution of engineering problems is given in different subjects.

Jan 1, 1942

By Bradford P. Simser

The theoretical capacity of various ground support components can be misleading, especially in bursting ground where the failure mode is often in the retainment system. Wire mesh screen seams often peel open rather than breaking the wire strands, fractured rock often un-ravels around the bolts rather than breaking the bars. If a weak link(s) in the system fails prematurely, then the potential capacity of the system may never be fully realized. Underground observations are used to show how some support systems behave in the field. Various combinations of wire mesh screen with friction bolts, rebar, modified conebolts, cablebolts, shotcrete and mechanical rockbolts are considered. A short case history is used to contrast the performance of ?just-intime? development in a high stress faulted area versus a tunnel subjected to multiple stress changes in a similar environment. The latter proved to be a serious ground support problem when the well developed fracture zone around the opening was subjected to dynamic loading from a large seismic event causing a severe rockburst. In such cases an improved mining strategy may be more relevant than higher capacity support systems.

Feb 1, 2008

By George F. Bassett

"More will be expected from the mine or metallurgical plant electrical system in the late 70's and 80's in terms of energy conservation, reliability and fire prevention. Increased electrical loads 1•equired by larger arc furnaces, higher-horsepower motors for mine hoists and pollution control fans, and greater use of electrical heating will have to be supplied. Computers and sophisticated instruments will be used more extensively and have less tolerance for electrical fluctuations. More extensive control and monitoring systems will be required to increase production and minimize operating and maintenance costs. Changing energy costs will prompt design engineers to investigate in-plant generation, particularly where sites are remote from existing utilities lines or steam from turbines may be used in the process. Some utilities are requiring industries to increase their power factor to above 90% ; others are requiring stricter control of voltage flicker from arc furnaces and harmonics from rectifiers. There is a trend to AC with solid-state cont1•ols instead of DC for large cranes."

Jan 1, 1976