Search Documents

[THE BLAST FURNACE Blast Furnace U. S.A., M. O. Holowaty, and C. M. Squarcy Part I - Colonial Ironmakers (JOURNAL OF METALS, May, 1957)3 Part II - The Age of Mineral Coal (JOURNAL OF METALS, July, 1957) 9 Part III - From Falling Creek to Zug Island (JOURNAL OF METALS, October, 1957 17 Sterling, Ringwood, and Greenwood, R. W. Shearman and F. Weston Starratt (JOURNAL OF METALS, September, 1959) 23]

Jan 1, 1961

The Institute maintains a dual relationship with students: (1) an individual relationship with a Student Associate; and (2) a relationship with local organizations of students, known as Affiliated Student Societies or Student Chapters. 1. The conditions of Student Associateship are set forth in Section 9, Article I, of the Bylaws of the Institute (see page 61 and following pages). During 1934, sundry amendments were made for the purpose of improving

Jan 1, 1939

E. G. Spilsbury, Trenton, N. J.: Mr. Case's paper possesses much interest for me, because my attention was called many years ago (early in the seventies) to the deposit he describes, and his explorations seem to have confirmed the predictions I then made as to the form of the deposit, namely, that the ore would be found to occur, not, as was then imagined, in loose boulders, distribnted

Jan 1, 1894

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

436. Electrical Conductivity. - The subject of the relative conducting power of different minerals is one of minor interest.* In general most minerals, except those having a metallic luster among the sulphides and oxides, are non-conductors. Only the non-conductors can show pyro-electrical phenomena, and only the conductors can give a thermo-electric current. 437. Frictional Electricity. - The development of an electrical charge on many bodies by friction is a familiar subject. All minerals become electric by friction, although the degree to which this is manifested differs widely. There is no line of distinction among minerals, dividing them into positively electric and negatively electric; for both electrical states may be presented by different varieties of the same species, and by the same variety in different states. The gems are in general positively electric only when polished; the diamond, however, exhibits positive electricity whether polished or not. It is a familiar fact that the electrification of amber upon friction was early observed (600 B. C.), and indeed the Greek name

Jan 1, 1922

By Cyril S., Smith

THE phenomenon of air-hardening is well known in connection with special steels. It occurs when the rate of decomposition of austenite to marten- site is so retarded that it takes place on free cooling in air rather than on more rapid cooling in a quenching bath. If an air-hardening steel is quenched sufficiently rapidly it will remain in the soft austenitic state, while if it is cooled very slowly it will again become soft owing to growth of the carbide particles. It depends on a critical adjustment of the decomposition velocity and diffusion rate, and such alloys are rather rare, especially in the non-ferrous field. In carrying out some experiments on some copper- rich copper-cobalt alloys, the author found that these possess very marked air-hardening properties. The alloys are covered by a patent issued to M. G. Corson (1,723,022-1919), which states that an alloy containing between 2 and 5 per cent cobalt is hardened by simple quenching from above 850° C.

Jan 1, 1930

By Jack M. Jodrey, Neil D. Donnell, O&apos

Bituminous sands of the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation in northern Alberta constitute the ore for the surface mining operation at Syncrude Canada Ltd. These sediments represent a complex succession of fluvial, estuarine and marine depositional environments. Grade prediction is realized through a combination of geological interpretation, computer modeling, and reference to past mining experience. Accurate forecasts of feed grade permit reliable predictions of volumes for removal to meet budgeted synthetic crude oil production. This planning facilitates efficient allocation of mining equipment and resources. The feed grade to the Extraction Plant is monitored at various points along the delivery system.

Jan 1, 1985

By J. F. Nester, J. B. Schroeder

COMPOUNDS of rare-earth and iron-group elements are of technical interest because of their unusual magnetic properties. To date, however, all magnetic measurements1-4 have been made with polycrystalline, often polyphase, samples. For the measurement of anisotropic properties, single-crystal samples are necessary to avoid the averaging effect of randomly oriented grains. The purpose of this note is to describe a technique with which we have grown relatively large single crystals of YCo5, NdCo5, DyCo5, and "YFe9". Crystal growth of these materials is complicated because: 1) the binary equilibrium diagrams are, in general, not well-established; 2) in those cases where phase-equilibrium data are available, the compounds of interest are generally formed by peritectic reaction; 3) the molten component metals are chemically very reactive, making contaminaticn of the melts by the crucible material a serious problem. Techniques such as arc or levitation melting followed by strain annealing have been tried5)' in the past with these materials, but with little success because of the peritectic reactions and the inherently poor process control. For this reason we chose to use the zone-melting technique of Mason and cook7 for our work, since past workers8 have had some success in preparing single crystals of peritectic compounds by this method.

Jan 1, 1965

The library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A. M. to 10 P. M. except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90, 000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 7, 1918

By D. A. Dukelow

By using the U. S. Steel oxygen sensor to measure the oxygen content of the steel, deoxidation practices have been developed for silicon-killed fine-grain steel produced by the basic oxygen process. Measurements of oxygen content taken at final turndown are related to the amount of the aluminum addition to the ladle necessary to obtain the desired aluminum analysis for proper grain refinement. In comparison with heats deoxidized by the standard approach, which is based on carbon content, the heats deoxidized according to the oxygen-sensor-based schedule showed a 25 percent decrease in variability from the desired aluminum content. As more heats of a particular grade are made, it is expected that improved quality will result in decreased rejections and better analysis control. Sensor-based deoxidation schedules are also being developed for semikilled, rimmed, and capped steels.

Jan 1, 1972

By Zay Jeffries

OF the new production of non-ferrous metals in 1930 gold will rank first in value. We usually think of copper as the most important non-ferrous metal. The copper industry as a whole, that is, adding copper production to copper fabrication, is the largest non-ferrous metal industry. Prior to the world war; however, gold led in value of new metal produced. During the war copper passed gold in value, but gold regained its position during the 1921 depression. For the past several years copper has again passed gold, but in 1930 gold promises again to regain the lead. The gold producer has at times been called a social parasite, largely because we ' cannot eat or drink gold, or because we cannot use it for clothes or for the construction of buildings. Let us briefly examine this accusation.

Jan 1, 1930

By R. W. Smith

IN the manufacture of portland cement, the basic and fundamental essential is a limestone uniformly rich in calcium carbonate and carrying less than 3 per cent magnesium carbonate. In searching for such a deposit, also having in mind quantity of rock, accessibility and quarrying facilities, the Pacific Coast Cement Co. discovered and developed its present quarry at View Cove on the east coast of Dall Island, Alaska. Dall Island is about 100 miles west of Ketchikan and 650 miles north from Seattle. It is 70 miles in length and 5 to 10 miles in width. The climatic conditions are much more favorable than would be expected. The temperature ranges from zero to 70 degrees. The precipitation is considerably more than at Seattle, although there was less snow during the last season than at Seattle. The island is rugged and mountainous; the vegetation is moss and grass and a large portion is timbered with spruce, hemlock and cedar. Some of this timber has market value. The limestone quarry is about 30 miles north of the extreme southern end of the island. The company acquired 240 acres which contain limestone of remarkable uniformity, the percentage of calcium carbonate being about 95. It is estimated that there is ample recover- able rock on the holdings to supply the cement plant at its maximum capacity for well over 100 years.

Jan 1, 1929

By Alan English, M. F. Morgan

EXPERIMENTAL work on the concentration and agglomeration of low-grade iron ores was started many years ago at the Mines Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota by E. W. Davis and his staff. From these laboratory results and the work of 0. G. Lellep, consultant for the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., there were indications that the use of a downdraft continuous- grate furnace, patterned from a conventional-type sintering machine, would be practical. Consequently, a pilot plant was designed and constructed by the joint efforts of Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co. and Arthur G. McKee & Co. at Carrollville, Wis. Several years of work resulted in plans to build a large-scale pilot plant for commercial application. Such a pilot plant, built at Babbitt, Minn., by the Reserve Mining Co., was designed to produce 1000 tpd. Sufficient metallurgical and operating data were accumulated to permit the successful application to the design of a commercial plant of any desired capacity. Based upon this data, a pelletizing plant having a 3 ¾ million ton per year capacity was erected by the Reserve Mining Co. at Silver Bay, Minn. and started operation in October, 1955. Provisions were made in the design to permit future expansion to a capacity of 10 million tons per year.

Jan 3, 1958

By Kelvin K. Wu, Daniel S. Mazzei

As a result of the 1972 Buffalo Creek disaster, the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA), now the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) initiated the draft of new federal regulations to deal with the mine waste impoundment and refuse pile problems. Public hearings were held and finally promulgated in October, 1976. As stated in 30 Code of Federal Regulations 77.214-216, the complete engineering design plan which is mandated by the regulations has to be approved by a coal mine health and safety district manager. During the past 18 months MSHA has gained considerable experience through the submission, review, and approval process. This report indicates the procedures, general design criteria and inspection requirements for submission of engineering plans to be approved. In particular, problem areas encountered most frequently by both operators and MSHA will be discussed. Only through diligent efforts by the operators, consultants and government, can we hope to accomplish the common goal to improve the safety of operations.

Jan 1, 1982

By Simon D. Strauss

Production and consumption of nonferrous metals in the United States during 1950 were at peak levels for the postwar period, as is shown in Tables I, II, and III. The trend of production was upward through most of the year. At the year end, with the possible exception of the Tri-State zinc-lead district, the large mining operations in the country were running at capacity. The absence of serious labor interruptions during the year was an important contributing factor in the increased out-put of metals, since in each of the previous postwar years there had been a number of major strikes which affected production adversely.

Jan 2, 1951

By L. F. Tedsen, A. E. Flanigan, J. E. Dorn

SINCE aluminum-alloy sheet may be used occasionally at moderately elevated temperatures, the effects of temperature en the mechanical properties are of interest. Recently the short-time tensile properties of several high-strength materials have been studied at temperatures up to 375°F. This paper deals with stress-rupture and [ ] creep properties at the same temperatures. The work was done at the University of California as a portion of the project NRC-548. It was financed by the War Production Board and was supervised by the Office of Production Research and Development. This paper has been released for publication by the latter agency. The following materials were studied, all in the form of 0.040-in. sheet: Alclad 24S-T Alclad 24S-T8I Alclad 24S-T86 Alclad 75S-T R301-T (clad) [ ] Specimens were loaded in tension in the cross-grain direction. Testing temperatures included 94°F., 211°F., 300°F., and 375°F. Stress levels were selected to cause rupture in times ranging from several minutes to boo hr. In each test the following data were obtained: (I) fracture time, (2) elongation at fracture, (3) the complete strain-versus-time curve (creep curve), (4) creep rate (defined in a later section). MATERIALS Materials for specimens were obtained from the manufacturers' commercial

Jan 1, 1946

By Robert Gorham Morse

This paper presents the results of an investigation made in the metallurgical laboratory of Columbia University, New York City. The object of the investigation was to determine how the tensile strength, the elastic limit, and the size of the grain, of a pure medium-carbon steel are affected by heating to successive temperatures between 500° and 1300° C., with slow cooling therefrom. Since Dr. Sorby's first investigations into the microstructure of steel, the study of the subject has been continued by Professor Martens, Mr. F. Osmond, Professor Arnold, Professor Howe, Mr. A. Sauveur, Mr. J. E. Stead, and many others. Among many valuable and interesting papers I mention the following as having a special bearing upon this investigation.* " Microstructure of Steel," by Albert Sauveur, Trans., xxii., 546 (1893); Microscopic Metallography," by F. Osmond, Trans., xxii., 243 (1893); "The Microstructure of Steel and the Current Theories of Hardening," by Albert Sauveur, Trans., xxvi., 863 (1896); "The Crystalline Structure of Iron and Steel," by John Edward Stead, J. Iron and Steel Inst., 1898. II.—Statement of Experiments. Through the kindness of Mr. N. Lilienberg, New York City, round rods 3/4 of an inch in diameter were obtained, which had been rolled from one ingot. The analysis of the steel was as follows : C, 0.343; Si, 0.027; Mn, 0.221; I?, 0.0266; S, 0.0037 per cent.

Jan 1, 1900

The John Fritz Medal is awarded from time to time for notable scientific or industrial achievement by a board composed of representatives from the four engineering Societies. The members of the Board of Award for 1917 are: A. S. C. E. A. S. M. E. George F. Swain Ambrose Swasey, Charles Warren hunt, John, A. Brashear, Charles D. Marx, Frederick R. Hutton, Clemens Herschel. John R. Freeman. A. I. M. E. A. I. E. E. Gybbon Spilsbury, C. 0. Mailloux, Charles F. Rand , Paul M. Lincoln, Christopher R. Corning, John J. Carty, Benjamin B. Thayer. Harold W. Buck. The John Fritz Medal was awarded in January, 1917, to Dr. Henry Marion Howe, for his "investigations in metallurgy, especially in the metallography of Iron and Steel." The presentation ceremonies were held in the Auditorium of the United Engineering Societies' Building, New York, on Thursday evening, May 10. Mr. Ambrose Swasey, Chairman of the John Fritz Medal Board of Award, presided, and addresses were delivered by Dr. Rossiter W. Raymond, Secretary Emeritus of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and Dr. Ira N. Hollis, President of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Professor Albert Sauveur, Chairman of the Board at the time the award was made, presented the medal, and the ceremonies concluded with the response of Dr. Howe.

Jan 7, 1917

By P. G. Salom

The manufacture of steel castings has become one of the important industries of the times. The late Mr. Alexander I,. Holley published in 1878, in the Metallurgical Review, an able paper, entitled "Solid Steel Castings," showing how all manner of castings could be made advantageously of steel. Mr. Holley had then but lately returned from the great iron and steel works of Terrenoire, France, which were engaged, I believe, almost exclusively on large castings, of a simple type, for the government,, and were repeating the same operation from day to day. These conditions are, as experience has shown, very different from those of ordinary practice in miscellaneons castings; and Mr. Holley might have been less confident if be had actually gone into the business. More than seven years have passed ; and as yet the magnificent possibilities held forth in his paper have not been realized. There are only six steelcasting establishments in the United States, and their total output of castings is certainly not as much as 20,000 tons per annum, and probably not more than 10,000 tons; whereas it should be over 200,000 tons to supply the needs of the country. A large number of so-called steel castings are made, however, which are nothing more than malleable iron. The best of these castings are made from a superior white pig, as low in silicon and

Jan 1, 1886

By Roger W. Swindle

INTRODUCTION The Uravan Mineral Belt in southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah is a uranium-vanadium mining district with a unique set of radon daughter control problems. This paper describes these problems and the methods that have been developed to deal with them. The greatest emphasis is placed on the problems caused by air stagnation because these are the most frequently encountered ventilation problems, and this is an aspect of uranium mine ventilation that is often misunderstood. VENTILATION PROBLEMS Most of the mine ventilation problems in the Uravan Mineral Belt are caused by one or more of the following conditions: (1) the highly irregular ore deposits are difficult to locate and delineate, (2) air stagnation occurs in many areas of the extremely irregular mine workings, and (3) it is often necessary to reactivate old workings with small airways that are often caved. Planning Problems Orebodies in the Uravan Mineral Belt are so discontinuous and unpredictable that they are difficult to locate and delineate. Data supplied by surface drilling and underground test holing are often misleading; very little ore may be found in the vicinity of an ore hole, and, conversely, an unmineralized hole may be adjacent to a high-grade ore deposit. Also, ore guides are often ambiguous, and their interpretation is usually a matter of opinion.

Jan 1, 1983

By Oscar Lachmund

During the driving of the main haulage level at the Copper Mountain mines of the Canada Copper Corpn., Ltd., near Princeton, B. C., some very rapid driving was done, though no claim for a world's record is made. Conditions, however, were unfavorable for economical operations. The cost of power was high, for the fuel was of poor grade; besides, during the time the work was in progress, very little other power was needed so that most of the power cost was charged against the footage. The transmission line consisted of No. 4 galvanized iron wire with the result that the line lass was considerable. The voltage transmitted was about 30,000. The plant was operated under a lease, which was due to expire about the same time this work was supposed to be completed; an extension was refused, therefore speed was most important. The plans called for a straight adit 2900 ft. (884 m.) in length. At a point 2800 ft. (853 m.) from the portal, two raises were to be put up to the next nearest workings, a difference in elevation of about 800 ft. (243 m.). One of these was to be a two-compartment hoistway and the other a zigzag ore pass, or muck run. A location for these raises had been determined by a number of diamond-drill holes, but the material to be penetrated by the adit was not known. It seemed imperative to get the tunnel work completed as rapidly as possible, in

Jan 1, 1920