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By Walter McDermott

THIS machine is an improvement on the well-known endless traveling belt used for dressing slimes in many mills ; the chief point of difference, and constituting the essential advantage of the present over the old form, is the application to the machine of a secondary agitating or shaking motion, in addition to the ordinary progressive motion of-the belt. In the machine as heretofore made, the inclined belt or apron moved slowly up against a thin stream of water and ore, depositing the concentrations carried over in a tank placed below, through which the belt travelled, of course, in a reversed position. By reference to the accompanying drawings, it will be seen that in this main principle the new modification does not differ materially; but the means by which it is carried out are essentially different. The machine consists of a substantial frame of mood, F, Figs. 41, 42, and 43, within which hang the shaking frame and rollers, B B, A, Endless apron ; B, Apron frame and rollers ; C, Driving drum ; D, pulleys; El Shaft and connecting rods; F, Wooden frame; G, Shaft of regulating Pulley ; H, Yokes. supporting the upper half of the travelling apron, A, which passes below around the driving drum, C, in the water-tank, J. On leaving the water-tank, the belt passes over the guiding and tightener pulley, G. The ends of the shaking-frame, B, are provided with iron yokes, H H, bored to admit the shafts of the end rollers, and carrying a lug, by which attachment is made to the connecting rods,

Jan 1, 1875

[ARIZONA Established July 10, 1915 CHARLES R. KUZELL, Chairman GILBERT C. DAVIS, First Vice-Chairman ALBERT MENDELSOHN, Second Vice-Chairman MORRIS G. FOWLER, Secretary-Treasurer Phelps Dodge Corporation, Douglas, Ariz. LYLE M. BARKER P. D. I. HONEYMAN A. T. BARR H. M. LAVENDER T. G. CHAPMAN WALTER C. LAWSON GEORGE M. COLVOCORESSES W. H. LOERPABEL EDWIN H. CRABTREE, JR. CARL F. MILLS WALTER I. GARMS P. M. MOSIER WESLEY P. Goss J. A. RICHARDS 11. C. HENRIE JOSEPH A. WILCOX C. F. WILLIS]

Jan 1, 1946

By Robert E. Palmer

The Hawkesworth detachable drill steel shank and bit were invented by A. L. Hawkesworth, while he was a mechanical foreman for the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., at Butte, Mont. Mr. Hawkesworth died on June 16, 1925, at the time that his invention was practically a proved success. The first application for patents was made by him in November, 1918, and the bit is now being manufactured under patents issued in 1922 and 1923. The credit for its development in the early stages belongs to A. L. Hawkesworth, Roy S. Alley, Harry A. Gallwey, E. J. Bowman and various officials of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Later improvements, manufacturing problems and the direct usage in the mines were originated and perfected by the mechanical department under C. D. Woodward, E. R. Borcherdt, head of the Rock Drill Equipment Department, Robert E. Kelly of the Mechanical Department, and various operating department heads of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of these officials in the preparation of this paper. Comparison of Costs Using Regular Drill Steel and Detachable Drill Steel In 1922 production was satisfactory and sufficient enough to warrant a complete installation in an operating mine. The study and tests were made at the Badger State mine, the production of which averaged 1200 tons of ore per day. E. R. Borcherdt, head of the rock drill equipment department, was in direct charge of the trials, installation, operating problems and records during the entire .period, arid still continues in that position. This mine is a typical Butte mine, operated through a standard four-compartment shaft, served by a double drum hoist and an auxiliary hoist. The texture of the ground and ore has all the variations from soft to very hard granite and sulfide ore with production from levels between the

Jan 1, 1930

By David R. Mitchell, E. A. Reilly, G. R. Gardner, F. P. Lasseter

THE methods that may be applied to the treatment of slurries and water, as these are related to practical coal-preparation problems, are concerned essentially with the movements of solids suspended in water. It is assumed that there are no fundamental differences between the principles involved in the treatment of coal slurries and the phenomena encountered in general mineral-dressing practice, and the latter are-presented in some detail. Basic principles are correlated with present practice for both the anthracite and the bituminous coal fields, and methods are discussed which are designed to utilize best all the material subjected to treatment and suggest a sound approach to the solution of problems relating to the return of clear water to process or to streams. In order to approach the practical phases of the subject with sufficient understanding of the basic principles, it is necessary to discuss two types of phenomena that are applicable. The first is flocculation and the second is sedimentation. Descriptive matter is given covering the various methods and types of equipment employed to conduct these operations, with emphasis on their application to water and coal-slurry treatment. DEFINITION OF TERMS Definitions of terms are consistent with modern developments, and conform, in general, with their usage in mineral-dressing practice. Because of variations in coal-preparation methods, it is impossible to define a rigid upper limit of particle size for a coal slurry or sludge which will apply generally. Limits vary somewhat with the particular treatment method employed at a given plant. For purposes of definition, this limit is chosen as the particle size for which preparation methods such as Chance comes and jigs are usually dispensed with, and other methods, such as the Hydro-tator, tables, and froth flotation, are employed. Generally the limit will be 10 to 6 mesh.

Jan 1, 1950

By Clarence Zener

IT is customary to regard the stress-strain relation as consisting of two parts, the elastic region and the plastic region. The essential attribute of the plastic region is the presence of a permanent set, which remains upon removal of all stresses. The essential attribute of the elastic region is the absence of such a permanent set. Absence of a permanent set does not imply a linear relation between stress and strain, nor even a single valued relation. In fact, in no real metal is stress a single valued function of strain in the elastic region. The property of a solid in virtue of which stress and strain are not uniquely related in the elastic range will be called "anelasticity." The purpose of the present article is to review and correlate the past work upon the anelasticity of metals. The following paper by W. A. West124 describes investigations upon anelastic properties of iron. Many manifestations of anelasticity have been observed, the first as early as 1835 by Weber.1,2 In his experiments Weber subjected a specimen to a constant load (or deformation) for a given time, and then suddenly removed the load. He observed that most of the deformation suddenly disappeared, but that there remained a residual deformation, which disappeared only gradually with time, as is illustrated in Fig. I. The occurrence of a residual deformation which only gradually disappeared, Weber called the elastic after-effect (Elastische Nackwirkung). An extensive review of the early work upon elastic after-effects has been given by Auerbach.3 Another manifestation of anelasticity is the dependence of the elastic constants-e.g., Young's modulus upon the method of measurement. Thus, if dynamic methods are used, the measured value will depend upon the frequency of oscillation. Still another manifestation is dissipation of energy attending vibration, called damping or internal friction. One objective of metallurgical science is the understanding of the plastic and fracture properties of metals in terms of their microstructure. Through such an understanding will come the ability to design microstructure to give the desired mechanical properties. A study of an elasticity will furnish an invaluable aid in the attainment of this objective. Such studies, when properly guided, yield information regarding the relation between stress and strain in the individual components of the microstructure. In order, however, that this type of information may be obtained, it is necessary that the experimental studies of anelasticity be interpreted by the appropriate mathematical analysis. This article, therefore, starts with the mathematical formulation of anelasticity.

Jan 1, 1946

By Maurice Ewing, J. A. Peoples, J. W. Peoples, A. P. Craby

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the application of the earth-resistivity method of subsurface investigation to the problem of locating seams of anthracite coal beneath a mantle of soil and subsoil. Details are given of the successful use of this method in locating the outcrops of anthracite seams in actual prospecting. The presence of the outcrop of an anthracite seam is indicated at points where electrical resistivity tests showed relatively low readings. The reason for this is that in some localities the resistivity of anthracite was found to be about 0.0001 megohm-cm. compared to 1 to 200 megohm-cm. for shales and sandstones. For two reasons it is believed that the data summarized in this paper should be of particular interest. In the first place, most of the interpretations of the resistivity survey have been checked by subsequent drilling and some by the removal of the overburden and the exposing of the anthracite seams. It is infrequent that the opportunity for checking results so thoroughly is given. In the second place, the fact that recent commentatorsl,2,3 on the application of geophysical methods to mining have concluded that direct prospecting for anthracite and other types of coal is not promising makes the good results obtained more significant. So far as the authors can learn, the only previous experiment with electrical methods in the Pennsylvania anthracite field was one made by Sherwin F. Kelly in 1921, when he used the self-potential method at Wilkes-Barre4. The profile he made does not show a very marked correlation with the geologic cross section. Kelly points out that stray currents from electric motors in the mines undoubtedly affected 'his results, but the experience of the present authors with stray currents from mining machinery suggests the possibility that the potentials measured by Kelly were due almost entirely to this effect.

Jan 1, 1936

By Basil Prescott

Resume.—The district of Santa Eulalia lies 12 miles to the southeast of the city of Chihuahua, Mexico. The ore deposits occur in a Cretaceous limestone of unknown thickness, overlain by a series of rhyolitic tuffs and flows. The limestone is very gently folded and is cut by several systems of fissures, of which only those with a general north-south strike are pre-mineral and control the deposition. The deposits are of two main types; the earlier silver-bearing iron sulphide type occurs as high-grade tabular bodies resembling veins and as large masses of relatively low-grade ore, The gangue of this type is composed of lime-iron silicates that point toward a close association with an igneous rock mass which has not yet been encountered. In the later silver-lead-zinc type the ore occurs in vertical chimneys and horizontal mantas, principally as oxides, though at a depth of 1,500 ft. some sulphides have been encountered. During oxidation the ore chambers have increased in size owing to the solution of the walls by the sulphuric acid generated in the process, and a substitution has taken place of nearly one-half part by weight of the original constituents of the ore, by newly introduced elements and radicals. Both types are believed to have come from greater depths than those yet reached by mining, and their ultimate source, from a consideration of similar deposits, is believed to be an igneous rock in contact with the limestone at some horizon below. The deposits are believed to have been formed at unusually great depths, as indicated by the proved great vertical range of the silicate minerals coupled with the absence of the igneous rock, and by the practically unchanged character of the silver-lead-zinc ores as far as developed. The volcanic capping is believed to be distinctly later than the economically important ore deposition. Introduction The Santa Eulalia district is situated in the State of Chihuahua, Mexico, and lies about 12 miles southeast of the capital, the city of Chihuahua. (See map, Fig. 1.) The district embraces the Sierra de La

Jan 1, 1915

By Maurice Ewing, A. P. Craby, J. W. Peoples, J. A. Peoples

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the application of the earth-resistivity method of subsurface investigation to the problem of locating seams of anthracite coal beneath a mantle of soil and subsoil. Details are given of the successful use of this method in locating the outcrops of anthracite seams in actual prospecting. The presence of the outcrop of an anthracite seam is indicated at points where electrical resistivity tests showed relatively low readings. The reason for this is that in some localities the resistivity of anthracite was found to be about 0.0001 megohm-cm. compared to 1 to 200 megohm-cm. for shales and sandstones. For two reasons it is believed that the data summarized in this paper should be of particular interest. In the first place, most of the interpretations of the resistivity survey have been checked by subsequent drilling and some by the removal of the overburden and the exposing of the anthracite seams. It is infrequent that the opportunity for checking results so thoroughly is given. In the second place, the fact that recent commentatorsl,2,3 on the application of geophysical methods to mining have concluded that direct prospecting for anthracite and other types of coal is not promising makes the good results obtained more significant. So far as the authors can learn, the only previous experiment with electrical methods in the Pennsylvania anthracite field was one made by Sherwin F. Kelly in 1921, when he used the self-potential method at Wilkes-Barre4. The profile he made does not show a very marked correlation with the geologic cross section. Kelly points out that stray currents from electric motors in the mines undoubtedly affected 'his results, but the experience of the present authors with stray currents from mining machinery suggests the possibility that the potentials measured by Kelly were due almost entirely to this effect.

Jan 1, 1936

By P. A. Witherspoon, Y. W. Tsang

Normal stress-fracture closure variation and stress-dependent fluid flow rates were calculated for rock fractures of different aperture distributions. This study shows that both the mechanical and hydraulic properties of the fracture are controlled by the large-scale roughness of the rock fracture. Hence the typical large-scale undulation wavelength of the rock joint dictates the suitable sample size to be used in normal stress and fluid-flow measurements, if results due purely to sample size are to be avoided.

Jan 1, 1982

By Joel H. Watkins

The terms kaolin, china clay, ball clay, and paper clay are more or less loosely and interchangeably applied to a large class of white-burning clays. These clays are made up chiefly of hydrous amorphous (colloidal) aluminum silicates with variable amounts of free silica and other impurities in small quantities. Occasionally also the term kaolinite is wrongly applied to a white-burning clay, for kaolinite is a mineral of definite chemical composition and definite crystalline form which occurs but sparingly in nature. It is not the purpose of this paper, however, to define or classify clays, or to enter into a discussion of the chemistry of clays. It is rather a general description of the occurrence and methods of mining of a kindred group of clays, and a discussion of their future economic aspect. In the Southern Appalachian States, the mining of white-burning clays has in recent years become an important industry. Although these clays are of several distinct types, which occur in as many localities under different geologic conditions, they are for the most part primarily of the same origin. They are essentially the same in elementary constituents, and are largely consumed in the game industrial arts. From the standpoint of a mining engineer, therefore, and for convenience in comparison and correlation, it should be interesting to discuss them under one heading. Kinds of Clay The most important types of clay which are now being actively mined in the Southern Appalachian States and with which this paper is particularly concerned are the North Carolina, Virginia, and Georgia kaolins or china clays (residual); the South Carolina and Georgia kaolins or paper clays (sedimentary); and the Florida and Tennessee plastic kaolins or ball clays (sedimentary). Other varieties which are interesting but which are as yet of little importance are the pocket deposits of white clay in Augusta County, Virginia, the bauxitic kaolins of Tennessee,

Jan 1, 1915

By T&apos Kê, ing-sui

INTRODUCTION ACCORDING to the classical theory of elasticity, the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve is represented by a straight line. Such a representation implies that there is a linear relationship between strain and stress and also that strain is a single-valued function of stress and vice versa. Actually, such a one-to-one correspondence between strain and stress does not exist in real metals. A well-known example is the elastic after-effect on unloading. Another familiar example is damping or internal friction, that is, the dissipation of energy attending vibration. In an extensive review of such phenomena, Zener1,2 has proposed the term "anelasticity" to denote that property of a solid in virtue of which strain is not a unique function of stress in the non-plastic region. The phenomena arising from anelasticity are called anelastic effects. The measurements on inelastic effects are, important in many fields of metals technology. Thus, in precise instruments such as watch springs, difficulties often arise from the slight dimensional changes after fabrication. The internal friction or damping capacity of metals is often an important factor in deciding whether they are appropriate for instruments in which there are accompanying vibrations.' However, for metal scientists, the study of anelastic effects furnishes a powerful tool for understanding many properties of metals in terms of their microstructures or atomic interactions. In order to utilize the anelastic measurements to their fullest extent for acquiring such information, the experimental studies of anelasticity must be interpreted by appropriate mathematical analysis. For a great many problems, however, the necessary information often can be obtained by general qualitative arguments. From the definition of anelasticity, any physical changes occurring in a specimen as a result of the applied stress will cause anelastic effects if such physical changes are accompanied by a delayed change of elastic strain. Under these circumstances, we have the condition that strain lags behind the stress. We may mention the stress-induced transportation phenomena as examples. These include the stress-induced thermal diffusion," the stress-induced diffusion of particles,8-12. and the stress-induced viscous slip along the microelements in metals.12-15 The differential equations describing the microscopic mechanism in these phenomena lead to relations in which stress is linear with respect to strain (and/or their derivatives). Thus if we can - demonstrate that the superposition principle is valid under the circumstances in which the anelastic effects are observed, we would expect in. the macroscopic relation a linear relationship between stress and strain and their derivatives. This report is to describe a number of anelastic effects observed in alpha-iron, and an attempt is made to derive valuable information from a critical study of these

Jan 1, 1948

By M. L. Fuller

DURING the last several years many papers have appeared dealing with the structure of highly polished metal surfaces. The awakening of interest in this subject is due to the applicability of the electron diffrac-tion technique to the study of surfaces. The original theory of Beilby1 considered the surface of polished metals as of the nature of a super-cooled liquid or a vitreous, amorphous solid. The electron diffraction effects from polished metals have been interpreted by many to be a direct experimental proof of the correctness of the Beilby theory. This inter-pretation has been strongly opposed by others, so that at the present time the subject is in an uncertain and controversial state. In the present paper new, and hitherto unpublished, electron diffrac-tion effects from polished zinc are described. These observations indicate that the polished surface of zinc is crystalline.

Jan 1, 1938

By G. O. Hiers

THE object of the experiments reported in this paper is to determine the eutectic composition of copper and tin and to determine the location of the part of the liquidus line immediately above the eutectic composition in copper. Three methods were used in the investigation: (1) the method of dissolving copper in a bath of molten tin at constant temperature, with the idea that when the bath was saturated with copper its copper content, by analysis, together with the temperature at which the saturation took place would locate a point on the liquidus line (2) the method of the differential cooling curves, and (3) the method of microscopic examination. This paper is principally concerned with the results of the last two methods mentioned. The results of the first method, that of dissolving copper in molten tin, did not agree with the .results of Miller,1 by the same method, nor with the results of other investigators by other methods, nor yet with the results of the cooling-¬curve experiments and microscopic examination reported here.

Jan 1, 1929

By Dell H. Adams

COAL EXPLORATION Coal exploration may be defined as the acquisition of data necessary to define and acquire a block of coal which can be mined at a profit. Unlike ore minerals, coal resources are widespread and relatively abundant with supply exceeding demand in almost every case. Thus simple discovery of coal is generally not enough. The chemical and physical variability of individual coal seams, the capital intensive nature of coal mine development, and the changing patterns of utilization require that a multiphase, three-dimensional evaluation be made of each potential reserve. Factors which must be investigated include not only the quantity and quality of the coal but also the geologic, hydrologic, and engineering characteristics of the seam and its surrounding strata. Acquisition of property to provide a secure base for exploration and mine development is equal in importance to the geologic and engineering programs. The successful development of a coal reserve requires that control of coal and, in the case of a strip mine, the surface be in the form of contiguous blocks of sufficient size to support mining. PHASES OF EXPLORATION The high capital risks of coal exploration and land acquisition dictate that a multiphase program be utilized to minimize initial risk. In such a program, phased development of the data insures that each increase in capital expenditures will be justified by a corresponding increase in the level of confidence in the ultimate success of the project. Each phase is designed to provide sufficient data and property control to facilitate the decision whether to proceed to the next phase of development or to discontinue the program (Table 1). The first phase of a typical exploration program consists of a pre-

Jan 1, 1981

By E. T. Turkdogan, M. T. Hepworth, R. P. Smith

The permeability of oxygen in 0 iron in the tempera-ture range 700" to 900 C and in 6 iron at 1450°C was determined by the rate of internal oxidation of iron, containing -0.1 pct Al. The solubility of oxygen in zone-refined iron was determined by equilibration with hydrogen-water vapor gas mixtures at 1450" and 1510°C; oxygen solubilities , for iron in equi1ibriu.rn with molten oxide, are found to be 66 and 83 ppm for these two temperatures, respectively. The diffusivity of oxygen in iron at 14500C3 as calculated from the permeability and solubility data, is (4.1 * 0.6) x 10 "B sq cm per sec. OXYGEN is one of the most common impurities present in iron or steel, mainly in the form of oxide inclusions. In the study of many metallurgical problems concerning solid iron, it is often desirable to know with a reasonable accuracy the solubility and diffusivity of oxygen over a wide temperature range. The solubility of oxygen in solid iron has been the subject of numerous studies yielding highly discordant results as seen for example from the literature surveys made by Meijering &apos; and Schenck et a1.&apos; As shown by Kitchener et aL3 and by Sifferlen, the high oxygen solubilities reported by many investigators are the result of oxidizable impurities which are often present in iron. In addition, there have been experimental problems associated with icaccuracy of oxygen analysis of iron containing less than 100 ppm 0. A number of studies have been made on the permeability of oxygen in a and y iron using Fe-Si, Fe-Mn, and Fe-A1 alloys in the internal-oxidation experiments.1&apos;2&apos;5&apos;6 However, no direct measurements have been made of the diffusivity of oxygen in iron. In the present work two sets of experimental measurements were made: permeability and solubility studies at 1450" and 1510°C and permeability studies only in the range 700 to 900°C. In both sets of permeability measurements slab-shaped specimens containing small predetermined amounts of aluminum in solution were exposed at constant temperature to gas mixtures of hydrogen, water vapor, and argon for varying times. These specimens were quenched, sectioned, and examined for oxygen penetration by metallographic observation of aluminum oxide particles which formed. From these data, it is possible to calculate the ratio of the diffusivity of oxygen in iron, D, to the equilibrium constant K for the reaction Hz(g) * O (dissolved in iron) = H,O(g). EXPERIMENTAL Permeability Measurements at 1450°C. An ingot of vacuum-carbon deoxidized iron containing 0.086 pct A1 was prepared, using commercial "Type lO4A Plas-tiron"; after hot rolling, specimens were machined into slabs a by 2 by 2 in. The impurity contents were: S, P < 0.002 pct; C, Mn < 0.01 pct; each of all other Usual impurities < 0.004 pet. The amount of oxide inclusions in this material, determined by a bromine-methyl acetate extraction, corresponded to about 20 ppm 0 in the iron which agreed well with the results of vacuum-fusion analysis. Each specimen was annealed at 1450°C for 1 hr in purified hydrogen, polished to a smooth surface, and then introduced into a controlled oxidizing atmosphere in a recrystallized alumina tube at 1450°C. The constant temperature zone (*3"C) was about 3 in. in length. The gas composition was controlled by mixing argon with hydrogen (using calibrated constant-head flow meters) and passing the mixture through a column of a mixture of oxalic acid dihydrate and 10 pct anhydrous oxalic acid, to establish a required water-vapor content in the gas mixture. The temperature of the oxalic acid dihydrate column was controlled by a thermostat. The total gas flow was in the range 800 to 1000 cu cm per min. The exit gas from the reaction tube was passed through a weighing bottle containing a desiccant, to cross-check the degree of water-vapor saturation, which for all experiments was about 97 pct of those derived from the data of Baxter and Lansing.1 For a typical experiment, a specimen was introduced into the furnace in a stream of dry argon and hydrogen. The specimen was then rapidly raised by a Pt-Rh alloy wire into the hot zone and allowed to reach the reaction temperature, at which time the oxidizing gas mixture was introduced. The oxygen potentials employed were sufficient to oxidize aluminum but not to cause liquid iron oxide to form. After a specified time, the experiment was ended by dropping the specimen onto a water-cooled copper block at the bottom of the reaction tube. The depth of the internally oxidized zone, hereafter called the "case", was determined by sectioning the specimen at right angles to the long direction. The section was then examined under a microscope equipped with a micrometer stage. In general, the oxide particles were fairly uniform in size and distribution, forming a reasonably well-defined interface between the oxidized and unoxidized region. A typical cross section as observed at X30 is shown in Fig. 1. A thermal macroetch was used in one selected specimen to delineate the case. A cross section of a previously oxidized slab was polished and reheated at 1450°C in a hydrogen atmosphere for about 10 min. Upon quenching, the surface relief shown in Fig. 2 was produced; causes of this effect are unknown. Permeability Measurements Below 900°C. A slightly

Jan 1, 1967

By Edward Walsh

In the early history of the production of metallic iron from the native oxides or ores, success attended the labors of the workman according to the care he devoted to his work, and according to the degree of skill he possessed in furnishing the required amounts of fuel and ores to be acted upon by the blast propelled by the bellows, trompe, or wooden tub, and delivered into the hearths of the Persian, bloomery, or Catalan forges. The same skill may also have been of avail in the use of the lower forms of the ".Stück," "Blue,"or" Wolf"

Jan 1, 1887

By W. A. Ver Wiebe

The year 1940 was singularly unmarked by sensational developments in Kansas. Routine operations were carried on in a systematic, orderly fashion and the efforts of oil producers were concentrated on extending known fields. In Kansas an arbitrary yardstick for wildcats has been set up. A well drilled mile or more from a known pool or well is now considered a wildcat. A "rank wildcat" is one that is drilled at least 2 miles from any known producer. During 1940, rank wildcats resulted in the completion of 116 test wells, among which 16 were successful in finding new oil pools and the remaining I00 were dry holes. The ratio of successful wells to dry holes, therefore, was approximately I:6. During the year, 1890 wells were completed in eastern and western Kansas. This figure is somewhat lower than that given in several trade journals, because it does not include wells that were deepened or wells that were recompleted in a different geological horizon. About three fourths of these (1423) were completed as commercial oil wells (I220 in western and 203 in eastern Kansas). The commercial gas wells completed number 58 of which 10 are in eastern Kansas and 48 in western Kansas. Of the remzining completions 147 are dry holes in eastern and 262 are dry holes in western Kansas. Based on daily potential capacity, the new discoveries of the year account for a cumulative initial production of 46,000 bbl. in eastern and 2,128,000 bbl. in western Kansas. The state of Kansas attained a new peak in production, with the total of 66,245,000 bbl. for the year 1940, the number of contributing wells being 20,779. Thus the increase over 1939, when about 58 million barrels was produced, is considerable. The previous peak occurred in 1937, when 70,761,000 bbl. was marketed. In another still earlier peak, in 1917, slightly more than 45,000,000 bbl. was produced and sold. The production of gas probably reached a new peak also during 1940, with its total of 85 1/2 billion cubic feet. Between the peak of the year 1908, when over 80 billion cubic feet was produced, and that of 1940, the production dropped to a low point of 16 billion cubic feet in the year 1921. The number of test wells drilled was larger than in 1939; that is, 1890 compared with 1458. The first peak was reached in 1904, when 2782 wells were drilled. The number dropped off rapidly, to 368 three years later, but rose to the second and highest peak in 1918, when 4671 test wells were completed. In the period between 1904 and 1912 more gas wells were completed than oil wells. Between the high peak of completions in 1918 and somewhat lower peak of 1937, the low point was reached during 1931, with the completion of only 470 test wells. In the number of new pools discovered, Kansas again ranks high among the states. The exact number depends somewhat upon the interpretation of a "new" area— whether it should be called a new pool or a long extension of an old pool. Unfortunately, the matter of securing the right kind of production allowable also enters into this question. Often the decision regarding a new pool cannot be made until other wells

Jan 1, 1941

By W. A. Ver Wiebe

The year 1940 was singularly unmarked by sensational developments in Kansas. Routine operations were carried on in a systematic, orderly fashion and the efforts of oil producers were concentrated on extending known fields. In Kansas an arbitrary yardstick for wildcats has been set up. A well drilled mile or more from a known pool or well is now considered a wildcat. A "rank wildcat" is one that is drilled at least 2 miles from any known producer. During 1940, rank wildcats resulted in the completion of 116 test wells, among which 16 were successful in finding new oil pools and the remaining I00 were dry holes. The ratio of successful wells to dry holes, therefore, was approximately I:6. During the year, 1890 wells were completed in eastern and western Kansas. This figure is somewhat lower than that given in several trade journals, because it does not include wells that were deepened or wells that were recompleted in a different geological horizon. About three fourths of these (1423) were completed as commercial oil wells (I220 in western and 203 in eastern Kansas). The commercial gas wells completed number 58 of which 10 are in eastern Kansas and 48 in western Kansas. Of the remzining completions 147 are dry holes in eastern and 262 are dry holes in western Kansas. Based on daily potential capacity, the new discoveries of the year account for a cumulative initial production of 46,000 bbl. in eastern and 2,128,000 bbl. in western Kansas. The state of Kansas attained a new peak in production, with the total of 66,245,000 bbl. for the year 1940, the number of contributing wells being 20,779. Thus the increase over 1939, when about 58 million barrels was produced, is considerable. The previous peak occurred in 1937, when 70,761,000 bbl. was marketed. In another still earlier peak, in 1917, slightly more than 45,000,000 bbl. was produced and sold. The production of gas probably reached a new peak also during 1940, with its total of 85 1/2 billion cubic feet. Between the peak of the year 1908, when over 80 billion cubic feet was produced, and that of 1940, the production dropped to a low point of 16 billion cubic feet in the year 1921. The number of test wells drilled was larger than in 1939; that is, 1890 compared with 1458. The first peak was reached in 1904, when 2782 wells were drilled. The number dropped off rapidly, to 368 three years later, but rose to the second and highest peak in 1918, when 4671 test wells were completed. In the period between 1904 and 1912 more gas wells were completed than oil wells. Between the high peak of completions in 1918 and somewhat lower peak of 1937, the low point was reached during 1931, with the completion of only 470 test wells. In the number of new pools discovered, Kansas again ranks high among the states. The exact number depends somewhat upon the interpretation of a "new" area— whether it should be called a new pool or a long extension of an old pool. Unfortunately, the matter of securing the right kind of production allowable also enters into this question. Often the decision regarding a new pool cannot be made until other wells

Jan 1, 1941

By E. Maltby Shipp

YouR committee&apos;s secretary submits the following report, or summary, to the members of the committee, in an endeavor to lay before them a general review of the information so far received and also his own knowledge of the work as carried on at a number of plants, this being done in part to secure further information and suggestions from members and lead to a more effective means of furthering the work of the committee. It is suggested that more detailed data be compiled regarding engineering features involved, and that papers be contributed which will deal with the safeguarding of underground electrical installations. There are few operating companies which have not started a more or less systematic campaign to safeguard their employees from accidental injuries and unhealthful surroundings, but a great deal is to be gained by experience. All may welcome the advice and cooperation of those who have been actively engaged in the work and have demonstrated the results obtainable by organized effort, and it is, therefore, exceedingly gratifying to note the ready assistance and hearty cooperation rendered by the companies that may be truly termed pioneers in the movement. No solution of the safety problem is to be found in a skrict standardization of methods, rules or devices, as the various mining, milling and metallurgical practices present too many conditions differing broadly in general principles, but some standard system embodying principles already proven to be efficient should be created, which may be modified or elaborated to meet specific requirements of each individual company, or to fit working conditions as they exist in the various mining camps throughout the country. An industrial plant is primarily a business undertaking, therefore the economic side of a safety or welfare campaign is of importance. Many small operators have been deterred from undertaking the work by their belief that it involved an expense beyond their means, and one that could not be counterbalanced by greater efficiency or saving along other lines. This idea is generally due to a lack of knowledge of the actual costs of such work, and of the results secured by judicious selection of a method commensurate with the size and nature of the opera-

Jan 1, 1918

By Thomas Harris

This paper. was written in conjunction with the work being undertaken by the Technical Committees on Classification of Coal, and an effort has been made to compile information relative to the use of coal for stationary steam generation in order to use this information to assist the Committee on Classification of Coal for the ultimate purpose of elimination of losses both by the&apos; reduction of indivi-dual effort and waste in the consumption of material. Under the auspices of the National Association of Purchasing Agents, a questionnaire was drawn up to develop this information from stationary steam plants throughout the United States. in order to consolidate the information de-veloped from the many hundreds of boiler tests on coals consumed by various coal¬burning equipment. These questionnaires covered: 1. The company reporting, location and method of delivery to the plant. 2. Complete coal date, including description of coals used (with. sufficient space to- include first, second and third, preference) on--source of coal used,- complete-analysis and factors affecting choice of, coal used. 3. Plant data, divided into - A. Hand fired, B. Overfeed stokers,. . C. Underfeed stokers, D. Traveling grate stokers, E. Pulverized coal, and included complete description of furnace data, draft data, coal-burning rate, type of stoker, type of pulverizer, efficiency date and remarks.

Jan 1, 1933