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By E. L. Raymond

The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and resultant notch-bar rupture life of ZNCONEL alloys X- 750 and 718 was studied. It was found that the primary effect of heat treatment in rendering these alloys notch-ductile is the elimination of any y' denuded zone adjacent to the pain boundaries. The mechanisms by which such a denuded zone can arise and be eliminated by heat treatment are discussed. InCONEL Ni-Cr alloy X-750 and INCONEL Ni-Cr alloy 718 are age-hardenable austenitic materials. Alloy X-750 is used for its corrosion and oxidation resistance and high creep-rupture strength up to 1500°F. Alloy 718 is used most effectively up to 1300°F. One of the most important areas in their development has been establishment of consistently good rupture properties, especially in the presence of a stress concentration, such as imposed by a notch. A desire to improve these properties has led to extensive studies of the effect of heat treatment on the micro structure of these alloys and their performance in stress-rupture tests. In earlier investigations"~ of INCONEL* alloy X-750, *INCONEL i s a Registered Trademark of The International Nickel Co., Inc. grain boundary carbide morphology was linked with stress-rupture properties. If, during heat treatment, the carbide MZSC was precipitated in the grain bound-ary in a cellular form, poor rupture properties re-

Jan 1, 1968

By H. R. Gardner

THE wide variation in tension and compression properties' which exist between the a,ß and ? phases of plutonium indicate that a study of the impact properties would give a greater insight into the variables affecting the mechanical properties and formability of plutonium. In tension the a phase is quite brittle with elongations less than 1 pct. The ß phase at normal test speeds is unusually ductile; elongations up to 621 pct have been obtained. However, the ß phase is quite sensitive to strain rate; elongations decrease rapidly as strain rate is increased. The y and 6 phases are less ductile than the ß phase, with the 5 phase the more ductile of the two. Neither are very sensitive to strain rate. Considering the brittle nature of a Pu in tension and compression and the strain rate sensitivity of ß -phase Pu, both unnotched Charpy specimens and standard V-notched Charpy specimens were fabricated for testing. In addition, since iron in amounts greater than 500 ppm forms a Pu-PlgFe eutectic network which inhibits microcracking in as-cast plutonium,' it was decided to prepare impact specimens with low and high iron contents. Chemical analysis and density data for the impact specimens are presented in Table I. A total of 55 impact specimens, 32 unnotched and 23 with the standard Charpy V-notch were tested at temperatures from —45' to 330°C. The test results for both unnotched and notched specimens are illustrated in Fig. 1.

Jan 1, 1962

Raphael PUmpelly, who became a member of the Institute in 1871, the year of its organization, and retained his membership for a long period, died at his home in Newport, R. I., Aug. 10, 1923. He is survived by a son, Raphael, Jr., and by two daughters, one of whom is the wife of Prof. Henry L. Smyth, of Harvard. Doctor Pumpelly was born in Oswego, N. Y., in 1835. He studied sciences and mining engineering in Paris and at Freiberg, later taking his Doctor's degree at Princeton. He was Professor of Mining at Harvard from 1866 to 1873. Doctor Pumpelly made geological explorations in many lands. In 1861-63, he conducted a scientific exploration for the Japanese government, and for two years thereafter carried on researches in central, western, and northern China and Mongolia. In 1864-65, he undertook a voyage of exploration across the Gobi desert, returning to Europe through Siberia. He was State Geologist of Michigan from 1869 to 1871; Director of the Missouri Geological Survey from 1871 to 1873; and Chief of Division, U. S. Geological Survey, directing the mineral industries division of the tenth census. He organized and directed the Northern Transcontinental Survey, 1881-84; directed the explorations inaugurating the iron ore industry of most of the ranges of Michigan and Western Ontario, 1897-1901; initiated and directed a physical-geographical and archeo-logical exploration of Central Asia under the auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 19034.2.

Jan 1, 1924

By Henry M. Howe

HENRY M. Howe, Bedford Hills, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary.) +-Mr. Johnson's explanation, that the rounding of the graphite masses in oxygen-bearing cast iron is clue to their being in part re-precipitated after re-solution in forming carbonic oxide temporarily with that oxygen, is certainly most attractive and suggestive. It remains to be shown whether this rounding occurs also when 'the solidiification is too rapid to permit this process to goon. J. E. Johnson Might easily test this by casting a single ladleful of his oxygenated iron in masses of varying size. If' this present hypothesis is true, then the rounding ought to increase progressively with the size of the casting, and with the distance from the outside, that is to say with the time available for re-solution and re-precipitation. I question whether a like benefit is to be expected even on this hypothesis, from the oxygenation of steel. The spheroidizing of graphite does good because graphite itself is so weak. But the constituent which can be spheroidized in steel is its cementite, which is a source of strength. Lamellar pearlite, in which this cementite in effect forms long dendrites, is far stronger than divorced pearlite, in which these dendrites have been broken up into spheroids. Even the surfaces of contact between ferrite and cementite are probably sources of strength because of the amorphous iron which probably fills them.

Jan 1, 1917

By Henry M. Howe

Henry M. Howe, Bedford Hills, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary.)*—Mr. Johnson's explanation, that the rounding of the graphite masses in oxygen-bearing cast iron is due to their being in part reprecipitated after re-solution in forming carbonic oxide temporarily with.that oxygen, is certainly most attractive and suggestive. It remains to be shown whether this rounding occurs also when the solidification is too rapid to permit this process to go on. J. E. Johnson might easily test this by casting a single ladleful of his oxygenated iron in masses of varying size. If this present hypothesis is true, then the rounding ought to increase progressively with the size of the casting, and with the distance from the outside, that is to say with the time available for re-solution and reprecipitation. I question whether a like benefit is to be expected even on this hypothesis, from the oxygenation of steel. The spheroidizing of graphite does good because graphite itself is so weak. But the constituent which can be spheroidized in steel is its cementite, which is a source of strength. Lamellar pearlite, in which this cementite in effect forms long den-drites, is far stronger than divorced pearlite, in which these dendrites have been broken up into spheroids. Even the surfaces of contact between ferrite and cementite are probably sources of strength because of the amorphous iron which probably fills them.

Jan 1, 1917

By Roman Y. Poderny, Vladimir V. Rjevskii

In the USSR, the Moscow Institute of Radio Electronics tronics and Mining Electro-Mechanics (MIRGEM) has started what it hopes will become a nationwide movement to educate mining students in the precise specialties that industry has come to require. Courses for mining engineers, the MIRGEM faculty proposes, should dovetail as exactly as possible with specific jobs available in the mining profession. Acting upon this thesis, MIRGEM revised its own curriculum in 1962 and has since presented an over-all plan for Soviet mining education before two mining school conferences as well as the Ministry of Higher Education and a number of major Soviet industrial ministries. The plan was universally approved with some suggested revisions. SOVIET MINING EDUCATION TODAY At present, mining education in the Soviet Union covers the exploitation of solid minerals and raw materials, including coal as well as ferrous and nonferrous metals. The extraction, storage, and refining of oil and gas is treated as a separate discipline. In all, there are 33 Soviet universities and institutes that train mining engineers for careers in the industrial, research and educational fields.

Jan 9, 1966

By Edward Keller

(New York meeting, February, 1912.) IN a paper, entitled A Uniform Method for the Assay of Copper Material for Gold and Silver,1 A. R. Ledoux invited the assayers of this country to contribute to a symposium, in which the results of their assays of given samples of copper-matte and metallic copper would be made comparable. This symposium 2 appeared about one year thereafter; and through it and its discussion, first became generally known the fact that the ,gold-yield by the all-fire method of assaying is usually higher than by the so-called combination (wet and dry) method, in which nitric acid is employed as a solvent for the copper. In the publication alluded to, the supposed cause of gold-losses in the latter method was declared to be the solvent action of copper nitrate, or of the reduction-products of the nitric acid, upon the gold. Up to a very recent date, gold has been held to be insoluble in pure nitric acid. (The solvent action of any chlorine present in the nitric acid must here properly be disregarded as belonging in the realm of carelessness. Among later allusions to this topic, W. R. Tan Liew 3 ascribes the solution of the gold in the combination-assay entirely to the action of nitrous acid at the high reaction-temperature of copper and nitric acid ; F. B. Flinn 4 a believes the low result in gold to be due exclusively to mechanical losses-finely-divided gold penetrating through the filter-paper-but presents no experimental data confirmative of this belief; and 0. Pufahl 5 attributes the solubility of the gold in some coppers to the presence of selenium-a view which appears to be shared by many as- 1 Trans., xxiv., 575 (1894). 2 Trans., xxv., 250 (1895). 3 Engineering and Mining Journal, vol. lxix., No. 16, p. 469 (Apr. 21, 1900). 4 Engineering and Mining Journal, vol. lxxxvii., No.11, p. 569 (Mar. 13, 1909). 5 Lunge, Chemische Technische Untersuchungs Methoden, vol. ii., p. 229 (1900).

Jul 1, 1912

By B. M. Larsen, K. Heindlhofer

Jan 1, 1945

By Hallet R. Robbins

KOREA, the ancient " Hermit Kingdom," is a peninsula jutting out from the coast of eastern Asia. By the natives it is called " Chosen," which, translated, means " Land of the Morning Calm." It lies between the Yellow sea and the Sea of Japan. On the north it is separated from Manchuria and the Russian province of Primorsk by the Yalu and Tiumen rivers ; on the south the Korean straits interpose a rough voyage of 120 miles to the nearest point in Japan. The entire country is situated between the parallels of 34° and 42° N. latitude. The surface of the country is made up of successive ranges of unglaciated mountains, separated by narrow, fertile, and more or less densely populated, valleys. Through all the obscure centuries of its history, Korea has succeeded in maintaining a monastic seclusion, over which, from time immemorial until the late Chino-Japanese war in 1894, China exercised a shadowy sovereignty. Although Korea had been forced into slight foreign contact previously, her first foreign treaty was signed with Japan in 1876. Under the restraining guardianship of China, the Japanese treaty bore but insignificant innovations for Korea; but when, in 1883, a treaty was made with the United States, the first of the western nations, a decade after the American gunboats, under Commodore Rodgers and Lieutenant Schley, forced their way up the Salee river, shooting daylight through the ancient walls and fastnesses, Korea awoke from her sleep of 4,000 years. The Korean peninsula suddenly became the arena where rival nations' enterprises and individuals met in fiercest conflict. Out of this struggle grew two singularly successful American

Jan 7, 1908

By G. V. Raymor, James T. Waber, I. Rex Harris

The lattice parameters of a series of fcc alloys of cerium and thorium were measured at 93 " and 298OK. Lattice parameters were also estimated for 171OK. Substantial deviations, y, from Vegard's law were observed. Although y was negative at the two higher temperatures, it was positive and large at the lowest temperature. A variety of models, which have been proposed in the past, were considered, and the calculated values of y were compared with the observed values. The best agreement was achieved with values computed with Friedel's equation. THE purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of temperature on the lattice parameter and on deviations from Vegard's law of Ce-Th alloys. A large negative deviation from Vegard's law was first observed independently by Weiner, Freeth, and Raynor' and Van vucht2 in the room-temperature lattice parameters of Ce-Th alloys that form a continuous series of solid solutions. This observation was confirmed by Evans and Raynor. The allotropy of unalloyed cerium was reviewed recently by Gschneidner, Elliott, and McDonald. In two subsequent papers,5" these authors reported the influence of various alloying additions on the y= transformation, which occurs below room temperature. Although other rare earths tend to stabilize the double-hexagonal phase, thorium, plutonium, and scandium as solutes tend to stabilize the normal fcc phase. With addition of sufficient thorium as a solute, there is evidence that the formation of is suppressed and it becomes possible to pass continuously with decreasing temperature from the room-temperature phase to the fcc a phase. Thus there is a closed loop which is similar in many ways to the y loop well-known in ferrous alloys. A closed field also occurs in the pressure-temperature "equilibrium" diagram of unalloyed cerium. Because of interest in the effect of thorium additions and their influence on the a and phases, lattice-parameter measurements were made at low temperatures on the fcc phase for a series of alloys ranging from 10 to 90 at. pct Th. The results obtained at three temperatures are shown in Fig. 1. Evans and Raynors analyzed the deviations from Vegard's law in Ce-Th alloys in terms of changes in the occupancy of the 4f electron level in cerium,

Jan 1, 1964

By L. R. Jackson, W. T. Lankford, K. F. Smith

ComMercial steel sheet is prepared by a combination of hot and cold rolling and annealing. This treatment usually results in more or less pronounced anisotropy. The anisotropy may manifest itself both as preferred orientation and in the manner in which impurities, segregations, and the like, are aligned in the sheet. The type of preferred orientation and the organization of impurities or segregations may affect the elastic moduli, the yield strength, the tensile strength, and almost always the amount of ductility in different directions. In any case, the most important directions concerned in the anisotropy are along the rolling direction, along the width direction, and along the thickness direction. Considerable data exist on the anisot-ropy of sheet steel as demonstrated by conventional tensile tests; however, few attempts have been made to measure the constants of plastic anisotropy and use them to describe the flow of anisotropic sheet under combined stresses. In this paper, evidence is presented indicating that plastic flow in anisotropic sheet can be described by the shear-strain energy flow theory provided that the anisotropy is properly taken into account. Materials Used in the Investigation Table I lists the sheet materials used in this investigation and describes the condition in which materials were tested. Direction, of Tests and Test Methods Two types of tests were run—tensile tests and hydraulic-bulge tests. Characteristic parameters of anisotropy were determined from the tension tests by methods which will be described later. In all cases, the tensile test pieces were cut from the same quarter line and adjacent to the bulge test pieces in the sheet in order to minimize

Jan 1, 1949

By Portland P. Fox, Berlen C. Moneymaker

The development, within recent years, of core drills capable of drilling holes up to 72 in., or even more, in diameter, has made possible an entirely new and valuable method of geologic exploration. Although little used until recently as an exploratory tool except in the United States, by the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Corps of Engineers of the U. S. Army, for the exploration of damsites, the large-diameter core drill may be used to good advantage in other types of geologic exploration. Its principal utility is that of supplementing, rather than replacing, other means of exploration. Although core is frequently recovered intact, the greatest advantage of large-diameter drilling is that the holes produced are large enough to be entered by the geologist and engineer, and thus afford an excellent means of examining undisturbed rock. The walls of the holes are smoothly cut, and in some rocks nearly or quite polished, so that the most minute details of structure and stratigraphy are clearly disclosed. Such features as faults, joints, bedding planes, weathered "seams," and beds or layers of soft materials, which are not always amenable to disclosure by cores recovered from small-diameter holes, are conspicuously displayed in the walls of large holes. Frequent reference to the drilling of large-diameter holes is made in engineering literature, but comparatively little emphasis has been placed on their value in geologic investigation. It is, therefore, intended that the present paper acquaint the geologist, as well as the engineer, with the large-diameter core drill and the technique involved in its use, and also with its advantages, disadvantages and limitations as an implement of geologic exploration. The Equipment The equipment generally employed in the drilling of large-diameter holes consists of a trunnion-type drill head mounted on a sliding base, which allows it to slide clear of the hole and thus permit the introduction

Jan 1, 1941

By Portland P. Fox, Berlen C. Moneymaker

The development, within recent years, of core drills capable of drilling holes up to 72 in., or even more, in diameter, has made possible an entirely new and valuable method of geologic exploration. Although little used until recently as an exploratory tool except in the United States, by the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Corps of Engineers of the U. S. Army, for the exploration of damsites, the large-diameter core drill may be used to good advantage in other types of geologic exploration. Its principal utility is that of supplementing, rather than replacing, other means of exploration. Although core is frequently recovered intact, the greatest advantage of large-diameter drilling is that the holes produced are large enough to be entered by the geologist and engineer, and thus afford an excellent means of examining undisturbed rock. The walls of the holes are smoothly cut, and in some rocks nearly or quite polished, so that the most minute details of structure and stratigraphy are clearly disclosed. Such features as faults, joints, bedding planes, weathered "seams," and beds or layers of soft materials, which are not always amenable to disclosure by cores recovered from small-diameter holes, are conspicuously displayed in the walls of large holes. Frequent reference to the drilling of large-diameter holes is made in engineering literature, but comparatively little emphasis has been placed on their value in geologic investigation. It is, therefore, intended that the present paper acquaint the geologist, as well as the engineer, with the large-diameter core drill and the technique involved in its use, and also with its advantages, disadvantages and limitations as an implement of geologic exploration. The Equipment The equipment generally employed in the drilling of large-diameter holes consists of a trunnion-type drill head mounted on a sliding base, which allows it to slide clear of the hole and thus permit the introduction

Jan 1, 1941

By C. F. Jackson

THE work of, the Mining Methods Committee is now well under way. Following discussions previous to and during the February meeting, an Outline for Papers on Mining Methods was prepared, and over a thousand copies have now been distributed to committee men, to section secretaries and to members who have indicated any interest in the subject. The objective of the committee is to prepare a symposium on mining methods which will be of real practical value to the operator and engineer in the solution of every-day mining problems. It is planned to cover the entire field of mining in such a way that the different branches of mining, such as coal and ore (iron, copper, lead, zinc and precious metal) can benefit from the experience of the others at points where they have problems in common.. It is realized fully that each of these branches of mining possesses its own peculiar problems, but at the same time, there are prob-lems in connection with each, where the experience in others should be of value. The committee proposes to proceed along the following lines: 1. To present a general classification of mining methods, showing their inter-relationship, and at the same time .provide a common language for the discussion of mining methods and a nomenclature that will have the same meaning wherever used. A com-plete set of illustrations will accompany the classi-fication to make clear the terminology adopted and to show graphically the inter-relationship of methods. 2. To show the relationship between the physical characteristic of the deposit, the economic consider-ations and the. mining method., It is not proposed to treat this subject as a mere academic problem, but to secure reports from every mining company of impor-tance in this country, which will show what methods or modifications and combinations of methods have actually been applied and the physical conditions and economic considerations which have led to the adoption of these methods in each case. The Mining Methods Committee has drawn up an Outline for Papers on Mining Methods to be distributed among mining engineers and operators, giving in detail the information desired. This outline is the result of several months of careful thought and is a composite of the suggestions of many engineers and mining company officials from all parts of the United States.

Jan 7, 1922

By Edward H. Robie

THE registration badges gave out, there were not enough programs, the Pioneer Hotel's rooms were insufficient, and some hundred applicants for banquet tickets had to be turned down at the Institute's Regional Meeting in Tucson, Nov. 1-5. Minor inconveniences these, however, occasioned by the fact that, optimistic as they are in Arizona, about half again as many partook of the week's activities as were expected. For this, the local program committee can be blamed-both the technical and social features were too attractive in quantity and quality. Seriously speaking, though, the Institute has probably never had a more successful Regional Meeting than this one. It being the first that has been held in Arizona in 22 years, no effort was spared to make it the distinctive gathering that it was.

Jan 1, 1938

By George C. Bateman

I HAVE been introduced in the dual capacity of president of the Canadian Institute and Metals Controller for Canada. There are three particular points of similarity between these two positions. They are both temporary ; they both have to do with the mining industry ; and by a peculiar coincidence they both pay me exactly the same salary. It is difficult to appreciate the background of our present situation without knowing the really tremendous changes that have taken place since the last war. I sometimes think that even among ourselves we are likely to forget the extent to which our great mining industry has been expanded. In 1914 Canada's gold production amounted to only $16,000,000 and the suggestion was seriously ad¬vanced in Ottawa that the gold mines should be allowed to close down so that their men might be used in more important work. Today with a production at the rate of over $200,000,000 a year no one in Canada would venture such a suggestion because the output of our gold mines is the greatest single factor in producing dollar exchange, badly needed for the purchase of munitions and to maintain Canada's unbroken record of always meeting its obligations. Even with the severe restrictions now in effect against the importation of nonessentials, our imports for war purposes from the United States are resulting in the biggest adverse trade balance in our history. With us, gold mining ranks as an essential industry.

Jan 1, 1941

By E. H. Crabtree

IN an ideal mill, with perfect milling operations, the mineral extraction would be 100 per cent, the, concentrate would be 100 per cent mineral, the tailing would assay zer.0 mineral and the milling cost would be zero dollars. Such an operation can, of course, never be attained. We can only strive to approach it as nearly as possible and in doing so most recognize .the fact that the three primary factors in milling: assay of concentrate, assay of tailing, and cost of operation bear a definite economic relationship to each other. This relation will change from time to time and will be different for different mills, depending on milling equipment, character and quality of feed, market conditions, and other factors. It is granted that for a given operation there is an economic point, but the location of this point is difficult. It is for the purpose of making some of these economic points a little more tangible that this paper has been prepared.

Jan 1, 1930

By A. A. Brant

Mining men, quite as exploration minded as petroleum interests, are in the position where most of the exposed crustal portions of the earth have been examined, where the demand for metals is high and likely to continue so, and yet where, perhaps, the tools fail for the economic exploration of many of the possible mineral areas more deeply covered with drift, alluvium, and later formations. At the same time the incentive exists to create acceptable substitutes for many of the duties of metal. The problem of the economic exploration of possible mineral-bearing areas is hence a vital one. In oil exploration, the absence of surface or shallow occurrences and the high cost of test drilling has led to the intensive study of geophysical techniques. Hence the development of the seismic method with its high certainty factor and its adaptability to standardized procedure.

Jan 1, 1949

[NUMERICAL CODE TO MAPS (Region Listed in Roman Numerals after Each Petroleum Section) 1 Alaska 2 Arizona 3 Black Hills 4 Boston 5 Carlsbad Potash 6 Central Appalachia 7 Chicago 8 Cleveland 9 Colorado 10 Columbia 11 Connecticut 12 Delta (VIII) 13 Detroit 14 East Texas (VI) 15 El Paso 16 Gulf Coast (VII) 17 Kansas (IX) 18 Lehigh Volley 19 Mid-Continent (IX) 20 Minnesota 21 Montana 22 Nevada 23 New York]

Jan 1, 1961

By Fleming, R. C.

ONE OF THE NEWEST developments of industry rising from the commercial application of scientific knowledge is in the making of solid carbon dioxide from the gas about 1925 the first efforts were made to manufacture "dry ice" on a large scale and at a price to permit widespread use. From that beginning the industry has grown to a consumption of 40,000 tons in 1930. Carbon-dioxide ice, as the name implies, is merely the gas compressed and cooled to a solid. The ice has a temperature of 109° F. below zero and is in many ways superior to water ice. It evaporates to a gaseous form so it is not wet and leaves no trace; in fact, one suggested minor use is as coasters under water glasses on the dining table. The gas is harmless except in large concentrations and. when the ice is used as a refrigerant, the resulting gas actually becomes a preservative, keeping oxygen away from perishable products. Not only does the ice have a greater amount of cold in a small volume than water ice but cooling is effected by direct contact of the resulting gas with the materials to be refrigerated rather than by convection air currents.

Jan 1, 1932