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By V. R. Garfias R. V. Whetsel

Production of crude petroleum in Mexico during 1935 totaled approximately 40,082,000 bbl., an increase of 1,925,000 bbl. over the previous year. Successful development continued in the Poza Rica field during the year, increasing production in that area from 3,708,000 bbl. in 1934 to 9,542,000 in 1935. The output of the South fields (Golden Lane) area decreased by 3,000,000 bbl. during the year, and the heavy-oil district of the Northern fields by 1,500,000 bbl. Production in the Tehuantepec fields showed a slight gain. Production of natural gasoline increased from 430,000 to 600,000 bbl. in 1935. Crude run to stills in local refineries is estimated at 30,000,000 bbl., some 4,000,000 bbl. more than in the previous year. Exports of crude and refined products were approximately 22,000,000 bbl., or 2,000,000 bbl. less than in 1934. Exclusive of ships bunkers, domestic consumption increased about 900,000 bbl. during the year, reaching an estimated total of 14,500,000 barrels. Only 74 wells were completed, as compared to 148 in 1934 and 91 in 1933. In proven areas 58 completions resulted in 33 producers and 25 failures. In northeastern Mexico, near the United States border, six wildcat wells were completed, all of which gave little or no encouraging results, except Rancheria No. 3, near Camargo, which is a fair-sized gas well. Four wildcats were drilled just northeast of the Northern fields (heavy-oil district), all of which were failures. A deep test was completed a short distance southeast of the Golden Lane (South fields) in Palo Blanco, which encountered small production not sufficient to exploit. On the Isthmus of Tehuantepec a wildcat well was completed for an estimated initial production of 2000 bbl. daily, a short distance south of the old Jalapa field, which was perhaps the most important new development of the year. Four other wildcats drilled in the Isthmus district resulted in failures. Fields Northern Fields (Heavy-oil District).—In the Northern fields, 18 producing wells and 20 failures were completed, as compared to 34 producers and 71 failures in 1934. The initial production of the new

Jan 1, 1936

By R. E. Lamborn

A summary of oil and gas development in Ohio for 1935 must necessarily be brief. As attention of the state government to the oil and gas industry has never included the collection and compilation of statistics on production, either by producing sands, by counties, by fields, or for the state as a whole, such information as requested in Table 1 of this symposium is impossible to secure for this state. In the absence of production data chief attention must be directed to drilling activity for the year. Information such as can be compiled from various sources, including weekly drilling reports to operating companies and trade journals, is given in the following paragraphs with the realization that the data may not be complete in all its details. Drilling Activity by Fields Drilling activity during 1935 was similar to the preceding year in , that the major operating companies were generally content to drill lease-requirement and offset wells and in that comparatively little effort was made to discover new pools. A compilation of completions recorded in weekly reports to drilling companies and in trade journals show 1022 tests completed for the year in 53 counties of the state. Of this total number, 653 wells were commercial producers and 369 were classed as dry holes. Production was secured in 40 counties from formations ranging in depth to 5700 ft. and ranging in age from Middle Ordovician to upper Pennsyl-vanian. From the standpoint of new production for the year, the most important sands are the Clinton of Silurian age, the Berea of Mississippian age and the Shallow sands of Mississippian above the Berea and of Pennsylvanian age. Trenton Sand Field Production in the field of Trenton sand, which originally included parts of 15 counties in northwestern Ohio, is now on the decline. Seventy-three completions were reported in this field during 1935, of which 33.8 per cent were dry holes. Activity centered in Allen County with 12 completions, two of which were dry holes; in Hardin County with 11 producers; and in Wyandot County with 12 producers and 2 dry holes.

Jan 1, 1936

By David B. Reger

The year 1935 was mostly quiet in West Virginia, and devoted to routine drilling in old pools and extensions. A notable exception to this general rule, however, was the further development and proving of a field of gas discovered in 1930 in the deep Oriskany sand (L. Dev.) in Kanawha County, as later discussed. No new pools of oil were found and little or no attempt was made to search for them. No new pools of gas were recorded but various extensions of old pools were made. There were no new pipe line extensions of consequence, either for oil or gas. Operating technology was much the same as in recent years, there having been some further advances in repressuring oil wells and in the use of acid for treating small wells in calcareous formations, and some change in the technique of shooting gas wells. Financially, there has been a full market for all crude oil produced and a fair market for gas. There have been occasional transfers of producing oil or gas properties, mainly between established companies. Most of the attempts made to finance mergers and new developments have failed largely because of difficulties encountered under the Federal securities act. This situation has prevented the normal turnover of properties by small operators who frequently desire to sell partly developed interests and then step out into new ventures. New Development In 1935 the State issued 569 permits for drilling and records the same number of completions. One trade journal records 533 completions and another 483. A running record kept by the writer accounts for 713 completions, with 156 oil wells, 417 gas wells and 140 dry holes (Table 3). Some of these completions may be old wells drilled to deeper sands. Some, apparently, have been drilled without legal permit. Extensions of Producing Areas Ritchie County has again led all others in new drilling, with 137 completions as compared to 74 in Calhoun and 61 in Cabell. This Ritchie County drilling was done mainly to extend or further develop old pools

Jan 1, 1936

By Roy A. Hardy

The Getchell mine is a comparatively recent discovery in the old Potosi mining district, Humboldt County, Nevada, a district organized in the seventies and eighties, in which some prospecting was done in several metamorphic zones along a monzonite-sedimentary contact. The district had no production in the early days and no further work was done until the same metamorphic zones were prospected for tungsten (scheelite) in 1917 and 1918, when a few small lots were shipped. It again lay dormant until 1934, when prospectors investigated a large siliceous escarpment at one end of the old district where outcroppings were a prominent feature of the topography. Undoubtedly, during the early prospecting of the district, the outcroppings had been investigated for mineral, probably by panning, with negligible results because the gold later found is invisible in the concentrate and is refractory. A fire assay revealed the presence of sufficient gold to warrant development work. The outcroppings were easily prospected by short tunnels having their portals in the siliceous material on the hanging-wall side, with a maximum distance to crosscut to the footwall of 135 ft., or a distance at right angle to dip of 60 to 90 ft. Development work, reaching a depth of over 600 ft. on the dip of the vein, was done by means of various crosscut tunnels, winzes and laterals. A churn-drill hole was also sunk, which intersected. the vein at a depth of 1100 ft. on the dip. Sufficient development work of this character was completed by 1937 to justify the erection of a reduction plant to roast the sulphide ore and cyanide the calcine, and to treat the oxidized ore by straight cyanidation, to make a doré bullion for shipment to the mint. The erection of the plant was started that year and finished early in 1938; with a combined capacity of about 800 tons per day. It has operated continuously since erection and recently was enlarged to handle 1000 tons per day. The vein dips with the slope of the mountain, and by stripping the hanging wall the ore may be mined by power shovel for several hundred feet below the outcrop. Thereafter underground methods will be necessary.

Jan 1, 1941

By Walter Crafts

Tests carried out at the Union Carbide and Carbon Research Laboratories, Inc., on the effects of grain-refining deoxidizers are in substantial agreement with the data presented by Mr. Comstock. Notable is the observation that, although boron and aluminum increased hardenability, the steel was of poor quality in comparison with the other boron-treated steels to which at least two grain refiners were added. The effect of zirconium in improving the ductility of the chromium-nickel steel is in agreement with our experience that zirconium is specifically beneficial to chromium steels. In order to amplify Mr. Comstock's results and to indicate some of the basic principles of special deoxidation, the primary observations of our study have been summarized. The effect of boron in increasing hardenability was described by R. Walther, U. S. Patent No. 1519388, Dec. 16, 1924, but effective amounts in incompletely deoxidized steel are sufficient to harm hot workability and room-temperature ductility. Work at the Union Carbide and Carbon Research Laboratories, Inc., has shown that in order to obtain deep hardening without using such large amounts of boron as to result in impairment of ductility, the steel must be thoroughly deoxidized. This may be accomplished by a high silicon content or a grain-refining addition of strong deoxidizers. The degree of grain refinement and hardenability are inclined to be erratic when only one grain-refining element is used, although aluminum, zirconium, titanium, and vanadium have been used singly and resulted in increased. although somewhat erratic, hardenability. The ductility likewise was inclined to be inconsisterlt when only one grain-refining deoxidizer was added. By combinations of grain-refining elements, it was found possible to combine the specific virtues and counteract some of the defects of each clement. In addition, the complex deoxidizers gave more consistent grain refinement and hardenability. When used in combinations, each element adds its own specific influence as well as modifying the character of the other elements. The function of aluminum is primarily to give consistent results and to minimize abnormalities resulting from too

Jan 1, 1943

By Basil B. Zavoico

Production of crude oil in the U. S. S. R. during 1939 is estimated at, 226,111,000 bbl., as compared with 219,778,000 bbl. in 1938, an irlcreasc of 2.88 per cent but some 6.00 per cent under the planned output. During the past year a major readjustment took place in Russian oil fields, with the Grozny district falling into the third place, its former place having been taken by the fields of the Maikop-Kuban area of northwestern Caucasus. Production continued to grow in the Ural-Volg:t district and further large increases in this province in the coming years are certain. The drilling operations continued to be most unsatisfactory, falling far behind the plan, possibly as much as 25 per cent undvr the set objectives, and thereby interfering with the production plans, mora particularly since the Soviet oil industry is still based primarily upon the production from the naturally flowing wells without any proration whatsoever rather than upon stabilized production from either prorated oil wells or those operated with various mechanical lifts. The year 1939 started with the fulfillment of the drilling programs to the extent of about 90 per cent, but the situation rapidly deteriorated arid by the second half drilling programs were being fulfilled only to the extent of 60 per cent or less. Such breakdown in drilling operations was possibly due to poor equipment, which has not been able to stand increasing demands upon it, and this is substantiated by the rccent orders plaeed in the United States by the Soviet Government for some 60 drilling rigs of the latest design. Production Baku District.—-The fields of the Apshcbron Peninsula (Baku district) made a notable progrress during the past year and were able slightly to increase their production, to 166,000,000 bbt. as compared with 164,692,-000 bbl. during 1938. The c.rnphasis of production in the Baku district remained on the flowing wells, about 20 per cent of the total number of wells flowing about 70 per cent of production. During 1939 some 550 wells were complr.tcd in the Baku district with active rigs averaging

Jan 1, 1940

By John M. Dale

As much as half of the world's known reserves of elemental sulfur occur at or near the earth's surface in natural or native sulfur deposits of volcanic or sedimentary origin. Yet these reserves constitute only a small percentage of the world's supply. Looked on as marginal materials, they remain relatively untouched despite the current demand and improved prices for sulfur. There are two main reasons for this. The first is the nature and occurrence of the deposits. They are generally small and widely scattered in remote and often arid locations, and the gangue constituents of the ore are apt to vary considerably-not only between deposits but also within deposits. The second reason is the lack of workable and economically feasible processes for recovering sulfur from the ores in such deposits. Historically, the older thermal processes in which the sulfur is vaporized away from the gangue were probably the most successful, but they were inefficient and created pollution problems. A few of the historical processes remain in operation today. Recently, however, an improved thermal process to handle all sulfur-containing surface ores has been designed under sponsorship of the Pan American Sulfur Co. A schematic diagram of this process is shown in Fig. 1. The process equipment consists of a paddle trough conveyor retort which is operated as a closed unit to prevent any air or oxygen from entering the system. Ground surface sulfur ore and heated pebbles are fed to this unit simultaneously. The ore and heated pebbles are slowly conveyed and continuously mixed down the conveyor retort. Heat from the pebbles and heat supplied to the outside walls of the trough conveyor retort raise the ore temperature above the boiling point of sulfur. Sulfur vapors and steam originating from moisture in the ore are ducted to a condenser, and the sulfur is recovered as a liquid. The gangue and the pebbles are discharged from the trough conveyor and separated-the gangue being discarded, and the pebbles being conveyed to a direct-fired rotary pebble heater where they are reheated before they are again charged into the rotary trough conveyor retort. The hot gases which pass countercurrent to the pebbles are ducted to the outside of the rotary trough conveyor where they pass countercurrent to the flow of the ore in order to maximize heat recovery and utilization.

Jan 4, 1969

By H. A. Gardner

THE principal use of barium sulphate is as an inert paint pigment.. For this purpose, the ground material is used both in its natural and in its artificial forms. Probably the largest amount is used in the production of a chemically precipitated pigment called lithopone which consists of 70 parts of barium sulphate and 30 parts of zinc sulphide. An enormous tonnage-of this pigment is at the present time being used in the manufacture of interior flat wall paints of the oil type, such paints having almost entirely supplanted the use of corroded white lead which was at one time used for interior painting. The more dense nature, lower price and sanitary value of lithopone was responsible for this change. Lithopone is, moreover, used to a large extent in the manufacture of oil cloth, shade cloth and linoleum. Its whiteness makes it of particular value for this purpose. Barium sulphate is also used of itself in admixture with other pigments in the manufacture of prepared paints. The chemically precipitated form of barium sulphate, which is generally called blanc fixe, is also used for this purpose. Much controversy has raged in the paint world over the question of inert pigments such as barytes, silica, asbestine and china clay. These pigments are probably called inert because they have no chemical action upon the linseed oil in which they are ground to produce paints, and on account of the fact that they become transparent in oil. It is well known that in the manufacture of paints, opaque white pigments, such as basic carbonate white lead, basic sulphate white lead, zinc oxide etc., are generally used as the grinding base. These base pigments, when ground in oil, react therewith to some slight extent, and they produce white paints which have excellent biding or obscuring value. The inert pigments so-called, when ground in oil and spread out into a thin film, form transparent coatings which have no hiding power. It has been contended, therefore, that the use of barytes or similar inert pigments in paints is resorted to simply for the purpose of cheapening the cost of the product.

Jan 9, 1914

By K. L. Temple, A. R. Colmer

ACID coal mine drainage presents a peculiarly difficult problem for two principal reasons. First is the fact that the amount of acid water discharged from active and abandoned mines constantly increases as coal fields are developed and thereby creates a steadily worsening nuisance of rapidly growing importance to the general public as well as to the coal industry. Second is the even more significant fact that there is no method yet known that will appreciably alleviate the acid water problem except at totally prohibitive cost to the coal operators. The problem is thus seen to be an urgent one. With a growing need for good quality water and a growing public demand for abatemknt of stream pollution, a large portion of the soft coal industry finds itself in the position of year by year dumping more and more acid into the streams and waterways and having no way in sight of improving the situation or even of keeping it from getting worse. While some studies have been made, it is only in the last few years that the problem has been seriously considered, chiefly by the group of workers under the direction of S. A. Braley at Mellon Institute and by the Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. fellowship at West Virginia University. Hinkle and Koehlerl reported the results of the earlier West Virginia work. This work pointed to certain biological aspects which had not been noticed previously. These may be summarized as two separate findings. One was that sulphur oxidizing bacteria were present in acid mine water and that their possible role in contributing to the acidity should be investigated. The other was

Jan 1, 1952

By Benjamin LeRoy Miller, Joseph T. Singewald

The ore deposits at Firmeza have been worked continuously since 1884; those at Daiquiri since 1895. It is surprising, therefore, that they have not been the object of careful geologic study until quite recently. It is true that considerable attention was paid to these deposits by A. C. Spencer, in 1901, in the report on the geology of Cuba, by Hayes, Vaughan, and Spencer,l but this was only incidental to a hasty general reconnaissance of the Island. As far as the Daiquiri deposits are concerned, this gap has been filled by the appearance of the two papers by Prof. James F. Kemp2 and by Prof. Waldemar Lind-gren and Clyde P. Ross respectively.3 Max Roesler, first holder of the Emmons fellowship, made a detailed study of the Firmeza deposits during the past summer, so that soon we can expect a full description of them. Consequently, there is no, demand at the present time for a description of the deposits from other sources, and that is not the purpose of this paper. The papers on Daiquiri, however, leave unsolved problems in regard to the age of the rocks of the district and certain phases of the genesis of the deposits, and it is with the hope of aiding in the solution of some of these problems that this contribution is offered. Kemp, and Lindgren and Ross agree in assigning these deposits to the type of contact metamorphic deposits. They disagree in part on the question of their localization. The deposits occur in an extensive area of diorite which includes numerous blocks of limestone, and sometimes are found in the contact zones between these blocks and the diorite, and in other instances are completely enveloped in the diorite, showing no apparent connection with the limestone. The latter class includes

Jan 1, 1916

IN THE December issue of MINING AND METALLURGY, attention was drawn to the February meeting of the Institute. The plans of the Committee on Arrange-ments have progressed considerably since that date, so that further announcements may now be made. The Mining Methods Committee has definitely arranged for at least three sessions. One of these will be devoted to a discussion of various methods used in sampling large low-grade ore deposits; a second will have for its leading subject underground transportation and mining practice as developed by the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., and the third will be devoted to the coal industry, particularly in reference to the percent-age of economic recovery under various conditions. The Mining Methods Committee will also hold a committee meeting, which will be open to all members, for the purpose of a discussion in reference to the symposium on mining methods which it proposes to hold at an early meeting. The Petroleum and Gas Committee is planning a two-day symposium. A tentative program was printed in the November number of MINING AND METALLURGY, and this, with a few changes, still indicates the plans of the committee. E. L. DeGolyer, vice-chairman of the committee, says Mining engineers and geologists should make every effort to attend the February meeting and hear the symposiums on foreign oil possibilities which have been arranged by the Petro-leum and Gas Committee of the Institute. No such comprehen-sive consideration of this subject as that planned has previously been attempted. This matter is extremely important to all persons who are users of petroleum or its products, and in our present civilization this classification includes every individual, but it is particularly important to the engineer who directs the production and use of power on a large scale. The United States produces currently about two-thirds of the world's oil but consumes more than it produces. We must look .to outside areas for part at least of our petroleum requirements and the future market, because even American oil will be influ-enced largely by the ease and freedom with which this outside supply may be secured. It is important to you to know something of foreign prospects and conditions under which they may be developed.

Jan 1, 1922

By Frederick H. Williams

THE object of this paper is to bring to the attention of those members of the Institute who are interested in the subject, a method for the estimation of manganese, which has been frequently used in the laboratory of the Vulcan Steel Works during the last eight months, and which is deemed worthy of more general use. It is simply an adaptation of well-known processes, for the purpose of determining this element in pig iron and steel. In general, the method consists in precipitating the manganese as binoxide, dissolving in dilute sulphuric acid in the presence of an excess of a standardized solution of oxalic acid, and titrating the remainder of the oxalic acid left unoxidized with permanganate of potash. For this method, therefore,. two standardized solutions are needed, viz., a permanganate solution and an oxalic acid solution. The permanganate solution is made so that 1 c.c. is equivalent to 1 mgr. of iron. By using so weak a solution and keeping the bulk of the solution to be titrated down to 75 c.c. or a little less, the accuracy of the process is greatly increased, since the final reaction is almost if not quite as sharp as if a stronger solution were used. The oxalic acid' may be of almost any strength, but if made so that 1 c.c. requires 3 c.c. of the permanganate to oxidize it, it will auswer well. The process is then, as follows : from 1 to 2 grams of pig iron or steel are dissolved in 40 to 50 c.c. of concentrated nitric acid with the aid of heat. As soon as solution is effected, in the case of steel, add gradually and cautiously, the solution being kept boiling, sufficient pulverized chlorate of potash to precipitate the manganese as binoxide. Two grams will be a great abundance. In the me of pig iron, first remove the carbon and silica by filtering the solution through asbestos and washing with concentrated nitric acid. Filter the strong acid solution in which the binoxide has been precipitated, through asbestos with the aid. of the filter pump. When it has entirely passed through wash well with water. Blow the contents: of the funnel into the beaker in which the precipitation was made and rinse the funnel with a little water.

Jan 1, 1882

The eastern part of the state of Rhode Island on both sides of Narragansett Bay, including the island of Rhode Island, is underlaid with carboniferous rocks which carry veins of anthracite. This formation extends into the neighboring portion of Massachusetts, including the area from the state line, the towns of Mansfield, Brockton and Bridgewater,: and extending probably ten miles east of the latter two towns, to Middlesboro, and to Fall River. In Massachusetts the coal formation extends over nearly the whole of Bristol, and parts of Plymouth and Norfolk Counties. In Rhode Island and Massachusetts the area covered is about 400 square miles. In both states the exact limits of the coal measures cannot be determined on account of a thick layer of drift which overlays it. Along parts of Narragansett Bay, the coal measures outcrop in the cliffs on the west side of Rhode Island, and the presence of coal here seems to have been noted as early as 1760, and in 1768 a patent was granted to parties who "were about to dig after pit, coal or sea coal" at the back of the town of Providence. In 1807-08 Benjamin Silliman, later a geologist, visited some openings,' and in 1808 a mine was opened near Portsmouth, in the northeast part of Rhode Island. Work was done here until about 1814 when the mine was abandoned. No anthracite had been used in New England at that time, all coal used came from Nova Scotia, Virginia or England, and was high volatile bituminous; neither experience nor the means of firing favored the use of the local fuel? This mine was again working in 1827, was again abandoned and operations were resumed in 1847. In 1837 a note in a magazine mentions, "the immense coal mine in Cumberland-about six miles from the city of Providence" as having a shaft 14 ft. in diameter and 80 ft. deep, that the horses then used for hoisting the coal were to be superseded by a steam engine and another shaft was to be sunk. With these improvements 30,000 to 50,000 tons were to be produced the following year at a cost of $1 per ton and a sales realization of $6.1 Hitchcock's report refers to a number of localities in both states where definite knowledge of coal existed. These are:

Jan 1, 1942

By N. A. McKinnon, J. H. Auld, A. M. Marshall, R. A. Coyle

IN making a study of the slip deformation and strain hardening of single crystals of aluminum, it has been found that considerable information additional to that provided by the usual metal-lographic techniques can be obtained by the use of the microfocus X-ray method described by Schulz.1 This technique has been applied to crystals both in the state as-grown by the strain-anneal method and after they have been subjected to increasing amounts of plastic strain. Kelly and Wei" have recently reported the use of this method for a study of lineage structure in aluminum single crystals grown from the melt. The crystals, prepared from aluminum of 99.99 pct purity supplied by British Aluminium Co. Ltd., were grown in the form of flat tensile specimens with a gage section of 0.3 by 0.1 in. and a gage length of 2.3 in. The microfocus X-ray tube used provided a focus of approximately 50 half width. Examination of a large number of as-grown crystals showed no sign of any macroscopic defects in the majority of cases. However, occasionally crystals grown by the strain-anneal method did show defects similar in nature to those shown by Kelly and Wei to occur in crystals grown from the melt. In some other cases a more regular appearance of black and white lines, corresponding to valleys and ridges, respectively, in the lattice, was obtained, Fig. 1. This particular crystal was slightly deformed as the lines when present in the image of an as-grown crystal are only barely visible. The angle of tilt of the blocks is of the order of 3. It seems likely that these tilt boundaries arise during the growth of the crystal due to the specimen not being perfectly flat on the hearth of the furnace and straightening under its own weight at the elevated temperatures. For the deformation studies the crystals were strained in a Polanyi-type tensile machine. A typical photograph taken after 1.2 pct elongation of a single crystal oriented with its axis fairly close to the center of the stereographic triangle is given in Fig. 2. The reflection, which is from the (111) planes, is traversed by two systems of parallel lines. These have been identified as traces of the primary (111) slip plane and the (110) plane perpendicular to the primary slip direction. The latter lines correspond to kink bands which could not be detected by the ordinary techniques of

Jan 1, 1958

By J. E. Schaefer

A summary of oil and gas development in Ohio for 1936 is necessarily brief and, in some details incomplete, owing to the lack of a central state agency for the collection of data and statistics on well drilling and production. The information used in this report was compiled from the records of the several companies operating in the state. Drilling activity in Ohio increased during 1936 as compared to the two preceding years. During the year 1157 wells were completed, as compared to 1022 wells in 1935 and 1055 wells in 1934. However, in spite of this increase in drilling activity, both oil and gas production declined for the year. Activity by Fields Trenton Sand Field.—The Trenton sand field is located in 15 counties of northwestern Ohio, trending from Toledo on the north, south and west through Findlay into Indiana. About 40 years ago the Trenton field was one of the most important oil-producing fields in the United States, but it has declined to a position of minor importance. During the year 1936 there were 52 completions in this field—29 gas wells, 19 oil wells and 4 dry holes. Clinton Sand Field.—The Clinton sand is by far the most important gas-producing field in the state. Production is located in small pools separated by nonproducing areas, on a band of varying width reaching from Cleveland on the north to Lawrence County on the Ohio River on the south. During 1936 a small pool of patchy character was developed in Butler township, Knox County. Seventeen wells were completed in the Clinton sand, of which 13 were gas wells and 4 were dry holes. The average initial production secured per well drilled, including dry holes, was 1,288,000 cu. ft. The average depth of the Clinton sand was 3000 feet. A gas well was completed in lot 9 of Franklin township, Tuscarawas County. Production was found in the first Clinton sand at a depth of 4354 ft. The initial open flow after shot was 828,000 cu. ft. and the rock

Jan 1, 1937

By M. J. Buerger

POSSIBLY the most puzzling features observed during a single-crystal deformation test are the appearance of slip striae on the surface of the crystal and the strengthening of the specimen.1 While the first phenomenon is mainly of theoretical interest, the latter is fundamental to all strain-hardening and cold-working processes in which the deformation occurs by translation. The plastic deformation of crystals has received considerable discussion2 and need not be reviewed here in, any great detail. It has been observed, essentially, that after a certain amount of initial stress is applied, the surface of the crystal becomes covered with sets of parallel striae or rings which appear to divide it into thin slabs or slip blocks.3 The striae are the traces of rational crystallographic planes along which shearing movements are localized, these movements providing the strain which accompanies stress applied beyond pure elasticity. As deformation under the applied stress proceeds the slip blocks shear past one another, although the essentially single-crystal character of the specimen is unimpaired. All of the shearing apparently takes place in the immediate vicinity of the original slip striae without the appearance of new planes of movement.4 Since each increment of strain is attended by an increased stress requirement to continue the deformation, the crystal strengthens during the process.

Jan 1, 1928

By John W. Padan, Thomas E. Howard

Most of what has been written during the past few years on marine mineral resources has emphasized the vast potential of the ocean, and its floor, as a source of the vital mineral raw materials upon which our modern technological society depends. Computations have been made to demonstrate that the sea contains sufficient minerals to support any reasonable world population indefinitely. The importance of these resources from the standpoint of strengthening the national mineral resource base has been pointed out. And though the information upon which these conclusions are based is sketchy, essentially qualitative, and often conflicting, there can be no doubt that the mineral potential of the sea is tremendous and that there are compelling reasons for working toward its exploitation. Unfortunately, there has been little emphasis on the problems that must be overcome, from the perspective of the economics of mineral production. Some of these problems have been noted, and some authors have appraised them realistically. However, many proposed solutions have been more romantic than practical, from the standpoint of both technology and economics. As a result the general impression has been given, particularly to those uninitiated in the realities of mineral production, that the mineral wealth of the sea is there for the taking-requiring only a good modicum of courage and technologic innovation to place it within easy grasp. But developing the capability necessary for substantial, profitable production of sea bottom minerals will be far from easy. It will be accomplished much more quickly if the problems are faced squarely, defined properly, and attacked in an orderly, logical sequence. While this approach may lack glamour, it offers the highest probability for success.

Jan 6, 1966

By Richard D. Divine

In the Parkes process of extracting precious metals from lead, zinc is added to the molten lead containing gold, silver, copper, and some antimony. These metals, with the exception of antimony, form an alloy with the zinc by reason of their greater affinity for it than for the lead, and this alloy, being lighter than lead, rises to the top, carrying the precious metals with it, whence it can be removed by skimming. These skimmings are further treated for the separation of the zinc therefrom, and the recovery of the precious metals, the zinc being driven off by heat and again used for another operation. In addition to the zinc that combines with the silver, etc., a certain amount is necessary to saturate the lead, and it is therefore necessary to treat the desilverized lead to free it from this residual zinc. TO do this it is heated again in a reverberatory furnace and air or steam is blown through it. This oxidizes the zinc together with a small amount of lead and antimony, leaving the lead free from zinc and antimony, and forming oxides of these metals, which rise to the top and are skimmed off. This process relates to the separation of the metals in these oxides or skimmings. The skimmings are cooled, crushed, and mixed with carbonate of soda and pulverized oil coke. The mixture is heated in a reverberatory furnace on a bath of lead, to about 1,000" C. The metals are reduced by the coke, the lead and antimony go into the lead bath, while the zinc is volatilized and burned to oxide. This impure oxide is at the present time treated at Omaha by the Hall process of electrical precipitation, making a very pure metallic zinc. It can also be very easily refined by the old Schnabel process of using ammonia and carbon dioxide as a solvent. It seems to be in an ideal form for this purpose, and very few changes from the original method are required to obtain the zinc oxide practically C. P., leaving the lead and antimony as residues. There has been considerable difference of opinion regarding the effect

Jan 1, 1915

By Robert B. Fulton

Commercially, celestite (SrSO4) is the predominant strontium mineral. Among other strontium-bearing minerals, only strontianite (SrCO3) occurs commonly; however, it is rarely an item of commerce. Production of celestite is principally in Mexico, Spain, and Turkey. An attempt to produce celestite in Canada was unsuccessful. The United States, which is wholly dependent on imports, chiefly from Mexico (99%), is the largest consumer of strontium. Lesser quantities are consumed in Japan and Europe. The Federal Republic of Germany is the principal source of strontium compounds imported to the US. Uses The principal uses of strontium are for the manufacture of strontium carbonate and nitrate. Carbonate is used in glass for TV tube face plates and in ceramic ferrites for magnets. Nitrate is used in pyrotechnics, mainly in safety flares, to which it imparts a characteristic brilliant red color. Minor amounts of strontium compounds are used in electrolytic zinc manufacturing where the carbonate is used to remove unwanted lead. Small quantities are consumed in greases, ceramics, soaps, alloys, and pharmaceuticals. Specifications Typical celestite specifications for the carbonate and nitrate markets are shown in Table 1. Specifications of manufactured carbonate, sold in two grades, one to the glass industry and the other for ceramic ferrites, are shown in Table 2. Both grades of carbonate are shipped in palletized 50-lb bags. Glass grade material is shipped in bulk by rail. [ ] Manufacturing Processes The following description is adapted from Anon. (1980) . The manufacturing process for strontium carbonate and strontium nitrate chemicals is conceptually simple. Strontium nitrate is made from strontium carbonate in two additional steps. The production process begins with celestite, the natural form of strontium sulfate. In the first step the ore is crushed, ground, and mixed with coke. This mixture is then fed into a kiln where the ore is reduced at high temperatures to strontium sulfide; the coke is added to the ore as a source of energy and carbon. The carbon combines with the oxygen [ ]

Jan 1, 1983

By Gherman Pavlovich Nikonov

Results of preliminary research on the use of small diameter water jets at high pressure for cutting rocks has demonstrated the possibility of effective cutting of anthracite. Detailed research has, therefore, been conducted at the Skotchinsky Institute of Mining to study the dynamics and structure of the small water jets and the mechanism by which they cut coal. One of the objects of this research was to obtain data for the design of a machine for cutting rock, based on the same principles as that for cutting coal. The productivity of water jet mining machines depends on the hydro- dynamic parameters of the jet. Therefore, the research on small diameter water jets was directed, initially to a study of the nature of the variation of these parameters, and to obtain a profile of dynamic pressure distribution over the section of the jet. As has been confirmed previously, the required jet pressure (to cut coal) lies in the range of 100 to 500 atmospheres. These pressures were utilized for the research. The diameter of the nozzle was changed as ~follows; 0.97; 1.24; 1.5; 2.17; 2.87; and 3.57 mm. Graphs showing dynamic pressures for each nozzle diameter and varied axial dynamic pressure were obtained over distances ranging from 2 to 70 cm from the nozzle. One of the most important hydrodynamic parameters of a jet, closely related to the dynamics of jet disturbance in air, is the magnitude of the axial dynhmic pressure. A study of the variation in this pressure with increasing distance from the nozzle led to the separation of the jet into three specific parts, which differ from each other not only in the nature of the change in dynamic pressure, but also in structural properties.

Jan 1, 1971