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PRESIDENT BENJAMIN B. THAYER,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS JAMES F. KEMP,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. CHARLES F. RAND,2 NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY J. JENNINGS,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE1 NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY EMERITUS ROSSITER W. RAYMOND, NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON NEW YORK, N. Y

Jan 3, 1914

PRESIDENT L. D. RICKETTS,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS BENJAMIN B. THAYER,1 NEW YORK, N, Y. WILLIAM L. SAUNDERS,2 NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY J. JENNINGS,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY EMERITUS ROSSITER W.. RAYMOND NEW YORK, N. Y SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 6, 1916

PRESIDENT. CHARLES F. RAND,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS. CHARLES KIRCHHOFF,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. JAMES F. KEMP, 2 NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT. BENJAMIN B. THAYER,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. TREASURER. GEORGE C. STONE,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY EMERITUS. ROSSITER. W. RAYMOND NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON, NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 12, 1913

PRESIDENT BENJAMIN B. THAYER,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST' PRESIDENTS JAMES F. KEMP,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. CHARLES F..RAND,2 NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY K. KENNINGS,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY EMERITUS ROSSITER W. RAYMOND, NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON NEW YORK, N. Y

Jan 6, 1914

By Linn Bradley

Introduction MARKED differences of opinion have been expressed by engineers interested in cleaning iron blast-furnace gases for use in hot-blast stoves and under boilers, in reference to the advantages of a hot-dry method over a cold-wet method. One point at issue involves the sensible heat energy in the moisture contained in the gas. Some advocates of the cold-wet methods claim that the condensation and resultant removal of the greater portion of this contained moisture by wet scrubbing, spraying or similar methods, results in a saving of some of this sensible heat energy, by reason of the fact that water vapor has a high capacity for sensible heat energy and may carry from the exit of a hot-blast stove, for example, more heat units than are sacrificed or lost when the gas is cleaned by this cold-wet method. Other advantages claimed for the latter method are: That gas burns more readily when it is free from moisture in any form; that because gas is made denser by cooling and removing the moisture it has a higher calorific value than hot gas carrying moisture; and that higher flame temperatures are obtained when the gas is cleaned by the cold-wet method. A search through the available literature fails to disclose any extensive calculations or records of conditions obtained in practice, bearing upon these phases of gas cleaning. This paper deals with these problems from the standpoint of the economy of using a gas of higher flame temperatures, of improved stove design, and of economy in the gas-cleaning department. Calculations have been made which show that by cleaning the gases by a cold-wet method the sensible heat energy of the blast-furnace gases is greatly reduced; and, in general, this loss of heat energy is far greater than that lost from the stoves or boilers due to the sensible heat capacity of the water vapor if carried away by the exit gases. By making use of the

Jan 2, 1917

By T. K. Perkins, W. W. Krech

Jan 1, 1969

By R. McDonald, B. C. Maine

CERRO'S power system consists of three main hydroelectric plants and one steam-electric plant. These are located on the eastern slope of the main Andes range at altitudes between 12,000 and 13,000 ft. The hydroelectric group utilizes the watershed which extends for about 150 kilometers south from Cerro de Pasco, divided into two catchment areas which lie adjacent. The northern area serve,, the medium-head plant of Mal¬paso. while the southern area provides for the high-head plants at Pachachaca and Oroya. The rainfall, as registered at the rain gauging stations of the three hydroelectric plants, averages 33 in. per year; all these stations are subject to the same hydrological conditions, and the bulk of precipitation occurs between October and March. Rainfall during the dry season, April till September, has no appreciable effect on the total annual runoff. Table 1 shows the storage capacities of the main reservoirs of the hydroelectric group. The four plants are tied together electrically by a 50-kv. transmission network, the system being 3-phase 3-wire at 60 cycles with a solidly grounded

Jan 1, 1945

By George W. Maynard

(Pittsburg Meeting, March, 1910.) AT the Pittsburg meeting of the Institute, May, 1879, I made the first announcement in America of the results obtained by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas and Percy C. Gilchrist, ill their efforts to eliminate phosphorus in the manufacture of steel in the Bessemer converter and the open-hearth furnace.1 The first published statement in an American newspaper was a reprint of the first Thomas-Gilchrist paper, 2 which I sent to J. C. Bayles, at that time the editor. At the suggestion of many friends who were present at the Pittsburg meeting, and others who are cognizant of the beginnings of the process in the United States, and for the information of the younger generation of the iron and steel fraternity, I have thought it eminently proper that the history of the process in detail should be given where I made the first announcement and where the process has had its largest development. During my residence in England, from April, 1873, to February, 1879, and as a member of the Iron and Steel Institute since 1874, I was present at many of its meetings during those years. At nearly -every meeting the burden of discussion was the question of the use of pig-iron containing phosphorus in the. manufacture of steel by the Bessemer or the open-hearth process. In my biographical notice of Thomas;3 read at the New York meeting of, the Institute, February, 1885, I show that the working-out of the process was not a hap-hazard or accidental inspiration, but the culmination of many years of investigation of experiments and theories which had been carried on and advanced by chemists and metallurgists at home and abroad. 1 Trans., viii., .5 (1879-80). 2 The Iron Age, vol. 22, No. 17, p. 3 (Oct. 24, 1878). 3 Trans.. xiii., 785 to 791.

Jul 1, 1910

By Samuel H. Dolbear

NOT WITHSTANDING the extremely low ebb of business activity, the nonmetallic industries have fared somewhat better than some other branches of mining. The average price level in nonmetallics, although far from satisfactory, has resisted any cataclysmic fall such as has been suffered by copper and other metals. Stocks, also, though too abundant, represent no corresponding overhang of the market, which should result, in some branches, in a more rapid recovery. Research work has continued in some industries with interesting developments.

Jan 1, 1933

By Theodore J. Hoover

WHAT are the chief branches of the mining engineering profession today? In an effort to analyze the structure of the profession, for practical purposes, a quantitative study has been made of the membership of the A.I.M.E., and is herein reported for the first time. In spite of the effect that a long history and a relatively small group of professional workers have had in limiting specialization in mining engineering, there has nevertheless grown up a wide variety of specialties in this field. More than a hundred different kinds of engineers were discovered among the titles given by Institute members in the Directory, ranging from "advisory engineer" and "American engineer" down to "wire-rope engineer" and "works engineer." How should all these titles be defined and interpreted? How many of them should be relegated as meaningless or confusing? What are the relationships among the remaining useful designations? Should some of them be grouped as "metallurgical" or "chemical," or under some other head?

Jan 1, 1935

By Jack A. Crichton, Henry J. Gruy

This paper discusses methods used in the estimation of natural gas reserves and the general conditions under which the various methods are applicable. The factors used in estimating natural gas reserves are reviewed. Errors which have been found to occur frequently are listed. Introduction The estimation of natural gas reserves has become of paramount interest because of the increasing importance of gas in the nation's economy. Gas is a most desirable fuel, a fact substantiated by the continued rise in the market demand. In addition, new uses for gas are being developed by the chemical, plastic, and associated industries, and plants are being built to make gasoline from natural gas. These are a few of the factors contributing to the importance of the nation's natural gas reserves. With the increased importance of gas there is an increase in the need for reliable estimates of the magnitude and availability of natural gas reserves. These estimates are being used currently: (I) to determine which fields contain sufficient available reserves to justify the construction of pipe-line outlets to serve particular markets; (2) to design pipe lines necessary to serve those fields adequately;] (3) to determine the location of industrial and chemical plants; (4) to finance the development of gas properties, and the construction of gas pipe lines; (5) to determine fair and adequate depletion allowances and depreciation rates; (6) to justify applications for gas pipe lines before various regulatory bodies; (7) to determine the number of wells required to exploit the reserves most economically; (8) to aid in establishing values for the purchase or sale of gas properties, and for purposes of inheritance taxes; (9) to determine equities under unitized operations; (10) to provide a basis for calculating the economics of gas-cycling operations. History or Estimation of Natural Gas Reserves The natural gas industry in the United States had its beginning during 1826 when natural gas was used for lighting the city of Fredonia, N. Y. The first natural gas pipe line was a 25-mi]le wooden line constructed from hollowed logs, connecting West Bloomfield and Rochester, N. Y. There is no record of an attempt to estimate the gas reserve at West Bloomfield but an attempt was made to determine the capacity of the well by measuring the time required to 611 a large balloon. One of the earlier publications concerning estimation of natural gas reserves is the "Manual for the Oil and Gas Industry," published by the Treasury Department, United States Internal Revenue, in i9i9. The following methods of computing "gas depletion" are listed: (I) production decline of the gas well or property; (2) decline in open-flow capacity; (3) comparison with the life history of similar wells or properties, particularly those exhausted Art

Jan 1, 1949

By T. F. Witherbee

It is proposed to give, first, a description of the works; second, a report of the first six months of the present blast; and third, such improvements as have been suggested by the practical working. The site selected for this furnace was, at the time of commencing work, October, 1872, entirely covered by the navigable waters of Lake Champlain. A coffer-dam was first built of cribs of round timber filled with stone, forming three sides, while the shore answered for the fourth. Considerable excavating was done with a steam-dredge, a hole being left for it to pass out. The opening was then built up, and the cribbing banked up with blue clay from the bottom of the lake, to render it water-tight and the dam pumped out; the remainder of the excavating being done by hand. All of the foundations, with the exception of the elevator-tower, and fifteen feet of the east side of hot blast, rest on the Potsdam sandstone, which forms the shore line, dipping into the lake at an angle of fifteen degrees. Owing to jogs in the formation, a much greater depth was found necessary than was at first anticipated, the foundation under the stack

By M. S. Azun

The article unfortunately has some serious flaws negating the usefulness of the paper. The authors claim that kriging (linear kriging) is superior to other methods such as polygon. This is not the case. The deterministic methods (referring to polygon, ID, IDS, etc.) should not be compared with the statistical methods (linear kriging, disjunctive kriging, etc.) because they differ not only in their assumptions, but also their tools used in estimation. Thus, they give different results. By comparing the results of deterministic methods and linear kriging, the authors conclude that polygon, IDS, and linear kriging give an average thickness close to the value obtained from realizations. Besides, they argue that linear kriging gives less variance than the others [(fig. 2)]. The first conclusion is expected, due to the well-known central limit theorem. The second is the result of the statistical properties of different estimators. Thus, the comparison presented in the paper is rather meaningless because the authors have failed to follow basic statistical procedures. The numerical results of different approaches to an estimation problem cannot be generalized. In conclusion, the paper is not a meaningful contribution, and sadly, quite erroneous.

Jan 1, 1985

By Thomas T., Read

ALTHOUGH the first colonists in the area that is now the A United States, whether Spanish, French or English in nationality, were usually keenly interested in the possibilities of mineral wealth, it is a curious and interesting fact that none of them happened upon the mineral deposits that eventually were to make this the greatest mineral-producing country; up to 1800 it would probably have been rated as rather poor in minerals. Spanish explorers traversed the southeastern United States with- , out finding the Appalachian gold deposits that aroused so much interest in the early nineteenth century; Coronado sought in vain for the seven golden cities of Cibola; and the important gold \ deposits of California were not discovered until the political sovereignty of the region had passed from Mexico, which had held it for three centuries. The French also held Canada for nearly two centuries (and the British for another century) without finding the mineral deposits in Ontario and Quebec that now are so important. Though they knew of the copper of the Keweenaw peninsula, the lead ores. of Wisconsin and Missouri, and the coal of Illinois in the seventeenth century, these deposits were all too remote for exploitation. In the area held by Great Britain, iron smelting was planned at Jamestown as early as 1619 and was actually begun at Lynn, Mass., in 1643. The industry grew slowly, at first, but had reached considerable importance before the Revolution. Commercial bituminous coal mining began about 1750 in Virginia but anthracite mining in Pennsylvania was not started until 1800. As a result there was naturally little interest in the technical aspects of mineral prodnction here before 1800 by any except the few people who were actually engaged in it. Students of natural science were much interested in minerals, however. The activities of those who rank as geologists are so thoroughly covered in

Jan 1, 1941

By David T. Day

In the summer of 1898, a demand suddenly arose for commercial quantities of the element osmium. At least half a ton was wanted for the manufacture of a new incandescent light. This led the writer to examine localities where platinum had been reported, in order to determine whether osmiridium mas contained in the crude platinum. With the co-operation of the concern most interested, the Welsbach Light Company, and in company with its President, Col. William E. Barrows, I visited most of the leading American localities where platinum has been obtained. I also wrote to every available placer-mine in the West for samples of the heaviest sands, in order to test them for platinum. The results of this inquiry are given in the present paper. Distribution. The notices of the occurrence of platinum in this country given in scientific journals include two interesting observa tions in the East. One concerns a nugget described by Peter Collier of Washington, D. C.,* and said to have been found on land adjacent to the village of Plattsburgh, N. Y., which weighed 104.4 grammes, and contained sufficient chromite to reduce the specific gravity from 17.35 for the heaviest portion to

Jan 1, 1901

By E. P. Bayer

MESABI RANGE ore is mined largely by the open-pit method. This involves having available at all times sufficient working places which in combination will produce ore of guaranteed analysis. Fast- loading power shovels turn out under favorable conditions 1000 tons per hour from each unit. Each unit loads ore differing materially in analysis from that loaded by the others, One may load high grade, another low grade, and another may be in a mixed bank with the lead ore so placed that the product must be mixed at the shovel before it is loaded into cars. In such cases the bank is combed with the bucket, the door being left open to permit the material to fall through.

Jan 1, 1937

By H. R. Stahl

FIVE mills are operated in Southeast Missouri by the St. Joseph Lead Co.; these have a total rated capacity of 24,300 tons per day divided as follows: Federal, 12,000 tons; Leadwood, 4800 tons; Desloge, 3600 tons; Bonne Terre, 2400 tons; and Mine La Motte, 1500 tons. These concentrators are similar in a general way, differing mainly in size and type of equipment and in minor variations in flow sheet. No attempt is made rigidly to standardize procedure in the various mills in spite of a general similarity in the ores. Each mill may be regarded as a separate laboratory in which new ideas and changes may be tried. A generalized description of the process is given, noting important differences in procedure at the various plants. The concentration process may be divided into five main stages: dry crushing, wet grinding, desliming and classification, tabling, and flotation.

Jan 1, 1947

By M. S. Rashid, C. J. Altstetter

Allotropic transformations in cerium have been studied by dilatometric, resistometric, X-ray diffraction, and metallographic techniques. The dilatometric study indicated that, on cooling below O°C, the high-temperature fcc phase, y, transforms partly to the hexagonal phase, ß, and, on further cooling, to the collapsed fcc phase, a. The amount of $ phase present at room temperature is increased by repeated cycling through the a-y transformation. It has been shown metallograPhically that the y-ß transformation has many characteristics of a martensitic transformation. In contrast to the y-ß transformation the ?-a transformation does not give the manifestation of a shear transformation. Small cellular ? domains of random shape and size collapse to a in a short time with no apparent coordination with neighboring domains. The considerable confusion in the literature over the existence of more than one high-temperature fcc phase is discussed. Two such phases have been reported in the literature and an attempt is made in this study to clarify the situation. Twelve fcc and two hcp structures have been shown to be easily reproduced or eliminated. It is proposed that the two "additional" allotropes reported in the literature and fourteen of the phases detected here are not allotropes of cerium but are due to contamination. CERIUM exists in several allotropic forms, but there is some disagreement over what the forms are. Furthermore, the conditions favoring the presence of a particular allotrope and the nature of the transformations from one form to another are uncertain. The objectives of this research were 1) to ascertain the allotropic forms of cerium, 2) to establish the conditions under which the allotropes exist, 3) to study the effects of annealing and thermal cycling on the allotropic transformations, and 4) to study the transformation mechanisms. Dilatometric, resistometric, metallographic, and X-ray diffraction techniques were employed. The form of cerium commonly found at room temperature is fcc and is designated ?. A complex hexagonal phase, 8, forms when y is cooled to slightly below room temperature. At still lower temperatures the y fcc structure transforms to an fcc form with a much smaller lattice parameter, termed a cerium. A bcc form, 6, which exists just below the melting point (800°C), will not be considered further in this work. There is a substantial body of experimental evidence (reviewed by Gschneidnerl) which favors the acceptance of these four allotropes, though some investigators have tried unsuccessfully to observe the ß hexagonal form.'-' There is disagreement, however, over the phase-transformation temperatures, due, in part, to broad hysteresis and overlapping of the transformations between the a, ß, and ? forms. The transformations are also sensitive to prior thermal and mechanical treatment. The differing purity of cerium used by different investigators is undoubtedly a factor. Cerium is difficult to separate from other elements and is quite reactive, igniting spontaneously when it is filed in air. The highest purity of cerium to date is reported to contain several hundred parts per million by weight of impurities, and early investigations were carried out on cerium containing several percent of impurities. There have been reports of more than one fcc allotrope at room temperature. Gschneidner, Elliott, and McDonald5 obtained diffraction patterns of an fcc phase with a lattice parameter about 1 pct less than that of the ? phase, instead of the y phase, on slowly cooling cerium filings from 23° to -198°C and warming them back to room temperature. However, when the sample was heated to 447°C and cooled to room temperature it consisted of only the ? phase. They have designated this new fcc phase "a-? intermediate", and say it is quite sensitive to impurities. After prolonged high-temperature treatment of a powder specimen, Weiner and Raynor2 obtained a diffraction pattern of an fcc phase of lattice parameter about 1 pct less than the ? phase. This they called the y' phase. It could not be reconverted to the y phase and is claimed to be different from the a-? intermediate phase.5,6 Dialer and Rothe3 reported two fcc phases* after cycling their powder specimens between room temperature and -192°C. Gschneidner, Elliott, and McDonald5 suggested that one of the fcc structures obtained by Dialer and Rothe was equivalent to their "a-? intermediate" phase. Table I presents some pertinent data on the proposed allotropes. For the ?(fcc)-ß(hexagonal) transformation

Jan 1, 1967

By J. G. Thompson

PROJECT 8411 of the U. S. Bureau of Standards, sponsored by the Iron and Steel Division of the A.I.M.E., is an attempt to define more concisely than has been possible heretofore the accuracy and the Limits ' of usefulness of the ' various methods now in use for the determination of oxygen as it exists in ferrous materials. It originated in correspondence between John Johnston and other metallurgists, and was brought to the attention of the Iron and Steel Division of the Institute at the Annual Meeting in February, 1933. As reported in MINING AND MET,ALLURGY, Vol. 14, page 152, March, 1933, "Dr. Johnston introduced, and those present adopted, a resolution that the Iron and Steel Division of the A.I.M.E., believing that a careful comparison of the several methods now in use for the analysis of steel for nonmetallic elements such as oxygen is highly desirable, heartily endorses the proposal that the U. S. Bureau of Standards act as a clearing house " in this matter, undertaking the final preparation and allocation of identical samples to those laboratories willing to collaborate in this important question, and collate the results re- ported back to the Bureau.'"

Jan 1, 1934

JAMES GAYLEY (President), R W RAYMOND (Secretary), FRANK LYMAN Treasurer) T A RICKARD NEW YORK, N Y CHARLES H SNOW NEW YORK, N Y R W RAYMOND NEW YORK, N Y (Terms expire February, 1906 ) JAMES GAYLEY NEW YORK, N Y FRANK KLEPETKO NEW YORK, N Y FRANK LYMAN NEW YORK, N Y (Terms expire February, 1907 ) JAMES DOUGLAS NEW YORK, N Y JAMES F KEMP NEW YORK, N Y ALBERT R LEDOUX NEW YORK, N Y (Terms expire February, 1908 ) Council PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL JAMES GAYLEY VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE COUNCIL GEORGE W MAYNARD NEW YORK, N Y JULIAN KENNEDY PITTSBURG, PA CHARLES D WALCOTT WASHINGTON, D C (Terms expire February, 1906 ) WILLIAM P BLAKE TUCSON, ARIZ THOMAS F COLE ,DULUIH, MIFF IRVING A STEARNS WILKES-BARRE, PA (terms expire February, 1907 )

Jan 1, 1910