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By the courtesy of Sir Robert Hadfield, we have received the fol¬lowing communication relating to the development and encouragement of science and research in Germany at present. These statements have been translated by Sir Robert from various German sources, and are presented here as an indication of what Germany is doing not only to further her military power, but also to prepare for the period of trade rehabilitation to which she is looking forward after the close of, the war. KAISER WILHELM TRUST FOR PROMOTION OF WAR SCIENCE The Kaiser has approved the foundation of a Trust with the name given above. The aim of the Trust is to further the development of scientific and technical aids to warfare, by uniting the scientific and the military forces of the country for work together. The scientific Work is to be carried on by the following technical committees (or commissions) (1) Committee for the chemical raw materials, for the production of munitions-manufacturing materials. (2) Committee for chemical war materials (powder, explosives, gas, and the like). (3) Committee for physics, including ballistics, telephony, telegraphy, determination of targets and distances, measurements, and the like. (4) Committee for engineering and communication. (5) Committee for aeronautics. (6) Committee for obtaining and preparation of metals.

Jan 8, 1918

By John F. Shaw

The Denver Mining Research Center headquartered at Denver, Colo., is typical of the new research units recently activated as a result of increased emphasis by the U. S. Bureau of Mines on research concerned with metal and nonmetal (except mineral fuels) ore extraction. The Denver Center, together with the recently established Minneapolis Research Center and the Offices of Mining Research at Reno and Spokane, and the older, well-known Applied Physics Research Laboratory at College Park, Md., share the responsibility for the comprehensive mining research program. The Denver Center specializes in two areas of research: (1) The development of engineering principles and mathematical techniques applicable to exploration, development and operational problems in mining, and (2) the study of rock mechanics as applied to ground control. The first area presently includes three categories: research on methods of ore sampling, mine-systems analysis, and applications of statistics to problems of mineral exploration. The second area emphasizes research in two main categories: laboratory investigations designed to develop a fuller understanding of how rock be- haves under the loads imposed by mining, and field investigations to evaluate stress-strength relation- ships in full-scale, operating mines.

Jan 3, 1962

By M. R. Meyer, W. T. Walter

A great deal is known, in a qualitative sense, about the performance of CMI EB-36 centrifuges. The manufacturer can give reliable guidance for the proper operation of its centrifuges and can give general estimates of expected product moisture and recovery. Quantitative estimates of the effects of changes in the various operating parameters are more difficult to find. The engineer faced with designing a preparation plant may be without the specific data needed to make decisions. For example, to obtain optimum product moisture when drying 9.5 mm X 595 µm (0.4 in. x 28 mesh) coal the centrifuge manufacturer recommends having no more than 5% -595 µm (-28 mesh) material in the centrifuge feed. They know that more -595 µm (-28 mesh)material in the feed will cause higher product moistures, but they usually cannot quantify the increased moisture or describe the shape of the product moisture versus -595 µm (-28 mesh) in the feed curve. This study was conceived to provide quantitative information on the EB-36 centrifuges, focusing on product moisture, recovery, and size degradation. All of the centrifuges tested were Model EB-36 dryers from Centrifugal and Mechanical Industries Inc. (CMI), with feeds in the nominal 9.5 mm x 595 pm (0.4 in. x 28 mesh) range. These are typical centrifugal dryers in this application, and many were available for testing.

Jan 1, 1984

By John W. Cabot

The following series of analyses, which may, be of interest to Bessemer-steel makers, is submitted as a contribution to the muchvexed discussion of manganese in Bessemer steel. They were made by the writer in the spring of 1881, at the works of the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Company Limited, during a' period of about eight days, part of. which time the rail-steel showed great variation in rolling qualities. During the first part of tile time in question, it rolled well; later on it began to roll wome until, finally, it cracked very badly, reaching its worst stage. After this it rapidly improved until it again rolled smoothly. During this time of transition from good rolling to bad, and hack to good again, the course of the manganese was followed quite closely. It is the striking correspondence between these varying manganese contents and the differences in rolling which is here presented as worthy of notice. The other ordinary elements were determined occasionally, but showed no. unusual variation: The steel, in question, was ordinary rail-steel of about the following compusition : C=35. P - .08. Mn - .98. Si = .08. 8 = .06. The samples for manganese determinations were taken at first from an average of two days' work, and later on, when the steel

Jan 1, 1882

By Bai Shiwie, Li. Guangyu

This paper presents the study in situ on stress field of rock mass in a large dam site. By means of two different measure instruments and the method of stress relief, a lot of measure in situ has been done, including stress measurement of three dimensions at ten points and two deep-hole stress measurements in the perpendicular boreholes which are 59.4m and 53m deep seperately, and the basic accordant results corresponding two methods have been got. In the process of the deep-borehole stress measurement we got the stress value in critical state in which cylindrical core would become core-disking in the high stress area, which was first got in the world. The maximum principal stress was up to 650 kg/cm2. The stress value obtained by test and the thickness of rock disks all basically accord to the analysis by mechanical mechanism of core-disking The plane linear elastic finite element analysis has been completed. Results of inverse calculation all ac- cord to the measurement results in four different positions. The whole outline of the stress field of dam site was delineated clearly.

Jan 1, 1982

By W. Petruk, R. S. Boorman, R. Gilders

Approximately 33% of the silver in the Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag ore of Brunswick Mining and Smelting Corporation Limited is lost to the tailings and an additional 11% to the zinc concentrate for which no payment is received. 38% to 44% of this lost silver is carried by tetrahedrite, 28% by galena and 28% to 34% by a third silver carrier. The silver minerals acanthite and pyrargyrite have been identified in mill products and hence these are suggested as the principal third silver carrier(s) accounting for 13 to 20% of the silver in Brunswick ore. About 24% of this third silver carrier assemblage is lost to the zinc concentrate and 52% to concentrator tailings.

Jan 1, 1984

By C. A. Kroetz, A. J. O’Neal

The Long Island Lighting Co. has operated an extensive monitoring system for over three years. Nearly 900,000 separate pieces of information have been recorded for a land area of some 600 sq miles, 15 miles north to south by 40 miles east to west. The data are composed of about a half million sulfur dioxide measurements at various locations, 290,000 of which were by the West-Gaeke method, about 160,000 pieces of weather data, and 220,000 measurements of sulfur dioxide as emitted from each of the power plant stacks on the system, all measured on an hourly basis and stored on computor cards and tapes. The computor has been programmed to collate stack emissions, weather information, and ground level sulfur dioxide measurements. The analysis shows that emissions from tall stacks do, indeed, contribute very little to ground level sulfur dioxide. For example, LILCO shows that its Northport plant contributes less than 2 ppb, hourly annual average. They also state that the plant converted to 100% natural gas or shut down, would reduce ground level sulfur dioxide by no more than 2 ppb.

Jan 1, 1973

By Z. M. Zavodni

The stability of waste dumps depends to a great extent on the physical properties of the underlying foundation. These physical properties are evaluated through surface geotechnical surveys, subsurface exploration, and field and laboratory testing. Sufficient information must be obtained to define and assess the strength, consolidation, distribution, topographic and hydrogeologic properties for these materials. Important foundation data collected in the field include: surface infiltration rates, downhole hydraulic conductivities, ground water levels, bedrock structural parameters, soil types and soil thickness. Laboratory testing should identify the classification, strength, moisture content, hydraulic conductivity, attenuation and consolidation characteristics. Summarized in this paper are procedures and typical results of porphyry copper leach dump foundation investigations. Laboratory properties and design recommendations for potenia1 foundation liner materials are described. Back analysis and laboratory foundation strengths are compared. The topographic effect of the foundation on dump behavior is discussed and a foundation pore pressure monitoring experiment at the toe of an active waste dump is described.

Jan 1, 1985

The Empire IV expansion is on schedule for completion in January 1980; Hibbing Taconite's 2.7 million ltpy* expansion should be finished late in 1979; and Reserve Mining's tailing disposal project is on target for April 1980. Erie Mining Co., the first to bring 170-ton haulage trucks to the Mesabi Range, reports excellent operating results, and Inland Steel expects to produce 80% of its pellets in 1979 using coal rather than oil. One Michigan mine has so many inspectors that it has hired a school bus to transport them around the operation; and a contractor reports that mine construction projects of the future may require the training of 15,000 workers. All of this was covered at the 52nd Annual Minnesota Section AIME Meeting and the 40th University of Minnesota Mining Symposium, a joint event held each January in Duluth.

Jan 3, 1979

By R. J. Caro

The Anaconda phosphate plant was put into operation in the fall of 1923. Its present daily operating capacity is approximately 170 tons of treble superphosphate and 16 tons of phosphoric acid analyzing 42 pct P2 O5 and 52 pct P2 Os, respectively. As a result of the continued increased demand for phosphates, Anaconda decided in 1947 to expand the plant's daily output to 270 tons of treble superphosphate and 54 tons of phosphoric acid. The present daily plant intake is 335 tons of wet (footwall) phosphate rock analyzing 31.7 pct P² O5 and 0.28 pct V² O5. The rock is shipped from Anaconda's mine at Conda, Idaho, in open railroad cars, having been crushed to pass 3/8 in. mesh at the mine.' The expansion program will require an increased intake of 300 tons of rock per day. The hanging-wall rock anaIj-ses approximately 30.5 pct P2 O5 and 0.11 pct V² O5, and will be beneficiated in a new washing plant under construction

Jan 1, 1950

By H. R. Hanley

IT is a well-known fact that the solubility of zinc compounds decreases when these compounds are roasted in contact with iron compounds, but descriptions of tests to quantitatively express the fact have not appeared in the literature. Possibly such an expression cannot be uniformly and exactly duplicated by different operators because of the variation in the personal equation. In a general way, however, the reactions between zinc compounds and iron compounds under roasting conditions will show a certain trend with changing conditions and the approximate quantitative expression of this trend appears reasonably well established by experimental work conducted for this purpose.

Jan 1, 1929

By Bernard Lallement

INTRODUCTION Geostatistics have been used for five years at the B. R. G. M. to compute the ore reserve estimation. At present this technic is also used at the beginning of the exploration project to determine the best way to prove the orebody. The best way is a compromise between the cost of the exploration and the precision of the estimation. It is clear that geostatistics cannot be used without any data, but very often an exploration project is decided on an orebody which has already been drilled. Old data can therefore be used. This was the case this year for two orebodies: an iron deposit and a lead deposit. The iron deposit was explored by drifts and has now to be proved. We used geostatistics to determine the best drilling pattern. The variograms computed with these old data showed that an anisotropy existed between the two directions of the orebody, which meant that the drill pattern had to be rectangular. The lead deposit was explored by drill holes and a short drift in part of the orebcdy. The problem was to choose between a regular pattern of drill holes or a long drift and some added drill holes. The case of this study will be exposed afterwards. On the other hand, if the orebody is completely unknown, the exploration project generally forecasts two exploration steps (the first step

Jan 1, 1977

By G. T. Hahn

On the basis of the recommendation of Lovell, Vogel, and Wernick,&apos; Fry&apos;s reagent*2 was recently c) if decoration of the dislocations by carbon or nitrogen atoms is a factor in the etch pitting. Experiments were performed with samples of a commercial 1020 steel, a vacuum-melted iron (C - 10 to 15 ppm, 0 - 20 to 50 ppm, N < 2 ppm), both annealed 4 hr at 1100°C, and a zone-refined iron (C - 3 to 5 ppm, 0 - 10 ppm, N < 1 ppm ) in the as-cast condition. Saomple surfaces were prepared by grinding to 600A grit and electropolishing. Initially, effects of etching the steel with modifications of the basic Fry composition were examined. It was found that increasing the alcohol or HC1 concentratior~ retarded dislocation pitting; reducing the acid content promoted secondary pitting. Cooling the reagent and the sample did not improve the quality of the etch pits. Best results were obtained with freshly prepared reagent modified by increasing the CuC12 content to 15 g. This composition was used in subsequent experiments. Annealed samples were etched 10 to 15 sec; cold-worked samples —2 to 5 sec.

Jan 1, 1962

By John Birkinbine

IN all metallurgical processes and mining operations, water is an element which receives attention from the management ; and provision is required either for a means of supply, or for the disposal of accumulation. In many works the quantity of water to be furnished is sufficiently large to place the item of water supply of equal importance to the reception of material or disposition of product ; and the means to be employed receive, or should receive, the most careful investigation. There are exceptional cases where mines or quarries possess a natural drainage, but a large majority of the useful ores and the fuels delved from the earth are obtained from workings in which water accumulates and must be removed. Often the quantity to be

Jan 1, 1877

By Donald W. Gentry

Many firms in the minerals industry are facing enormous capital-equipment requirements for existing operations, planned expansion programs, pollution control systems, etc. Yet, because of existing economic conditions, mining companies find it increasingly difficult to obtain reasonable financing for the acquisition of large, high-cost capital equipment. One way of obtaining the use of mining and other major pieces of high-cost capital equipment is through leasing. The popularity of this approach is evidenced by the growing number of leasing companies, equipment manufacturers, and financial institutions now offering this service to their customers. Indeed, leasing has become a billion-dollar industry, and many commercial banks have developed sizeable portfolios in this area. "Should we buy or lease?" This question eventually comes up whenever a mining company needs additional major capital assets. Unfortunately, many buy-or-lease decisions are made on an emotional basis-rather than on a proper financial evaluation that would yield the…

Jan 9, 1975

By Frank Firmstone

In 1871, two furnaces at the Glendon Iron Works, which had been blown out on account of the "coal strike," were altered from the open-top plan with side flues for collecting the gas, to closed tops with cup and cone. In one furnace the suppression of the side flues permitted a considerable alteration in the profile, but in the other (No. 5) no change in this respect was made; the side flues were simply bricked up and new ones cut through the sides close to the top. This furnace was in blast over four years, and we can, therefore, form a pretty good idea of the effect of the alterations on the furnace process. The principal dimensions are; Height 72&apos;; greatest diameter, 18&apos;; diameter at tuyeres, 8&apos;; diameter of top, 10&apos;; diameter at stock line (point at which the top of the materials is kept), 11&apos;; cubic contents, 11,900 cubic feet. The table below shows the average results for periods of twentysix weeks each. 1st, of the open-topped furnace; 2d, of the furnace with the first charger used, which was an ordinary cup and cone (diameter of cone 5&apos; 2") 3d, with the charger used ever since, a " double " cone 7&apos; 5" diameter outside, having a central opening 3&apos; in diameter. The diagram (Plate 11) shows the daily variations, in the grade of the irons for the same periods.*

A school grows big only as its usefulness increases and it will shrink rapidly if inefficient. Usefulness must be recorded in terms of service within the economic structure of the Commonwealth. Under this premise, modern mineral industries colleges must recognize and give equal significance to three interrelated, interdependent functions of service: namely, (1) resident instruction, on both the undergraduate and graduate levels; (2) research under an experiment station plan; and (3) extension training under three classifications, class instruction, correspondence instruction, and informal instruction. To train potential leaders for the mineral kingdom, to discover and teach new truths is only half of the job. Through extension training, equal attention must be given to the on-job, vocational-technical, upgrading of skilled workers on the production line. Similar to the School of Agriculture, the School of Mineral Industries is the only one in the Commonwealth offering the three functions of service in each of the subject-matter fields in mineral arts and sciences. The functions of service must be based on the modern conception of mineral conservation (Fig. 12). Conservation of minerals differs from conservation of natural resources in general because man must find new mineral deposits and excel the geologic forces of nature in processes of concentration. True mineral conservation, therefore, may be defined as energetic discovery,

Jan 1, 1950

By E. J. Wasp, T. C. Aude, F. B. Raymer

The following paper deals with technical aspects of terminal facilities for western coal pipelines. The information is taken from the Ohio and Black Mesa pipelines and the proposed one in Wyoming. This paper first discusses the feed terminal, the product that it must produce, and the reasons for coal cleaning. Then in the delivery terminal section, the various methods of dewatering the coal and some recent innovative ideas on bunkering the dewatered product and storing the dewatered coal in large outdoor piles are discussed.

Jan 1, 1979

By Peter F. Howard

Major reserves of phosphorite were found in the Georgina Basin of northern Australia in the period 1966-1968. Geological investigations by various companies and the Bureau of Mineral Resources of Australia show that these phosphorite deposits are associated with siltstones, cherts, siliceous shales, and limestones of the Beetle Creek formation or its equivalents, all of lower Middle Cambrian age. The discoveries resulted from systematic Australia-wide exploration programs by several companies utilizing, in concept, the relation of basin stratigraphy, lithologic associations, tectonics, and phosphate occurrences to paleogeography in respect to its paleolatitude and areas of supposed oceanic upwelling. In terms of field techniques, the first discovery at Duchess, North Queensland, resulted from the recognition of a phosphorite interval at depth in a stratigraphic oil well followed by prospecting of the nearest outcrop of the equivalent aged rock succession. In Northern Territory, the Wonarah-Alexandria deposits, which do not crop out, were discovered by analysis and interpretation of gamma radiation logs followed by drilling.

Jan 1, 1972

By A. M. Gaudin, T. P. Meloy

This paper presents the theoretical derivation of the distribution equation for single fracture. The equation is shown to accord with experiment. Several empirical size-distribution equations have been proposed to describe the size of broken materials. Among them are the Gaudin-Schuhmann equation and the Rosin-Rammler equation.3*4 The Gaudin-Schuhmann equation relates the relative fraction of undersize to relative size —. In this relationship Mo is the total weight of crushed sample, M(x) the weight of undersize contained, x the size considered, K a quantity called the size modulus, which together with the slope parameter, m, characterizes the product. The slope parameter is usually close to unity. The Rosin-Rammler equation relates the same relative fraction of undersize to the relative size modulus by an equation of different form In this relationship, e is the base of natural logarithms. In the fine size-range when m is unity both equations give Gilvarry and Berstrom have sought a size distribution equation having a sound theoretical basis. They have come to an equation taking into account the effect of volume, surface and edge flaws in fragmentation. If the effect of the volume and surface flaws is neglected, the equation taking only edge flaws into account has the form of the Rosin-Rammler equation. In the present paper, a theoretical size-distribution

Jan 1, 1962