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By Jean Viana Bahia, Antônio Adel dos Santos, Vicente Tadeu Lopes Buono

During cold rolling of Cr-Mo alloyed DP steel, considerable oscillation of thickness may occur. The literature points out that such occurrence is due to non-uniform cooling of the coil after the hot rolling process. Since the austenite transformation in this steel continues after coiling, the microstructure and, consequently, mechanical properties are very susceptible to natural variations in cooling rates associated with distinct positions of the coil. The influence of coil cooling conditions on thickness oscillation during cold rolling was evaluated in this work by using both industrial experiments and dilatometer tests. It was verified that an industrial coil presented large variation of mechanical properties associated with its heterogeneous microstructure. Consequently, thickness oscillation occurred during cold rolling. Dilatometer tests simulating hot run-out table and coil cooling showed that the austenite transformation is very slow under small cooling rates that occur after coiling. Thus, the slow transformation rate makes the coil very susceptible to environmental conditions around it during its natural cooling and is responsible for variation in mechanical properties of the coil. To ensure the formation of a more homogeneous microstructure in the whole coil, it is necessary either to make use of technologies that improves the cooling uniformity or to adjust the steel alloy design. The latter alternative has been done with relative success by using conceptions with lower amounts of Cr and Mo.

Oct 1, 2019

By André Palmiro Storch

O objetivo do presente trabalho é investigar o escoamento de oxigênio no bocal convergente-divergente da lança utilizada nos convertedores BOF da ArcelorMittal Tubarão. As condições de sopros macio, normal e duro são analisadas através de ferramentas analíticas e computacional (CFD). Os resultados evidenciam que o contorno do bocal não promove uma expansão apropriada do escoamento, ocorrendo ondas de choque fortes no interior do mesmo e ocasionando perdas de energia cinética em todas as condições de sopro. Adicionalmente, as condições dos sopros macio e normal tornam a saída do bocal vulnerável ao desgaste térmico, devido à pressão de saída do bocal ser menor que a do ambiente.

Oct 30, 2017

By Armando Vazquez

This paper will provide an overall technology update on Tenova’s modular i BOF® technology package for improved endpoint detection (Carbon and Temperature), slop detection and auto-tapping control, with a primary focus will be on Tenova's Slop Detection System (SDS). Accurate Slopping prediction is a critical tool in the operation of a BOF. It provides the steelmaker with an additional protective system to increase yield & productivity while reducing operating costs. Tenova Goodfellow's i BOF® slop-detection technology uses lance vibration analysis with real-time alerts to give steel makers advance warning of the onset of a slop and a measurement of the slop severity. The system is designed to provide direct feedback control of lance position and oxygen flow rate, for rapid mitigation of potential slopping events. This paper will provide a summary on how the i BOF® technology package has been implemented, including trials and general results.

Jul 30, 2018

By André Oliveira Galon, Caio Vaccari Silva, Victor Bridi Telles, Raphael Mariano de Souza, Felipe Fardin Grillo, José Roberto de Oliveira

Neste trabalho foi estudada a influência da granulometria de CaO adicionada ao processo de desfosforação, temperatura e teor de FeO da mistura desfosforante na aglomeração de partículas sólidas na escória. Para isto, foram realizados testes laboratoriais em sete condições experimentais distintas, bem como a análise de imagens via software Quantikov, para medir a aglomeração, além de análise termodinâmica computacional. A granulometria, temperatura e porcentagem de FeO se mostraram parâmetros relevantes na aglomeração da escória de desfosforação e a análise de imagens mostrou-se uma ferramenta útil para a obtenção destes resultados.

Oct 1, 2019

By Danilo Fontes Ferreira

O presente trabalho estudou o comportamento de uma liga de titânio ASTM-F67Gr1 frente à corrosão e à tribocorrosão em meio fisiológico. Para a realização desta pesquisa foi desenvolvido um aparato experimental capaz de impor simultaneamente um desgaste mecânico e corrosivo às amostras testadas, visando avaliar o comportamento tribocorrosivo. O meio corrosivo selecionado foi a solução de Ringer. A partir de curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica foi possível obter os parâmetros eletroquímicos necessários à realização dos ensaios de tribocorrosão bem como comprovar a excelente resistência a corrosão do titânio na solução de Ringer. A partir dos ensaios de tribocorrosão foi constatada a influência da velocidade e da carga aplicada, no fenômeno de tribocorrosão. Os resultados evidenciaram uma maior influência da velocidade no incremento da corrosão e da carga aplicada no incremento da sinergia, durante o desgaste tribocorrosivo.

Aug 16, 2017

By Zou Zhongpping

Under the new normal state, blast furnace outputneeds to be adapted to the market demand, however the limitation in blast furnace output has significant impact on blast furnace operation and is prone to cause inactive furnace hearth and higher fuel ratio. To address such problems, some practices to maintain stable and smooth operation of blast furnace in case of output limitation are proposed based on data analysis philosophy, which allows the blast flow and hence the top pressure to be determined based on the hot metal output, and adequate kinetic energy of blast supply can be assured by adjusting the tuyeres. Matching between the oxygen enrichment and the pulverized coal injection is also proposed based on theoretical flametemperature, and burden distribution cycle calculation method is proposed, whichoffersnew approach for analyzing the change in burden distribution pattern.

Oct 30, 2017

By Daniele Tolazzi

In today’s highly competitive market situation, it is of outmost importance for EAF steel makers to optimise their processes in order to reduce operating costs and to improve safety and reliability of the equipment. The laser based off-gas analysis technology, With laser units installed on the fix duct, downstream the combustion gap, uses the “Tuneable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy” (TDLAS). The system performs real-time off-gas emissions measurements of CO, CO2, O2, H2O and temperature. A closed-loop operation is in place for dynamic control of the chemical energy package combustion/post-combustion of CO, H2 and CH4 gases into the EAF furnace shell. A statistical framework which builds on a data analysis engine, based on Danieli Automation Q3Intelligence technology, evaluates the “fingerprint” of the process represented by average and deviation trends of both gases and other process parameters. Process fingerprinting is conceived both for offline profile optimisation and on-line control of the refining process. This paper describes how the technology has been applied and the results achieved at ACCIAIERIE BERTOLI SAFAU (Italy) 100 t AC Electric Arc Furnace.

Aug 16, 2017

By Davidson Marcos de Oliveira, Antonio Adel dos Santos, Vicente Tadeu Buono

The benefits of using the controlled rolling process followed by accelerated cooling (TMCP), currently used in the main rolling mills in the world are already well known and metallurgically based. The need to obtain mechanical properties with a high degree of homogeneity means that in some situations the ends of the rolled material are discarded, negatively affecting the metallic yield of the process. Therefore, this work focused on the determination of the mechanical properties variation at the ends of thick plates processed by TMCP of steels for application in oil and gas pipelines, in order to map the extent of these differences and to correlate them with the microstructure obtained, the profiles of temperature and cooling rates in these regions. To perform the work, two slabs of the studied material were rolled, and the temperature profile was recorded along the plate in the controlled rolling and accelerated cooling processes. The ends of the material were sampled in sections at every 100 mm and subjected to tensile test, hardness and the Charpy V-notch impact test, as well as dilatometry and microstructure evaluations. For the used process conditions, the results indicated the formation of a banded microstructure, basically consisting of polygonal ferrite and bainite, occasionally containing small fractions of perlite. The mechanical properties in the top and the base were higher than the values found in the plate middle, justified by the microstructure found. The work allowed understanding the relationship between the mechanical properties, microstructures and process conditions at the ends, helping the team to improve the process in order to result in a high degree of homogeneity of the product and, thus, lead to optimization of the metallic yield.

Oct 1, 2019

By Wolfgang Oberaigner

Primetals Technologies has always been a driver of innovation in steelmaking, especially by providing sophisticated process expert models for continuous casting machines. This capability is demonstrated by recent advancements in automation solutions that include: DynaPhase, Dynacs 3D, and DynaGap. This state-of-the-art suite of dynamic secondary cooling and soft-reduction packages take into account thermodynamic effects such as shrinkage and phase transitions, and thereby significantly contribute to direct quality improvements during the solidification phase in the continuous casting process. Speed Expert calculates an optimum casting speed for every casting situation, and additionally recommends a strand speed so that the point of final solidification is positioned at the end of a segment for optimum soft reduction. In the case of steel grade changes, the Intermix Expert precisely calculates the chemical properties of the mixed steel, thereby minimizing losses due to deviations from required specifications. The Nozzle Expert is a new model that detects clogged nozzles and broken hoses in secondary cooling systems. The first installations were highly successful and customers are pleased with impressive reductions in maintenance costs and improved steel quality. This paper describes these innovative process automation solutions and gives an overview about the successful results achieved within the first installations.

Aug 16, 2017

By Jackson Teixeira de Oliveira, Douglas Batista Mazzinghy, Vanderson Eney de Matos, Alexandre Camilo Leles de Figueiredo

This work studied the effect of different ball sizes in the secondary grinding stage of Samarco. The Moly-Cop Tools 3.01 spreadsheet was used for models calibration and simulations, considering grinding balls topsize of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35mm diameters. A normal specific selection function up to the largest fed ore particle size (840μm) was obtained. The higher generation of fines and compliance with particle size specifications (+ 74μm and -44μm) proved to be more favorable for smaller ball sizes. The specific energy consumption was lower for the 15mm ball (10.7kWh/t), increasing up to the 35mm ball (13.0kWh/t). Although smaller diameter balls seem to be the best option for the size specifications, some factors may limit their use, such as: the higher generation of specific surface area; and the amount of ball purge in the discharge of the mills.

Oct 3, 2019

By Jose Pedro Gualberto Junior

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar as causas de falha em cabo de aço utilizado na construção civil. Os cabos foram submetidos à metodologia de análise de falha. Foram realizadas inspeções visuais, análise de fratura em baixo aumento e em microscópio eletrônico de varredura, análise de microdureza, análise microestrutural em microscópio ótico e microscópio eletrônico de varredura e análise de resistência mecânica por ensaio de tração. Os resultados indicaram que os cabos sofreram severo desgaste e a ação da corrosão o que favoreceu a diminuição da resistência mecânica e a propagação de trincas planas por fadiga.

Aug 16, 2017

By Heitor Cristo Clem de Oliveira

Devido às influências deletérias do fósforo sobre as propriedades do aço e os teores cada vez mais altos de fósforo no minério, a remoção do mesmo através do processo de desfosforação do ferro-gusa ganha cada vez mais importância. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a avaliação termodinâmica de misturas a base de CaOFeO utilizadas no processo de desfosforação de ferro-gusa. A avaliação termodinâmica foi realizada através dos softwares termodinâmicos, ThermoCalc e FactSage, os quais mostraram-se eficazes na determinação da concentração de fósforo de equilíbrio no metal, fases presentes e temperatura de fusão das misturas.

Aug 16, 2017

By Luís Gustavo Costa de Castro

Neste trabalho foram utilizadas amostras dos aços CA-50 e CA-60 utilizados na construção civil, para avaliar a corrosão pelos íons cloreto. Para tanto, medidas eletroquímicas foram realizadas em soluções de NaCl 2,0 g/L e 4,0 g/L, naturalmente aeradas. Verificou-se um processo de corrosão generalizada dos aços CA-50 e CA-60 nas duas concentrações avaliadas e uma forte influência do aumento da concentração no comportamento corrosivo de ambos os tipos de aço. Neste estudo comparativo, verificou-se que, além dos perfis potenciodinâmicos serem similares, a resistência de polarização conduziu a resultados da mesma ordem de magnitude, concluindo-se que não existe uma vantagem significativa ao uso de um em relação ao outro, no que se refere à resistência à corrosão.

Aug 7, 2018

By Elham Kordzadeh

As the world’s reserves of coarse and high-grade iron ores continue to shrink, beneficiation is becoming increasingly important. The resulting concentrates cannot be used directly as feedstock for iron making, but require an additional agglomeration step. Pelletizing is preferred, because the uniform chemical, physical, and metallurgical characteristics of pellets make them a more desirable feed for the iron making processes. The heat hardening or induration of pellets is typically done in shaft furnaces, grate-kiln systems or on straight grates. Rotary kilns were originally developed in the late 19th century for Portland cement production [1]. The main development work for the successful adaptation of the process to the thermal treatment (induration) of green balls from iron ore was performed by Allis Chalmers in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA in the 1960’s [2].The straight grate process, which was first used in 1955 at Silver Bay, Minnesota, was a dedicated development with the aim to pelletize and indurate magnetite (taconite) concentrate [2]. There are various important technical and economical distinctions between the two pelletizing technologies. The most important differences include that a grate-kiln has three distinct pieces of equipment, a preheat grate, a rotary kiln and an annular cooler, whereas in the case of a straight grate, the entire indurating process is done on one piece of equipment only. In addition, both technological solutions have differences in their recuperation systems, direction of air flow in drying, number of burners, form of pellet movement, etc., which cause differences in raw material suitability, process control, economical aspects, plant operation and product pellet quality.

Oct 30, 2017

By Luiz Antônio Fonseca Peçanha Júnior

As propriedades e caracteristicas do diboreto de titânio (TiB2) e nitreto de alumínio (AlN) tornam esses materiais ideais para aplicações termomecânicas. Entretanto, a dificuldade de sinterizar compósitos cerâmicos à base de TiB2 – AlN tem limitado suas aplicações na indústria contemporânea. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a técnica de sinterização por plasma pulsado (SPS), como uma alternativa para consolidação de compósito cerâmico em um curto intervalo de tempo. Após a caracterização das matérias primas, as amostras foram sinterizadas utilizando temperaturas entre 1.500°C e 1.900°C, além de 80 MPa de pressão e 10 minutos de permanência na temperatura máxima. A técnica “SPS” mostrou-se eficiente na sinterização desse sistema, alcançando densificações de até 98%. E ainda, como era esperado, a incompatibilidade dos coeficientes de expansão térmica entre o TiB2 e o AlN provocaram um processo de tenacificação nos compósitos.

Aug 16, 2017

By Matheus de Lima Vieira

Os vergalhões são produzidos por meio do processo de laminação a quente. No processo em estudo há duas rotas distintas de produção. Previamente ao processo de laminação a quente, uma rota utiliza a etapa de reaquecimento via forno, e a outra utiliza o produto semi-acabado de aço vindo diretamente do processo de solidificação. Ao estabelecer um comparativo entre as rotas, as microestruturas obtidas apresentam algumas diferenças. O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar como as diferenças entre as microestruturas influenciam na resistência à corrosão por cloretos. Para isso foram realizados ensaios de polarização potenciodinâmica anódica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica em solução de NaCl, simulando os efeitos do íon Cl- presente na atmosfera marinha. A partir das curvas obtidas nos ensaios eletroquímicos, foi possível observar que as propriedades de corrosão são semelhantes para ambos os processos.

Oct 30, 2017

By Davi Alves Marques

Esse estudo estabeleceu uma relação entre textura em Zircaloy-4 para diferentes reduções obtidas por laminação a frio (30% e 50%), temperaturas de recozimento, no intervalo de cinco minutos a uma hora, assim como análise morfológica da microestrutura da liga. Foram realizadas análises da evolução da textura do material através das figuras de pólo e a partir de medidas de micro e macrotextura obtidas por técnicas de Difração de Elétrons Retroespalhados e Difração de Raios-X. Verificamos que a laminação auxiliou o processo de recristalização da liga, além de influenciar uma textura de plano basal paralelo ao plano da liga.

Aug 16, 2017

By Fernando Hernández Polanco

Transportation and handling metals and alloys from mills to consumption factories as well as dosing in conventional processes with ingots and scrap has always been considered a complicated activity with high operating costs. Several manufacturers of ferroalloys willing to solve these problems have chosen an alternative for their products that can be used to secure, during transport and dosage in the processes to making special steels, with more efficient consumption of ferroalloys. The trend for the production and sale of ferroalloys is to provide the product in the form of granules packed in bags or in bulk. In this paper we will show you how the granulation process was developed and rapidly adopted the ferroalloys industry as an effective solution to reduce operating costs, create cleaner and safer working environments.

Oct 30, 2017

By Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, Beatriz Peralta Oruê

Manganese, a toxic mineral, related to manganism may have high added value for the steel industry. The difficulty in obtaining manganese encourages the exploration of new secondary sources such as the lateritic nickel effluent. In Brazil, nickel reserves are predominantly lateritic, making the country a potential producer. For the tests, a synthetic solution was used which simulates the lateritic nickel effluent from leaching. The oxidative precipitation with ozone occurred at the oxygen flow rates: 0.5; 1.0 and 2.5L/min, at the original pH 1.5 at 21°C in a 500 mL bubble column reactor. O3 was produced in the benchtop generator feed by 99% oxygen. The ozonation time was determined by the oxidation potential1.55V. The ozonated solution was centrifuged and filtered. The filtrate and collected samples were characterized in ICP-OES. Optimization tests with ultracentrifuge were performed. The best precipitation reached 97% at 0.5L/min O2 at 6.07 ± 0.045mg/min of O3 dosage and resulted in a solution 10-15mg/L Mn+2, above 1mg/L, maximum value acceptable by Conama 2011, to be retreated before being discharged into the water body or being reused as a manganese source.

Oct 3, 2019

By Weslei Viana Gabriel

Utilizando um sistema composto por solução aquosa e óleo como substitutos do metal e da escória, respectivamente, foram realizadas simulações físicas e matemáticas em molde de beam blank, de maneira a avaliar efeito da diferença de densidade entre os fluidos, viscosidade do óleo, velocidade de lingotamento e profundidade de imersão da válvula submersa. O aumento da velocidade de lingotamento resulta em aumento da velocidade na interface, bem como a oscilação da superfície livre. Para a densidade de solução aquosa igual a 1000kg/m3 observou-se entranhamento de óleo a partir da velocidade de 0,98m/min. Ao se aumentar a densidade da solução para 1170 kg/m3 não se observou entranhamento em nenhuma das condições estudadas..

Oct 30, 2017