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By Robert M. Doerr

The research objective was to determine the effect of vanadium alloy additions on the oxidation behavior of cobalt-nickel Alloys. Eighteen alloys were reacted with 0 2 at 0.5 arm and 1,351°, 1,389°, and 1,429° K. The alloy compositions consisted of Co-Ni master alloys (0, 22, 50, 70, 91, and 100 wt pct Ni) with V additions of 0, 0.9, and 2.7 wt pct. Large early deviations from, or changes in, the parabolic rate constant were encountered, but the reaction rate in most cases declined approximately in accordance with the parabolic rate law. Relatively, the vanadium degraded the oxidation resistance most at the highest nickel contents. In some cases, melting of the oxide was inferred from microscopic evidence and X-ray diffraction measurements disclosed the presence of low-melting vanadates.

Jan 1, 1970

By D. William Tedder

Several bauxite residue sands and muds produced by Bayer plants in the U.S. and overseas have been fractionated using dry and wet magnetic separators. The magnetic sand fractions typically contain about 60 wt% iron and the bulk of the radioactivity in this waste. The muds are more difficult to process than the sands, but some fractionation is possible using a combination of flotation and magnetic separation techniques.

Jan 1, 1984

By Arno C. Fieldner

From July 1, 1949, to July 1, 1950, the Bureau of Mines conducted the research and technologic work on coal and coal products that is summarized in this report. The research, described in this fifteenth of a series of resumes, is presented in more detail in publications (see footnote references) that appeared during the fiscal year, though in some cases research data are given that have not been published elsewhere. Results of research in the experimental coal mine, on explosives, and on gas and dust explosions will be found in Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 4228, Annual Report of Research and Technologic Work on Explosives, Explosions, and Flames, Fiscal Year 1950. An over-all view of our coal, oil, end natural-gas reserves was presented, and the future possibilities for the, production of synthetic liquid fuels from coal were delineated.3/

Jan 1, 1951

This report presents depth and producing rate statistics pertaining to oil reservoirs (or fields) in each of the 14 States that produced more than 20 million bbl of oil during 1965. The combined oil production was about 2.6 billion bbl, or 96 pct of the U.S. total. Data are presented for each of the 14 States, each Texas Railroad Commission district, and four geographical areas of Louisiana. About 8 pct of the total oil produced in the 14 States was from depths of lees than 2,000 ft, 24 pct from 2,000 to 4,000 ft, 22 pct from 4,000 to 6,000 ft, 16 pct from 6,000 to 8,000 ft, and 30 pct from 8,000 ft and deeper. The average production per well in the 14 States ranged from 4.4 bopd for wells less than 2,000 ft deep to 57.6 bopd for wells 8,000 it and deeper. Data indicate that 9.5 pct of the 460,968 wells produced more than 1.2 billion bbl or 46.6 pct of the total oil. Oil production from reservoirs (or fields) not undergoing stimulative recovery operations, such as steam, air, gas, or water injection, wee about 1.1 billion bbl or 42.1 pct of the total.

Jan 1, 1967

By P. B. Altringer

The Federal Bureau of Mines conducted a study to determine if residues from fractional distillation represent a potential source of mineral values. A literature review and discussions with tar sand specialists failed to disclose the mineralogical nature of residues remaining after bitumen extraction. To develop this information, pilot plant tar sand residues or toluene-cleaned tar sands from 23 deposits were examined. The nature of the residues was determined by standard mineralogical methods and the chemical compositions were determined by X-ray and ICP (inductively-coupled plasma spectroscopy). None of the sands or concentrates examined contained sufficient valuable minerals to be economically important.

Jan 1, 1982

By M. Stephton, L. A. Cornish, R. Süss, N. B. Maledi, J. H. Potgieter, L. Chown

In today?s gas turbines, the emphasis is on saving energy and reducing the amounts of pollutants emitted. This can be attained only by designing alloys with higher melting points and the capability to retain mechanical integrity at increased temperatures. The development of nickel-based superalloys (NBSAs) has reached its limit, as the alloys are operating at critical temperatures close to their melting points. Further increase in the operating temperatures will result in dissolution of the strengthening phases and even melting. Recent trends are towards developing materials that are adequately strong but have much higher melting points and corrosion resistance than the NBSAs that are currently in use. Studies conducted on Pt alloys with similar structure to the NBSAs have presented mechanical results that are promising. This has led to further development of these alloys as a replacement for NBSAs. The operations of gas turbines are usually limited by hot corrosion, which could lead to catastrophic failures. Increased temperatures have an adverse effect on the corrosion of the alloys by making the environment more aggressive. Hence, during a material selection process, the corrosion behaviour of any selected material for a highly specialized application such as gas turbines needs to be assessed. Generally, coatings are applied to combat degradation by salt deposits, hence coated and uncoated NBSAs were selected as benchmark alloys. Corrosion mechanisms and kinetic studies of the Pt alloys were conducted. High temperature hot corrosion (HTHC) tests were conducted at 950°C for540 hours. Analysis of the corrosion products was conducted using a Raman spectrometer, scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) optical microscopy, and X-ray diffraction study of the phases that formed. Both coated and uncoated NBSAs failed under the test conditions. Samples were covered with a porous non-adherent greenish layer which is characteristic of NiO. Pt alloys displayed superior corrosion properties compared with the benchmark alloys.

Jan 1, 2006

By Karl C. Dean

All components of 15 automobiles manufactured between 1954 and 1965 were analyzed, and it was determined that a representative junk automobile would have the following composition (all figures in pounds): steel, 2,532; cast iron, 511; copper, 32; zinc, 54; aluminum, 51; lead, 20; rubber, 145; glass, 87; miscellaneous, 142. Time and motion studies and a cost evaluation were made to determine if such a typical vehicle could be economically burned in a smokeless incinerator and hand-dismantled, and if the resultant steel could be baled into a high-quality No. 2 bundle containing less than 0.10 percent copper. The cost evaluation showed that processing the composite car would cost about $51 to produce about $56 worth of marketable ferrous and nonferrous metal products and provide an annual rate of return on investment of 19 percent.

Jan 1, 1969

By Rob Famlield, Gavin Yuill, William Birch

The Blasting Research Group at the University of Leeds, in the United Kingdom, continues to be highly active in the area of the environmental impact of blasting. In recent years a major part of this research has been concerned with the use of linear superposition. This technique relies upon the assumption that all the holes in a blast produce identical vibration signals. Previous work at the University has shown that this assumption is not sufficiently robust to be generally applicable. This is due to a number of factors of which the key variable appears to be dynamic confinement

Jan 1, 2002

A technical exhibition was held in conjunction with the 4th DFI International Conference on Piling and Deep Foundations, Stresa. The exhibition was located in the ground floor of the Conference Hall. It was open from 15.30 on Monday April 8 till 16.30 Thursday April 11, 1991. The following is an alphabetical list of firms who took part. 1) A.P. VAN DEN BERG MACHINENFABRIEK B.V. P.O. BOX 68 8440 AB HEERENVEEN The Netherlands Tel: +31 5130 31355 Fax: +31 5130 31212 Stand Executive: A. Duyfjies

Jan 1, 1994

By Howard B. Hamilton

Laboratory performance of mercury filled current limiting devices (CLD) used for high speed switching of DC circuits (600 volts and below, up to 1000 amperes) using a system involving a parallel connected vacuum switch with CLD and an additional series connected vacuum switch was verified in USBM Contract #HO 357079. This report details analytical work and field experimental tests to predict and control voltage surges associated with the high switching speed associated with the switching system. It also details tests conducted to demonstrate the fault current limiting ability of the CLD. Problems associated with designing a fault current limiting system are discussed.

Jan 1, 1978

By Patricia R. Devine

This appendix documents the mathematical approach to deriving the components of change presented in this report. The formulation closely follows that contained in Chapter IV of the documentation for the BEA 1977 Input-Output Tables.' The basic elements for the calculations include the "use" matrix (U), the "make" matrix (M), and any of the ten columns of final demand (generically represented by the symbol y). The use matrix contains information about changes in the technological processes of production, while the make matrix describes the nature of secondary product production in each industry. We adhere to BEA conventions in maintaining careful distinctions between commodity output (c) and industry output (x). The industry-by-industry 1-0 tables supplied by NYU for use in this analysis are square matrices, with the number of commodities and the number of industries both equal to 85. The BLS table for 1982 (commodity by industry) was aggregated and adjusted to be consistent with the earlier tables. The three basic steps for estimating components of change proceed as follows for each column of final demand. 1) Calculate the actual change in output of each commodity for each of the four time periods: 1963-72, 1972-77, 1977-82, and 1963-82.

Jan 1, 1988

By H. Hearnden

Whereas in the past, ladles were simply a means of transferring molten products from furnace tapholes to points of discharge be they casting pans or waste dumps, the ladle is now becoming a more integral and versatile piece of equipment in the pyrometallurgical plant. The drive behind this development is the need for continuous improvement in performance where better, faster and cheaper means remaining competitive in the global market. This paper will explore the technologies available for the rendering of a costly and otherwise cumbersome piece of pyrometallurgical equipment more efficient and versatile in adding value to the final product. Essentially it all revolves around heat and more importantly the loss of it when tapping. The common practice is to move the molten product to its point of discharge quickly with the minimum of interruption to prevent skulling and hence the cost associated with clearing it. The advances in Oxy-fuel burners, AC or DC ladle furnaces, converters, gas purging and high velocity, bath injection systems has increased the versatility of processes and enhanced the potential for adding value to intermediate products through down stream practices such as granulation and atomisation.

Jan 1, 2004

By John W. Nebgen

This report contains findings from a U.S. Bureau of Mines study concerning the inhibition of acid mine drainage formation from underground coal mines. A series of experiments was performed in which three different pyritic materials (wastes from coal production plants) were evaluated using several candidate inhibiting agents. Data obtained from the inhibitor-treated pyrites were compared with data from control experiments in which untreated pyritic wastes were used. The experiments were conducted by placing treated and untreated pyrite in columns, passing moist air through the columns to promote oxidation of pyrite, and washing the columns weekly to collect oxidation products for analysis. Experimental results indicate that quantities of acid mine drainage can be substantially reduced if soluble iron III (ferric) ion is controlled. The best inhibitors are neutral or alkaline siliceous materials such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, portland cement, and cement kiln dust. These materials appear to insolubilize iron III species to make them unavailable for reaction with pyrite. The data strongly suggest that the soluble ferric ion aqueous is a key oxidant for pyrite to produce acid mine drainage. The role of aqueous ferric ion as an oxidizing agent is substantiated further by data obtained using metallic iron (nails) as an inhibitor. The iron nails tended to keep the soluble iron in the iron 11 (ferrous) state. Experimental results indicate that sulfate and acidity levels are reduced when pyrite is in contact with the metallic iron.

Jan 1, 1979

By A Parbhakar-Fox, B G. Lottermoser

Management of solid mine wastes, particularly waste rock, requires careful planning to reduce the likelihood of sulfide oxidation, and generation of acid rock drainage (ARD). Waste management strategies must focus on obtaining a thorough understanding of the environmental characteristics of future waste rock materials. In this study, a waste management strategy for characterising underground waste rock was developed at a polymetallic underground mine in western Tasmania to determine which materials were appropriate for surficial placement. The criteria for surficial placement set by the regulator were that materials had to be non-acid forming and non-metalliferous. A range of cost-effective field-based tools, mineralogical assessments and mineral chemistry techniques were used on a suite of representative drill core material to determine an appropriate waste management strategy. Ultimately, a modified geochemistry–mineralogy–texture–geometallurgy (GMTG) approach was designed, whereby geoenvironmental focused logging and simple prescreening tools such as paste pH and sulfur analyses were used at stage-one; routine acid base accounting and leachate tests at stage-two; and validation tools including X-ray diffractometry and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS) at stage-three. This approach should be considered for other mine sites at early and operational life-of-mine stages with similar deposit characteristics, to ensure correct screening and placement of potentially hazardous waste materials in suitable above-ground waste repositories or mined-out mine sections.CITATION:Parbhakar-Fox, A and Lottermoser, B G, 2017. Effectively linking mining geology with waste management – a case study from western Tasmania, in Proceedings Tenth International Mining Geology Conference 2017, pp 117–126 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 20, 2017

Recently discovered Carboniferous bentonites are variable in charadeI and thickness, but being altered aeolian, ash-fall tuffs, they are probably extensive. Most are the Ca-montmorillonite type without the natural swelling characteristics of the Wyoming deposits, but their situation, thickness, and response to beneficiation through cation exchange may give them some potential as sources of future economic deposits.INTRODUCTIONLoughnan and See (1959) gave an account of bentonites and fuller's earth deposits of New South Wales. The most likely potential industrial sources were those occurring in the uppermost formations of the Newcastle and Singleton Coal Measures (Permian) in the Hunter Valley and deposited during epochs not marked by strong contemporary vulcanicity.One feature of the record of known occurrences at that time was the absence of bentonites from the thick volcanic sequences of the Carboniferous, but since this paper appeared, many bentonite beds have been discovered by the writer in the Carboniferous facies formerly known as the "Kuttung Series".The purpose of this contribution is to report briefly on the occurrence, genesis, mineralogy, and economic potential of these deposits which augment possible sources of bentonite near major industrial centres on the eastern seaboard.The potential world demand for bentonite would increase markedly with the trend to pelletization in the steel industry, if its use in this field became more general. More detailed mineralogical studies will be presented in later publications.STRATIGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONBentonite occurs at irregular intervals throughout a thick sequence of dominantly continental, plant bearing strata...

Jan 1, 1965

By Robert L. Virta

This U.S. Bureau of Mines paper discusses the structure of the talc industry, talc production, processing of talc ore, applications and demand for talc, and the outlook for the talc industry.

Jan 1, 1989

Surface subsidence caused by coal mining operations was the subject of a very successful symposium organised by the Illawarra Branch of The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy in February, 1973. This symposium dealt with the principles of subsidence and overseas experiences arising out of underground mining. Since that time the New South Wales Department of Mineral Resources and Development (formerly the Department of Mines) has incorporated in the approval for pillar extraction certain conditions related to the monitoring of surface movement. Surveys and plans are required to be kept at mines where total or partial extraction of coal takes place. This paper traces the monitoring of surface movement in the Northern Coalfields of New South Wales over the past ten years. Reference is made to the National Coal Board's Subsidence Engineers' Handbook (1975) and how the guidelines expressed therein have been beneficial. Mining engineers in Australia are able to plan underground workings where minimum subsidence is allowable and are in a position to foreshadow the surface effects where total pillar extraction is carried out. In certain cases such surface effects can be minimised by structural design in buildings or pipelines.

Jan 1, 1980

Develop tools that mine personnel can use to comply with 30 CFR,Part 47. Background The new MSHA rule, 30 CFR, Part 47 (also known as the HazCom rule), requires all mines to develop a written program to track hazardous chemicals at their sites. More specifically, the rule requires that mines list all chemicals and determine which are hazardous; develop a written Hazard Communication Program; label all containers used to store hazardous chemicals; obtain or develop Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all chemicals stored or produced; provide miners with training in working around hazardous chemicals; and make information about hazardous chemicals available to all workers. All mines with six or more employees must have complied with the new rule by September 23, 2002, and mines with five or fewer employees will have to be in compliance by March 21, 2003.

Mar 1, 2003

By Kimberlee Falkenstein, Volha Kibitkina, Jessica Steeves

A series of experiments were conducted to obtain site specific constants for the vibration produced by a single charge and by more charges detonating in sequence, using short delay intervals. All charges were placed in relatively long boreholes in granite without a free face other than the ground surface. The boreholes were filled with water to provide good coupling with the rock and to provide identical confinement for all the blasts. Vibrations were recorded close to each blast in the vertical direction by uniaxial high frequency geophones and far field using a triaxial geophone.

Jan 1, 2013

By George Carlos dos Santos Anselmo

O efeito de memória de forma tem como principal objetivo a recuperação da forma por meio de aquecimento acima das temperaturas críticas de transformação. Fitas das ligas Ti50Ni46Cu4 e Ti50Ni44Cu6 (% at) foram preparadas através do processo melt spinnig com velocidade da roda de 38 m/s e 50 m/s. A caracterização das fitas foi feita por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Foi observado que com o aumento da velocidade de rotação da roda de 38 para 50 m/s um refino de grão foi observado e as temperaturas de transformação diminuíram chegando à variação de aproximadamente 7°C. A solidificação rápida produz defeitos na estrutura da liga e, consequentemente, uma maior dificuldade de ocorrer as transformações de fase, bem como produz um refino de grão.

Aug 16, 2017