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By Jing Zhou

2-hydroxy-3-naphthoy hydroxamic acid code name F203 is a good collector of cassiterite, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoy hydroxamic acid code name ZJ-3. F203 and ZJ-3 are similar series of isomers. They have similar naphthye, and similar series of functional OH and ?CONHOH, but the seat of OH and ?CONHOH group are different, on the F203 is 2.3; on the ZJ-3 is 1.2, ortho position too. According to Isomeric principle ZJ-3 is a good collector of cassiterite slime too. Using ZJ-3 as collector flotation -10µm occupies 90%, grade 1.16% Sn cassiterite slime of Da Chang Chehe concentration plant, pass one coursing flotation, two cleaning and one scarenging flotation, and obtains grand 18.26% Sn, recovery 92.68% cassiterite concentrate. The result proves the Isomeric principle of flotation reagents is correct again. This principle may supply to synthetize new flotation reagents reference. Keywords: F2O3, ZJ-3, cassiterite flotation, Isomeric principle, Isomeric principle of flotation reagents

Sep 1, 2012

By Alex C. Smith

This report describes laboratory studies conducted by the Bureau of Mines on the spontaneous combustion of U.S. coals. Approximately 11 pet of U.S. underground coal mine fires are attributed to spontaneous combustion. The relative self-heating tendencies of 24 coal samples were evaluated in an adiabatic heating oven. Minimum self-heating temperatures (SHT's) in the oven ranged from 350 C for a lignite and high-volatile C bituminous (hvCb) coal, to 1350 C for two low-volatile bituminous (lvb) coals. An empirical expression was determined predicting a bituminous coal's minimum SHT in the adiabatic oven based on the coal's dry ash-free oxygen content. Several factors that can affect the self-heating process were also evaluated. The self-~eating tendency of a coal increased when the coal was dried and exposed to humidified air, and was dependent on the particle size and oxygen concentration of the air. A new moderate-scale apparatus is described, in which the self-heating tendencies of larger coal samples, 3 kg, can be evaluated. The minimum SHT's of two coals were determined and the results were in good agreement with those found in the adiabatic oven. Finally, results of a test in the moderate-scale apparatus indicated a strong dependence of the self-heating rate of a low rank coal on the moisture content of the air.

Jan 1, 1987

By Maria Auxiliadora Mendes Aguiar

O sistema de flotação de minério de ferro consagrado no Brasil desde 1977 é a flotação catiônica reversa, na qual deprimem-se os minerais-minério de ferro e flota-se a ganga silicática. Em termos de reagentes, o amido é utilizado como depressor de minerais de ferro e a amina como coletor de quartzo e espumante. Teoricamente, espera-se que o aumento da dosagem de amina eleve a flotabilidade do quartzo. Entretanto, a realidade industrial tem mostrado um comportamento contrário. Este fato tem sido explicado pela formação de clatratos - termo utilizado para denominar o composto molecular formado pela adesão das moléculas de amina no interior das moléculas de amido, que resulta na depressão do quartzo. Em laboratório, a avaliação da flotabilidade de minerais puros pode ser feita através de ensaios de microflotação em tubo de Hallimond modificado. O objetivo do presente trabalho é verificar a flotabilidade do quartzo utilizando-se diferentes dosagens de amina e amido. Para isso, ensaios de microflotação em tubo de Hallimond modificado foram realizados em faixa de pH entre 6 e 12. Identificou-se a dosagem de reagentes que favoreceu a formação dos clatratos.

Aug 1, 2018

By George H. Holmes

Beryllium deposits in the northern Virgin Mountains , Clark County , Nev . , and Mohave County , Ariz . , about 70 miles northeast of Las Vegas , were investigated by the Bureau of Mines . The investigation indicated a widespread occurrence of beryllium- bearing pegmatites within an extensive belt of mica - schist . Several deposits with significant beryllium mineral concentrations were encountered . Only a few of the samples analyzed contained more than 1 percent beryllium oxide ( BeO ) ; in many of the samples , no beryllium was reported . The average tenor of samples from the more important occurrences was 0.25 percent BeO . Chrysoberyl is the predominant beryllium mineral in the pegmatite sills ; beryl predominates in the more massive bodies . Minute quantities of cesium and lithium minerals also occur , but no columbium , tantalum , or other rare minerals were found . Ore dressing tests on a composite sample containing 0.28 percent BeO which was representative of the pegmatite sills , indicated an 85 percent recovery of the chrysoberyl ( 70 percent recovery of total BeO ) by gravity concentration in a concentrate containing 17.6 percent BeO .

Jan 1, 1964

By R. A. Cattell

The Bureau of Mines actively conducted a well-coordinated research pro- gram during the past fiscal year on problems dealing with the production of oil and gas, transportation of natural gas, chemistry and refining of petrole- um, thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbons, and the processing and utiliza- tion of incombustible helium gas. These particular reserach phases, compris- ing the presently scheduled activities, are integral parts of a broad program selected soon after the war as suitable for Bureau of Mines study, to meet immediate needs for specific information on petroleum and natural-gas problems of national scope. Important progress was made and many technical reports were finished during the year. Several reports were published on gas-condensate production problems, one giving the results of laboratory tests of relative merits of various steels and alloys for rosisting the corrosion that occurs in high-pressure gas- condensate wells. Research was continued, using the Bureau's windowed cell, to determine the characteristics of gas-condensate fluids, and an important paper on the phase relations of these fluids at low temperatures was published. An important part of the Bureau of Mines petroleum production research program for many yoars has been the engineering study of type oil fields. This year reports waro completed on the Lake Creek, Sheridan, and West Rod River fields, Tex.; the Atlanta field, Ark.; and the Bogge field, W.V. Othor fields under study and for which reports will be issued are the Carthage and Now Hope fields, Tex., and the Weber pool, Okla. Spocial studios to determine the characteristics of the oil-gas solutions as they exist within the native reservoir rocks have been in progress in the North Lindsay field, Okla.; the Elk Basin field, Wyo. and Mont.; and the Rangely field, Colo. The North Lindsay study brought to light several un- usual physical proporties of the oil as it is found in this deep-seated reservoir. For instance, its viscosity is less than that of water, and more than 2 barrels of the initial reservoir oil must be produced to yield 1 barrel of "stock-tank oil." In the Elk Basin and Rangoly fields the oil-gas solution varies in composition within the reservoir, depending upon structural location. Engineering studies were continued on woll spacing and on drilling fluids with special emphasis on obtaining uncontaminated cores, or coros for which the flushing action of the drilling fluid can be dotormined accurately. In connection with research on production of oil by secondary recovery methods, progress was made in studies of conditioning water for subsurface injoction, of input ratos and pressures for water-flooding oil sands, and of the selective plugging the more permeable mediurs to prevent or retard channel- ing of the injected fluid. The availability of fuels for all types of internal-combustion engines still is tho primary resoarch project in potroleum chomistry and refining. This rosearch program is subdivided into a sorios of problems under four main topics: (1) Raw-material studios; (2) relationships of fuel consumption, proporties, and performanco; (3) utilization of potroleum products; and (4) analytical mothods, which include chomical and physical property detorminations.

Dec 1, 1949

By S. A. Mersol, C. T. Lynch, F. W. Vahldiek

The microhardness of single crystals of tungsten disilicide has been investigated by the Knoop method. The average random room-temperature hardness of the WSi, matrix was 1350 kg per sq mm. Hardness crnisotropy was noted with respect to plane and indenter orientation as determined by single-crq.stal X-rny studies. Annealing at 1600" and 1800°C decreased the average hardness to 1310 and 1230 kg per sq tnm, respectively, and produced a second phase identified by X-ray diffraction and electron-microprobe analysis to be wSio.7. Ball-impact experiwzents produced rosettes at 850°C. Optical and electron microscopy showed evidence of slip and cross slip and twinning produced by microhardness indentations. Prismatic (100), [001] slip was found and cor~elated with hardness data. THE present study was undertaken to investigate the hardness anisotropy of as-grown and annealed single crystals of tungsten disilicide. The existence of the silicide WSiz in the W-Si system has been well-established and its structure thoroughly investigated zachariasen2 found WSi, to have a tetragonal C type of structure, similar to that of MoSi, with lattice parameters a = 3.212A, Kieffer et al. studied the W-Si system and measured the density and microhardness (at a 100-g load) of both polycrystalline WSi, and WSi,.,. The values found were 9.25 g per cu cm and 1090 kg per sq mm for WSi,, and 12.21 per cu cm and 770 kg per sq mm for WSi0.7, respectively. According to Samsonov et a1.5 the microhardness of polycrystalline WSi2 is 1430 kg per sq mm (at a 120-g load). EXPERIMENTAL The WSi, single-crystal boules investigated in this paper were grown by a Verneuil-type process using an electric arc by the Linde Division of the Union Carbide Corp.6 The largest specimens were 8 mm in diameter by 16 mm long. The crystals had an average density of 9.01 g per cu cm with a tungsten • silicon content of 99.9 wt pct. The major impurities were: 87 ppm O, 41 ppm N. 54 pprn C, 500 ppm Zr, 50 ppm Na, and 50 ppm Mn. The crystals were silicon-poor, the average silicon content being 22.20 pct (stoichiometric value is 23.40 pct), and tungsten-rich, the average tungsten content being 77.70 pct (stoichiometric value is 76.60 pct). As-received single crystals were ground and analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction technique using Cu Ka radiation. Laue and layer line rotation patterns were obtained on cleaved sections of WSi, single crystals. Electron-microprobe traverses of representative crystals were done using a Phillips-AMR electron microanalyzer. Carbon replicas were used to prepare electron micrographs. This work was done with a JEM-6A electron microscope. Prior to the metallographic examination, the specimens were mounted in Lucite and then polished for short times on polishing wheels using 9-, 3-, and 1-p diamond-grade pastes. Finally they were fine-polished with Linde A powder for 24 hr on a Syntron vibratory polisher. The samples were etched with 4H 2 O:1HF:2HNO3, which is a medium fast-acting etchant. The combination 1HF:2HNO3:5 lactic acid is also a satisfactory etchant. Annealing runs for selected specimens were made at 1600" and 1800°C for 3 hr at 1.0 to 3.0 x 10-5 mm Hg. A Brew tantalum resistance furnace with WSi2 powder for setters was used. The WSi2 powder was the same as that used for the crystal growth. Temperatures were measured with a calibrated W, W-26 pct Re thermocouple and a microoptical pyrometer. Powder X-ray diffraction, emission spectrographic, and electron-microprobe analyses were done after the annealing runs. For microhardness measurements a Tukon Microhardness Tester Type FB with a Knoop indenter was used. Although measurements were taken at loads ranging from 25 to 1000 g, the 100-g load was chosen as the standard load. All measurements were taken at room temperature. Only indentations of cracking classes 1 and 2 were considered.' DISCUSSION OF RESULTS Powder X-ray diffraction analysis showed the as-received crystals to be single-phase WSi2. Laue and layer line rotation patterns obtained on cleaved sections of WSi2 single crystals proved them to be tetragonal WS 2 2 The results also indicated that the c axis of the crystal was oriented parallel to the boule or growth axis. Electron-microprobe traverses across the matrix of the as-grown crystals showed them to be homogeneous WSi,. Optical and electron microscopy of etched crystals, however, revealed that they contained minute amounts of the "golden" and the "blue" second phases as opposed to the "white" or WSi2 phase. These two second phases were concentrated in inclusion and etch-pit

Jan 1, 1965

By Zhang Chuanfu, Tan Pengfu

"A thermodynamic model is developed to predict the distribution behaviors of Ni, Co, Sn, Pb, Zn, As, Sb, Bi, Au and Ag in copper pyrometallurgical process. In this model, as more as 21 elements (Cu, S, Fe, Ni, Co, Sn, As, Sb, Bi, Pb, Zn, Au, Ag, 0, N, C, H, Ca, Mg, Al, and Si) and 72 compounds (in fayalite-slag-making system) or 74 compounds (in ferrite-slag-making system) are considered. Accessory-element behavior is studied for two types of slag , fayalite and ferrite, and two levels of oxidation. The allowance is also made to account for physical entrainment in the melts.-Model simulations are carried out to study the effects of controllable process parameters such as feed composition, smelting temperature, degree of oxygen enrichment and volume of oxygen enriched air. The model can be used in copper flash process, Mitsubishi process and Noranda process. The predictions by the present computer model are compared with the known industrial data from Gui Xi Smelter in China, Home Smelter in Canada and Naoshima Smelter in Japan and excellent agreement between calculations and industrial data is obtained. In this paper, the effects of oxygen enrichment, matte grade, smelting temperature, and types of slag on accessory-element behavior among matte, slag and gaseous phase have been elucidated.I . IntroductionThe presence of trace quantities of minor elements such as As, Sb and Bi in copper significantly reduces its ductility, electrical conductivity, and lowers its thermal conductivity. Embrittlement of copper also occurs due to impurity-phase precipitates at the copper grain boundary interfaces. They deteriorate not only the electrical conductivity of copper but its workability in hot working."

Jan 1, 1998

By J. J. S. Sebastian

The process development described in this report was carried out at the Morgantown Station of the U. S. Bureau of Mines in cooperation with West Virginia University. An experimental laboratory-scale pilot unit to gasify coal dust in entrainment was constructed on the Campus of the University in Morgantown. The enormously accelerated demand for liquid and gaseous fuels and utilization of our immense coal resources require that a low-cost process be developed for the gasification of a wide variety of coals. Such a process would be a major factor in lowering the cost of synthetic liquid fuels. None of the proc3sses developed in Germany prior to and during World War II, such as the Winkler process, the H. Koppers dust gasification process, the Wintershall-Schmalfoldt process, etc., meet all the requirements for a low-cost process under American conditions. Nor has any other process designed and experimentally operated at atmospheric pressure during the post-war period in this country appeared to fulfill all of the necessary conditions for a low-cost process.

Jan 1, 1950

By Robert L. Kranz

The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) has been monitoring and studying seismic activity associated with mining in the Coeur d'Alene silver district of northern Idaho. New statistical methods of studying the stope-scale (1-to l00-m) seismicity at one Idaho silver mine are used in this report (part 1) and its companion (part 2). This report deals with methodology and its limitations. The recent concept of fractals and their seismological use is discussed and applied to mining-induced seismicity. Three types of fractal studies are addressed: spatial analyses (including temporal changes of spatial patterns), temporal analyses, and size analyses. Other statistical measures of mine seismicity are also addressed: event mean location, inter-event distance distribution skewness, temporal coefficient of variation, nearest neighbor and next event statistics, and event location planarity patterns. Each of the methodologies discussed (fractal and nonfractal) is presented using sample data from two stopes in the mine. It is shown that stope-scale, mining-associated microseismicity has a fractal nature. The usefulness of demonstrating fractality (scale invariance) for predictive or descriptive purposes depends on recognition of the factors affecting the calculation of fractal dimensions. Several methodological traps are illustrated that can lead to an incorrect conclusion.

Jan 1, 2010

By R. H. Nafziger

Owing to the growth of alloy steel production and its influence on tramp element levels when recycled, foundries have expressed concern regarding the quality of scrap used to prepare iron castings. Reliable and current information was unavailable on the amount of tramp elements contained in iron castings over time. Accordingly, the U.S. Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the American Foundrymen's Society (AFS), analyzed cast iron samples from participating foundries throughout the United States on a quarterly basis to ascertain possible trends. Each sample was analyzed for 28 elements to determine if changes had occurred as a function of several input variables. This bulletin describes the research and presents analytical results and evaluations over a 5-3/4-year period from January 1981 to September 1986. Results show that iron casting compositions are changing with respect to a few tramp elements such as arsenic, cobalt, chromium, tin, and zinc over the period. Changes in charge compositions probably are responsible. Significant variations between zones also were observed with aluminum, arsenic, cobalt, chromium, copper, and manganese.

Jan 1, 1990

By Kym Runge, Fengnian Shi

Este artículo resume los resultados de la investigación realizada en los últimos 10 años sobre conminución por pulsos de alto voltaje (HVP) en la industria minera. En el estudio se adopta un nuevo enfoque mediante el uso de bajos niveles de energía HVP para cambiar la procesabilidad de los minerales y lograr una reducción general en el consumo de energía, así como un mejor rendimiento metalúrgico. El artículo discute los vacíos de conocimiento y las incertidumbres que inhiben la adopción del HVP por parte de la industria minera y hace hincapié en la necesidad de realizar más investigaciones para lograr la siguiente generación de tecnología de conminución.

Nov 30, 2019

By E. A. Magill

This report is one of a series prepared by the Bureau of Mines on manganese deposits of the Northwestern States. It describes properties on the Olympic Peninsula, Wash. Exploration by the Federal Bureau of Mines in 1939-40 and 1954-55 on several typical deposits is summarized, and examination data are presented for other manganese deposits on the peninsula. An attempt was made to list all known occurrences; however, some properties are abandoned, and their exact location is unknown.

Jan 1, 1960

By Bráulio Salumão de Oliveira

Este estudo avaliou oportunidades de integração entre requisitos ambientais e econômicos durante etapas iniciais do desenvolvimento de produtos. Como principal ferramenta foi utilizado o Mapeamento de Fluxo de Valor, associando conceitos de manufatura enxuta, Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) e Ecodesign, aplicado a um item de mobiliário aeronáutico em material compósito. Os resultados apontam que o tempo total de fabricação poderia ser reduzido em até 43%, além da otimização logística. A forma de construção influencia diretamente os impactos ambientais e oportunidades de utilização de matérias-primas menos agressivas foram apontadas como sugestões. O aspecto visual dos Mapas de Fluxo de Valor facilita a análise das informações e a tomada de decisão na seleção de materiais e processos que minimizem desperdícios e impactos ambientas na manufatura.

Oct 30, 2017

By J. C. Edwards

To have the capability to predict the development of localized spontaneous heating within a porous coalbed that is subjected to forced air ventilation or in an otherwise quiescent environment in which buoyancy develops, the Bureau of Mines developed three time-dependent mathematical models, which were used to calculate the temperature increase associated with chemisorption of oxygen by the coal. In each model, spontaneous heating is driven by an Arrhenius first-order reaction between the oxygen and coal. Two models are two-dimensional, and one is one-dimensional. In the first two-dimensional model, a constant-velocity forced convection airflow is specified; and in the other, buoyant flow is allowed to develop in the absence of forced convection. The third model evaluates the airflow from Darcy's law and a specification of the pressure at the surface of a one-dimensional porous coalbed. Numerical computations demonstrated how each model could be used to predict the onset of spontaneous heating when the porous coalbed was subjected to constraints of an imposed internal heat source or a high temperature airflow. The effects of particle size and coalbed compaction upon spontaneous heating were examined with the third model.

Jan 1, 1990

By Jewel A. Gomes

Keywords: Electrocoagulation, arsenic removal, fuel cell, windmill, energy simulation, combined Fe-Al electrode assembly Arsenic contamination of well-water in different countries has caused signs and symptoms of arsenic poisoning. Although several physicochemical treatments are presently used for the removal of arsenic compounds from drinking water, an electrochemical treatment, electrocoagulation, is a promising processing technology and currently is the most efficient (above 99% removal) and environmentally friendly technique, particularly if combined with alternative energy sources. Wind and fuel cell technologies can be considered the most promising developmental clean power sources. We will discuss new insights into the materials processing mechanisms and show the coupling of electrocoagulation with fuel cells and simulated wind energy sources. Different electrocoagulation plate materials were considered, along varied currents from the fuel cell to produce maximum arsenic removal. Coupling these technologies will remove carcinogenic arsenic from water sources, and will exhibit efficient usage of these energy sources by producing pure water for human and agricultural consumption.

Jan 1, 2005

By Slavoljub Makslmovic

One important element of the U.S. Bureau of Mines computer-assisted mining research program is the development of a reliable coal interface detection (CID) system. Several candidate CID concepts currently being investigated by the Bureau include use of natural gamma radiation (NGR), vibration, passive infrared, video, and radar. To help establish which CID sensor technologies need to be developed for a given seam, the Bureau has collected geological and mining practices data from over 460 underground and surface mines in the United States. Also, over 500 coal and rock samples have been obtained for laboratory analyses of ash content, sulfur content, heating value, and NGR. The Bureau's findings indicate that the immediate roof strata in 81% of the underground mines and 93% of the surface mines are made up of shale, draw slate, or claystone. The immediate floor strata in 88% of both the underground and surface mines consist of fireclay, shale, draw slate, or claystone. The results of the NGR testing indicate that the NGR method appears to be a potentially useful CID tool, provided that the immediate roof and floor are both composed of a high percentage of shale-type material.

Jan 1, 1993

Bosworth, T. 0. The Mackenzie oilfield of northern Canada. Petroleum Times, vol. 5, Apr. 30, 1921, pp. 489-491. Jour. Inst. Petroleum Technologists, vol. 7, Oct., 1921, pp. 276-290; discussion, pp. 290-297. Gives location of the field, some of its geology, mode of occurrence and character of the oil. See also Oil Trade Jour., vol. 12, June, 1921, pp. 48-108. Canadian Min. Jour., vol. 42, May 27, 1921, pp. 420-422. Oil and Gas Jour., vol. 20, June 3, 1921, pp. 90-90. Petroleum World (London), vol. 18, June, 1921, pp. 233-2.64, 236-238, 240-241. Bull. Canadian Inst. min. and met., July, 1921, pp. 629-638. Mining and Metallurgy, Oct., 1921, pp. 47-48. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Resources of Balkan and Near Eastern countries. Commerce Repts., Oct. 24, 1921, pp. 488-489. Includes summary of the mineral resources of these countries, mentioning petroleum and allied substances in Roumania, Albania, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Palestine, Arabia, Persia.

Jan 1, 1921

By John C. Holtz

"The Federal Bureau of Mines serves the mining industry by approving equipment that is designed to prevent explosion, fire, shock, or toxic hazards in mines when such equipment is used and maintained in a proper manner, through research, consultation, testing, and inspection, the Bureau studies machinery and component parts submitted by manufacturers and others. Before receiving the Bureau's approval as permissible for safe use in mines, equipment must pass exacting tests and must meet strict requirements established through research and experience and listed in the Bureau's various permissibility schedules. An important phase of the Bureau's research is the testing of diesel engines.Mobile diesel-powered equipment can be used safely in underground noncoal mines and tunnels when mechanical ventilation is provided to dilute and remove the exhaust gas and to replenish oxygen in the underground atmosphere. Safe ventilation is determined by suitable tests of each engine used in a diesel machine. This ventilation cannot be predicted safely, accurately, and economically from any general empirical relationship.In determining safe ventilation, the quantities of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen generated by a diesel engine must be ascertained. These quantities are related to the displacement of the engine, its speed of operation, the design of the combustion chamber, and the fuel:air ratio needed to produce useful power. At overrich fuel:air ratios, all diesel engines generate excessive quantities of toxic carbon monoxide and smoke. The results of engine tests are used to determine a maximum fuel-injection rate at or below which carbon monoxide can be controlled by a reasonable ventilation and smoke is essentially eliminated. Toxic oxides of nitrogen are related to fuel:air ratio and the design of the combustion chamber. Their concentration in the exhaust cannot be controlled by engine adjustments, and each engine appears to have individual characteristics concerning formation of these oxides. Production of oxides of nitrogen frequently is the most important factor in determining safe ventilation."

Oct 1, 1959

By Gautam Chandra Mondal

An attempt has been made to carry out qualitative assessment of mine water discharges from the different mines of West Bokaro Coalfields of Hazaribag district of Jharkhand, India. A total of 33 mine water samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), major cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K), major anions (HCO3, SO4, Cl, NO3), and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co, As). The hydrochemical data has been evaluated in terms of major ion chemistry, solute acquisition processes and suitability of mine water for domestic, industrial and irrigation uses. The pH of the analyzed mine waters varies from 5.27?8.43 indicating acidic to alkaline nature of the water. The electrical conductivity (EC) values varied from 276 µScm-1 to 1598 µScm-1 for measured samples and spatial differences between the EC values reflects the wide variation in lithology, surface activities and hydrological regime prevailing in the region. The anion chemistry of the analyzed water samples shows the dominance of SO4 and HCO3 with a minor contribution from Cl, NO3 and F. The observed high values of sulphate in the mine water of the area may be attributed to the oxidative weathering of pyrites. On average chloride is contributing 5% of the total anionic balance (TZ-). Fluoride and nitrate have low concentrations and on average contributing <2% the total anions. The cation chemistry indicates that 79% of the samples are Ca>Mg>Na>K, while the 6% belong to Ca>Na>Mg>K and 1% of Ca>Mg>K>Na. Weathering of rock forming minerals and cation exchange processes normally control the levels of these cations. Concentrations of some heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr) are found to be well above the prescribed permissible levels recommended for the drinking water. The water quality assessment for drinking purposes indicates that most of the mine water having high TDS, total hardness (TH) and sulphate concentrations. This suggests that mine water of the study area is not suitable for direct use in drinking and domestic purposes and needs a proper treatment before its utilization. The assessment of water for irrigation uses show that the water is good to permissible quality and can be used for irrigation uses. However, high values of salinity, %Na, SAR, RSC and Mg-hazard at certain sites restrict its suitability for agriculture uses. Keywords: mine water; ion chemistry; quality assessment; West Bokaro coalfields

Sep 1, 2012

By Richard C. Moore

The U.S. Bureau of Mines contracted a study to review the air and water monitoring requirements of five Federal environmental acts (the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) and to compile information on the currently available monitoring instruments. A literature review of the acts and their associated regulations was conducted to determine applicability to the mining industry as well as any air and water monitoring requirements. In addition, an industry search and literature review was performed to assess the instrumentation available to comply with the monitoring regulations. Based on this research, the instruments are classified by general applicability to air, surface water, or ground water monitoring, then catalogued by monitoring parameters. A discussion is provided on recommended and innovative monitoring techniques.

Jan 1, 1981