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By A. N. Mitinsky

Discussion of the paper of A. N. MITINSKY, presented at the San Francisco meeting, September, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 104, August, 1915, pp. 1697 to 1705. LAWFORD H. FRY, Burnham, Pa. (communication to the Secretary*). -The author assumes that the proportional limit and the elastic limit are coincident or very nearly so, and then further assumes that the stress corresponding to these two points is the least stress which if repeated will cause failure. The point is extremely interesting and it is to be regretted that the author did not quote experimental data to show the relation between the limit of repeated stress and the other properties of the material. The author's suggestion that a steel of poor quality may have a normal value for the yield point and tensile strength (see Fig. 2) and an abnormally low elastic limit, and that this will correspond to a low resistance to repeated stress, may account for a number of failures of axles in which the tensile tests show normal physical properties. If so and if a determination of the proportional limit would have eliminated the material before it was put into service, this determination will merit most earnest attention. It appears, however, that considerable further research is necessary before any definite conclusion as to the quality of a steel can be drawn from its proportional limit. Mr. Mitinsky's paper is extremely interesting and if it stimulates thought and work along the lines indicated, it may prove of considerable practical benefit. H. V. WILLE, Philadelphia, Pa.-The paper discusses the difference between the proportional limit, or elastic limit, and the yield point, and refers to the fact that much harm results from confusion of the terms yield point and elastic limit. Similar confusion has arisen in this country; the American-Society for Testing Materials does not even consider the elastic limit and proportional limit to be identical and recently adopted the following definitions:

Jan 12, 1915

H. H. Campbell, Steelton, Pa. (communication to the Secretary) : I wish to thank Mr. Webster for the copious quotations he has made from my writings, as he has given nearly all the arguments I wish to advance. It is necessary to note, however, his statement that most of his experiments were made on universal-mill plates, and that these were not subject to my condemnation of irregularity. I think this is a mistake. It is well known that universal-mill plates are finished under very different conditions of temperature, with the express purpose of regulating the tensile strength. This is a perfectly legitimate practice; but it renders almost worthless any calculations on the relations of the chemical and physical equations when the influence of such finishing is omitted. Another important point Mr. Webster has not answered at all. I have shown by an excerpt from his own table that two entirely different formulæ may be constructed; and it is undeniable that one is as valid as the other, since Mr. Webster started with no premise at all save an assumption that the effect of carbon was constant. This was an assumption pure and simple, and hence has no special virtue. The whole result of Mr. Webster's investigation is not that the effect of carbon is a constant, and that those of phosphorus and manganese are variables. On the contrary, there are two answers, with nothing to show which is right. We learn that if carbon is a constant, then phosphorus and manganese are variables; but that if phosphorus and manganese are constants, then carbon is a variable. This is a distinct advance over complete ignorance, but it is not final and satisfactory from either a mathematical or metallurgical standpoint. Regarding my own formulæ, I would say that they are used regularly in the testing-laboratories of the Pennsylvania Steel Company. The tensile strength of every heat is calculated

Jan 1, 1899

Arrangements have been completed in New York whereby the re- sources of The Engineering Foundation, under the auspices of the four principal national engineering societies, are placed at the disposal of the National Research Council, which was appointed by the National Academy of Sciences* at the request of President Wilson. The object of the Council is to coordinate the scientific research work of the country in order to secure efficiency in the solution of the problems of war and peace. The Council was without funds until The Engineering Foundation, established to further scientific and engineering research, offered to place its resources at the Council's disposal, including the services of its secretary, Dr. Cary T. Hutchinson, to act as-secretary of the Council. The offer was accepted and plans for immediate activities have been placed in the hands of an executive committee. In indicating how thoroughly, every branch bf science and engineering is represented, Dr. George E. Hale, Director of the Mt. Wilson Solar Observatory, and Chairman of the Council, when he was in New York attending to the details of the arrangement, called attention to the personnel of the body, saying that it is the purpose to enlist the cooperation, in the solution of our industrial and military problems of a scientific character, of every possible established agency. Medicine, for example, is represented on the Council by Dr. William H. Welch, President of the National Academy of Sciences, Brigadier General William C. Gorgas, , Surgeon Crenera.1 of the United States Army, Dr. Simon Flexner, Director of the Rockefeller Medical Institute, and Dr. Victor C. Vaughan, Past President of the American Medical Society; biological science by Dr. Edwin G. Conklin, Professor of Zoology, Princeton University; chemistry by Dr. A. A. Noyes of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Dr. L. H. Baekeland; physics by Dr. A. A. Michelson of the University of Chicago; and electricity by Professor M. I. Pupin, of Columbia University.

Jan 10, 1916

By ANDREW CARNEGIE

Although the noble building provided in New York City by Mr. Carnegie for the United Engineering Society has been pushed to about half-completion, the ceremony of laying its corner-stone was not performed until Tuesday afternoon, May 8, 1906. The stone lies just back of the southeast corner of the building, on the north side-of West 39th Street. Among those present were Mr. and Mrs. Carnegie, Miss Whitfield, the sister of Mrs. Carnegie, Ralph W. Pope, Secretary of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, Frederick R. Hutton, Secretary of the. Society of Mechanical Engineers, Rossiter W. Raymond, Secretary of the Institute of Mining Engineers, Charles H. Haswell, the first Chief Engineer of the United States Navy (1836-1851), now in his ninety-seventh year, John Fritz, of the Bethlehem Steel Company, William H. Fletcher, President of the Engineers' Club, E. E. Olcott, President of United Engineering Society, and other interested friends. After an inspection of the interior of the building, the group formed about the corner-stone, which had been draped with the American flag. The exercises were opened by Mr. Olcott, who appropriately welcomed Mr. Carnegie, and briefly expressed the essential value of the building, saying, in part " The societies to be housed underneath this roof have as their aim the pre¬serving and putting in tangible form of the records of scientific accomplishments so as to avoid the repetition of mistakes. The possibility of finding the records of these results all at one center, so near the great Public Library of our city, will be an inestimable advantage to all professions. It is an occasion of no ordinary moment, therefore, when we can welcome Mr. Carnegie and have him lay for us the corner-stone of this great building which his liberality has provided." Mr. Carnegie responded in happy vein, thanking the committee for their greeting, and expressing his pleasure. in being able to do what he had done to further so worthy a cause. Among other things, he said

May 1, 1906

By Frank Linforth

THE object of this paper is to present a brief outline of the methods of geologic mapping employed in the Geological Department of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., at Butte, and to show by means of a few typical examples the practical nature of the results obtained. The extremely complicated geological conditions early encountered in Butte mining led mine operators to realize the necessity of accurate detailed geologic mapping as an aid to successful development of the ore bodies. The organization of the Anaconda Geological Department was undertaken in 1900 by H. V. Winchell, who, in conjunction with D. W. Brunton, worked out the essential methods of procedure which are, in the main, followed at the present time. Since the year 1906 the geologic work has been under the direction of Reno H. Sales, and in some respects the scope of the work has been slightly enlarged. Au excellent article describing the general equipment of the geological department was presented by D. W. Brunton at the British Columbia meeting of the Institute in 1905.1 His idea, that data collected underground and recorded should be put to practical use and not remain a mere " inventory of the company's underground possessions," is the keynote to the success of applied geology in Butte. The geologic notes are taken as soon as possible after the ground is broken so that any mistake in the mining may be corrected at once, or any particularly advantageous procedure may be suggested before any useless work is done. Taking the notes underground is a comparatively simple matter, but a few necessary precautions may be pointed out. The essential to success is that the notes shall show exactly what geological facts are disclosed. The observer must discriminate carefully between important and unimportant exposures in making the record, especially as regards the relation between veins and stringers, between faults and minor slips, or between the characteristics of veins of different ages. A simple color scheme has been adopted for making this record: Red pencils are used to indicate.

Jan 11, 1913

Discussion * of the paper of H. M. Chance, presented at the butte meeting, august, 1913, and printed in bulletin No. 79, July, 1913, pp. 1315 to 1341. George H. Ashley,+ Washington, d. C.:-Mr. Chance's long practical experience in reporting on coal lands admirably fits him for a discussion of the value of such lands. On behalf of the government geologists, I wish to express my appreciation of Mr. Chance's friendly, constructive criticism of the government method of valuing coal land in the first part of his paper and, at the same time, to reply to some queries he makes. All admit that coal has no " intrinsic "-monetary value, in the sense that a pound of coal of certain chemical and physical characters is worth " intrinsically " so many cents or fractions of a cent. The term has, however, been found very useful as including those natural factors of coal value, among which are its position and location in the earth, that affect its sale price in contrast with the other cost elements involved in the labor and capital necessary in mining, preparing, transporting, and selling the coal (extrinsic factors). Mr. Chance, while recognizing the " dual origin of value," does not offer any better terms. The survey agrees with Mr. Chance in his definition of coal conservation, that it means the fuller utilization of the heat contents of the coal, and the more complete recovery of the coal from the ground. Coal land withdrawals have not been made to keep such lands off the market, but to prevent their acquisition as non-coal lands before they could be classified so as to be disposed of under the proper law. Nor has the pricing of the more valuable coal lands above the minimum been to raise money for the reclamation fund, to which the money goes, but primarily to discourage the alienation, for holding or speculation, of coal lands not intended or needed for development, and, secondarily, to secure to the people the ?unearned increment," which they are certain in any case to be charged.

Jan 11, 1913

By Frank A. Linforth

The object of this paper is to present a brief outline of the methods of geologic mapping employed in the Geological Department of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., at Butte, and to show by means of a few typical examples the practical nature of the results obtained. The extremely complicated geological conditions early encountered in Butte mining led mine operators to realize the necessity of accurate detailed geologic mapping m an aid to successful development of the ore bodies. The organization of the Anaconda Geological Department was undertaken in 1900 by H. V. Winchell, who, in conjunction with D. W. Brunton, worked out the essential methods of procedure which are, in the main, followed at the present time. Since the year 1906 the geologic work has been under the direction of Reno H. Sales, and in some respects the scope of the work has been slightly enlarged. An excellent article describing the general equipment of the geological department was presented by D. W. Brunton at the British Columbia meeting of the Institute in 1905.' His idea, that data collected underground and recorded should be put to practical use and not remain a mere " inventory of the company's underground possessions," is the keynote to the success of applied geology in Butte. The geologic notes are taken as soon as possible after the ground is broken so that any mistake in the mining may be corrected at once, or any particularly advantageous procedure may be suggested before any useless work is done. Taking the notes underground is a comparatively simple matter, but a few necessary precautions may be pointed out. The essential to success is that the notes shall show exactly what geological facts are disclosed. The observer must discriminate carefully between important and unimportant exposures in making the record, especially as regards the relation between veins and stringers, between faults and minor slips, or between the characteristics of veins of different ages. A simple color scheme has been adopted for making this record. Red pencils are used to indicate

Jan 1, 1914

By R. H. Thurston

THE writer became convinced, many years ago, that the generally accepted values of the coefficient of friction for lubricated surfaces were not applicable to such heavy machinery as he had been called upon, in the course of professional work, to design, to construct, and to operate. Experience frequently seemed to indicate, also, a wide departure, in such cases, from the accepted "laws of friction." In the year 1869, or earlier, he invented an apparatus to redetermine these laws and these coefficients for a wide range of temperatures, pressures and velocities. The construction of the machine was delayed, however, some time, and no experiments were made for several years, when, finally, the construction of the apparatus was commenced in the workshops of the Stevens Institute of Technology, and experiments were begun in the Mechanical Laboratory organized by the writer in connection with the Department of Engineering. These machines have now been in use about five years, and have furnished an immense amount of valuable information. Those now in use are of two styles: one designed and built by the Class of 1877, Figs. 1 and 2; the other a much larger machine, Figs. 3 and 4. The first has been already frequently described,* and a working drawing of the second has been also published.† For convenience, engravings of both are herewith reproduced. In the “'77 machine,” a journal, F, is made on the overhung extremity of a shaft carried in the two bearings, B B'. This journal is grasped by brass boxes which are carried in a pendulum, II H. They are forced against the journal by a screw which compresses a coiled spring with a pressure which is read off on the scale, N H. A weight at the lower end of the arm, at I, gives it the necessary resistance to deflection. The angle of deflection is measured on the * In Scientific American, Railroad Gazette, Jour. Frank. Inst., Johnson's Cyclopaedia, Knight's Mechanical Dictionary, etc. † Railroad Gazette, Jan. 18th, 1878, p. 25.

Jan 1, 1879

By Charles L. Harness

MINERAL pigments give color, opacity, or body to paint, stucco, plaster, mortar, cement, linoleum, rubber, and similar materials. They must be finely divided, substantially insoluble, and generally inert for such uses. Inorganic pigments may be grouped somewhat arbitrarily as follows: A. Natural mineral pigments dug from the earth. 1. Those consisting mostly of iron oxides, such as hematite and Limonite. 2. Those containing large amounts of clay or noncoloring matter, such as ocher, sienna, umber, and colored shales. 3. Those whose color is not due to iron oxide, such as Vandyke brown (including sap brown, an alkali extract of Vandyke brown), graphite, and terre verte. B. Synthetic pigments. 1. Those containing iron oxide as the essential coloring matter, such as "pure" reds, yellows, and blacks, and Venetian reds. 2. Those not containing iron oxide, such as lithopone, zinc white, titanium white, ultramarine, Prussian blue, and the like. Only groups A and B-1 are discussed here. All the pigments in those two categories, except Vandyke brown, sap brown, and some of the carbonaceous slates, contain, as their essential color constituents, one or more compounds of iron; namely, an oxide-Limonite (2Fe203.H20 to Fe203.4H20), hematite (Fe203), or magnetite (Fe203.FeO). Man's first permanent coloring materials were earth pigments- the ochers, iron oxides, and various iron-stained clays. The caves occupied by prehistoric man and the arts of the ancient Chaldean, Egyptian, and Cretan civilizations bear mute witness to this and also testify to the beauty and permanence of earth colors. As the Roman era developed, earth pigments were pushed from their pre-eminent position by white lead and red lead and in the Middle Ages by zinc oxide. Today, of course, the number of acceptable pigments is very large and on a value basis the group of natural and synthetic earth pigments stands

Jan 1, 1949

By Walter S. Weeks, Vitaly S. Grishkevich

Considerable difference of opinion seems to exist as to whether the rate of air flow when a fan is placed on a given duct should be determined by the use of static pressure or total pressure characteristics. A little study will show that both methods are correct. Assume that a fan is connected to a duct by an expansion piece as shown in Fig. 1, and that steady flow is established. Considering the atmospheric pressure as zero pressure, let the static head at the outlet of the fan be h and the velocity at this point be vl. The total head at the outlet is then h + „"• The total head at this point must be equal to the total head at the end of the duct plus the losses that have occurred between the two points. Left be the friction loss in the straight duct, s the shock loss in the dif- fuser, and v2 the velocity at the end of the duct. Then ig. 1.—Fan on duct. A curve showing the value of the left-hand side of the equation for different rates of flow is the total pressure characteristic of the fan, while a curve showing the value of the right-hand side is the total pressure characteristic of the duct. If these two curves are plotted on the same chart, the intersection indicates the rate of flow when steady flow is established. We may look at this problem in another way. The static pressure at the outlet of the fan is the static pressure of the fan and it is also the static resistance of the duct from that point to the end. The friction in the straight duct is f. If the duct were the same area as the fan outlet, would be the static resistance of the whole duct system. In the present case, however, this resistance is decreased by the change of velocity head into static head in the expansion piece. If conversion were perfect, the static pressure recovered would be

Jan 1, 1931

Executive Committee. ROBERT H. RICHARDS, Chairman. ALBERT SAUVEUR, Vice-Chairman. TIMOTHY W. SPRAGUE. HENRY A. WENTWORTH. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. The twelfth meeting of the Boston Section was held at the Engineers' Club, 2 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, on Monday evening, May 5, 1913, fifteen members and three guests being present. The meeting was called to order by Vice-Chairman Albert Sauveur, who introduced the speaker of the evening, Utley Wedge, of Ardmore, Pa. Mr. Wedge read his paper on the chloridizing roasting of copper ores, which he illustrated with a stereopticon, and which will be published in full by the Institute. After Mr. Wedge had closed his paper, which was received with great interest by all the members, the following discussion took place: Professor Hofman said that iron was formerly thought to ho essential to the Henderson process, but that it is not absolutely essential. Mr.Wedge said that, as far as he. knew, the presence of some sulphates was an abso¬lute necessity, and that line ores can be worked satisfactorily, although lime has an effect on the subsequent leaching. He added that the low fuel consumption of the latest Wedge furnace is a result of direct application of the combustion gases to the ore. Ten per cent. of fuel was needed with the muffle furnace. By direct firing he has been able to reduce the fuel needed to from 2 to 4 per cent. In the latest types of furnaces the gases from the upper hearth are not used. There is doubtless some temperature at which the loss. from copper chloride volatilization becomes serious, but in practice on Rio Tinto ores troublesome losses are not experienced. The copper apparently does not become volatile at. the temperatures where we would expect that it would. There are doubtless ores in which there would be serious danger from losses from this source. The latest furnaces do not use the high temperatures that were needed in the former single-hearth Wedge furnaces.

Jan 7, 1913

By M. A. Rigdon, R. E. Grace

The dissociation of cupric oxide to cuprous oxide and oxygen was studied with a microbalmce technique at 700" to 750°C. In this temperature range the dissociation pressure of the reaction 2CuO= Cu2O + 1/2 O2 was: The theory of near-equilibriwm reaction rates predicts a linear relationship between reaction rate and the Gibbs free-energy change for small values of AF/RT. This correlation is found to be valid for AF/RT = -0.1 or approximately 200 cal per mole away from equilibrium. THE theory of reaction rates near equilibrium as developed from classical thermodynamics suggests a small range of linear behavior between the overall reaction rate and the free-energy change accompanying the process. The extent of this linear correlation is generally unknown, even to the order of magnitude. The idea of linearity is also found in the formal mathematics of coupled transport phenomena, e.g., chemical diffusion, thermal diffusion, thermoelectricity, and so forth. The linear array of forces and fluxes which leads to various main and cross coefficients is predicated upon linearity between reaction rates and the bulk thermodynamics which govern the process. The general case in reaction kinetics is well-known: the magnitude of the free-energy change does not cor- relate with observed reaction kinetics, irrespective of whether the process occurs by diffusion or chemical reaction or both. The real need is to investigate specific reaction paths near equilibrium in order to learn of the limitations in attempting to correlate reaction rates and thermodynamics. It is the main purpose of this paper to examine the dissociation kinetics of cupric oxide under conditions of known driving force where the dissociation process is likely to occur by chemical reaction. A secondary objective is to obtain equilibrium data for the CuO-Cu20-O2 system. In a prior paper Edmiston and race' investigated reduction kinetics of wustite in H2-H2O gas mixtures. The present study was carried out in oxygen according to the following reaction:

Jan 1, 1969

The editorial expenses for the preparation of the manuscript of the second edition, as for the first, were provided by grants of the Engineering Foundation and the Open Hearth Steel Committee of the Iron and Steel Division, AIME ; the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund again sponsored the publication of this volume. The companies and research or educational institutions with which the authors, reviewers, and editors are connected also contributed much to the writing and editing of this book through their generous donations of time and travel and office expenses. And finally, the authors and others have given countless hours of their own time with no recompense but the satisfaction of a job well done. In order to give credit to the companies or educational institutions which made it possible for the members of the Editorial Board to devote considerable time to the revision of this book, the names of these members and their affiliations are recorded here as follows : W. O. Philbrook, Carnegie Institute of Technology M. B. Bever, Massachusetts Institute of Technology H. B. Emerick, Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation B. M. Larsen, United States Steel Company A number of individuals suggested desirable changes in the book before rewriting was started. Almost all manuscripts were gone over critically by reviewers, and the resulting criticisms led to the correction of errors and omissions and greatly contributed to the accuracy and completeness of the text. Other people have supplied additional data or illustrations or assisted in other ways. While some of these contributors must remain anonymous because they are not known to the Editors, the cooperation of the following individuals is gratefully acknowledged : R. D. Allen, Republic Steel Corporation, Chicago Isadore Amdur, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mary Baeyertz, Armour Research Foundation S. P. Bahmer, Republic Steel Corporation, Massillon E. C. Bain and Associates, United States Steel Company, Pittsburgh C. W. Briggs, Steel Founders' Society of America H. W. Briske, Wisconsin Steel Works

Jan 1, 1964

By J. T. Hayward

Studies of the forces and conditions governing the recovery of petroleum from natural reservoirs indicate that a low gas-oil ratio increases ultimate recovery, retards the encroachment of water and tends to reduce lifting costs. Methods for controlling and reducing gas-oil ratios in producing wells consequently have been given considerable attention during the past few years. However, during this same period, the production from wells in nearly all fields has been fixed by proration agreements and it is the opinion of the writer that where a well is required to produce steadily at a predetermined rate, less than its "potential" or maximum capacity, the gas-oil ratio will depend only upon the rate of production, and will be independent of the method of production and of the design of equipment in the well. If no change in the rate of production is contemplated, efforts directed to improving the gas-oil ratio by altering the diameter of the flow string, changing the position of the choke, assisting the flow with gas-lift or pump, etc., will be unsuccessful. This viewpoint is not new. It was presented by H. N. Marsh and B. H. Robinson in 1929,' but it has not been generally accepted. Although engineers believe that the rate of withdrawal and not the equip ment used governs the water-oil ratio, a similar opinion regarding the gas-oil ratio is not so commonly admitted. The rates of flow of oil and gas into the base of an oil well depend upon the following conditions: 1. The characterist-ics of the oil and gas. 2. The characteristics of the underground reservoir. 3. Temperature and pressure conditions in the reservoir. 4. The back-pressure held against the face of the sand. In operating a well, the only one of these conditions over which control may be exercised through operating procedure and the use of equipment above the sand is the back-pressure at the face of the sand. Strictly speaking, the back-pressure varies over the face of the sand, owing

Jan 1, 1932

By Andrew B. Crichton

No more important question has come before the coal industry in the past decade than the prevention of stream pollution by mine drainage; especially in Pennsylvania, where large areas of coal land have been developed. It may be thought that the problem of labor or lack of transportation outweighs in importance that of stream pollution. We can see possible remedies for labor and transportation problems but there is no known satisfactory solution of the mine-drainage problem. The subject has been given little serious attention, for, until recently, it has been little understood; but in the past year it was brought to the attention of the coal-mining industry by the introduction, in Congress, of several bills designed to prevent the discharge of acid waters from mines or other sources into navigable streams, or their tributaries. The first legislation proposed was the Applebybill, H.R.7369, designed particularly to prevent the oil pollution of coastal waters. It contained the following provisions, which the coal men regarded as referring to the coal industry. It shall be unlawful to throw ... any refuse matter of any kind ... into any navigable waters of the United States or into any tributaries of any navigable waters from which the same shall float or be washed into such navigable waters. The chemical, steel, paper, and other manufacturing industries, as well as the mining industry, objected to this clause, the miners claiming that it would prevent the discharge of waste or mine drainage into any waters of the United States, for all streams or tributaries finally reach navigable waters. The next bill introduced was that of Congressman Briggs, H.R. 7430, an amendment to Section 13 of the Pollution Act of March 3, 1899. The original act referred chiefly to oil and oil refuse, but it provided also "that no material of any kind should be deposited on the bank of a navigable water, or tributary, which might reach the waters and interfere with or

Jan 1, 1923

By Andrew B. Crichton

No more important question has come before the coal industry in the past decade than the prevention of stream pollution by mine drainage; especially in Pennsylvania, where large areas of coal land have been developed. It may be thought that the problem of labor or lack of transportation outweighs in importance that of stream pollution. We can see possible remedies for labor and transportation problems but there is no known satisfactory solution of the mine-drainage problem. The subject has been given little serious attention, for, until recently, it has been little understood; but in the past year it was brought to the attention of the coal-mining industry by the introduction, in Congress, of several bills designed to prevent the discharge of acid waters from mines or other sources into navigable streams, or their tributaries. The first legislation proposed was the Applebybill, H.R.7369, designed particularly to prevent the oil pollution of coastal waters. It contained the following provisions, which the coal men regarded as referring to the coal industry. It shall be unlawful to throw ... any refuse matter of any kind ... into any navigable waters of the United States or into any tributaries of any navigable waters from which the same shall float or be washed into such navigable waters. The chemical, steel, paper, and other manufacturing industries, as well as the mining industry, objected to this clause, the miners claiming that it would prevent the discharge of waste or mine drainage into any waters of the United States, for all streams or tributaries finally reach navigable waters. The next bill introduced was that of Congressman Briggs, H.R. 7430, an amendment to Section 13 of the Pollution Act of March 3, 1899. The original act referred chiefly to oil and oil refuse, but it provided also "that no material of any kind should be deposited on the bank of a navigable water, or tributary, which might reach the waters and interfere with or

Jan 1, 1923

By Oliver C. Ralston

THE two chemical compounds, natural sodium carbonate and sodium sulphate, in their anhydrous condition are dealt in as "soda ash and "salt cake”-names from an earlier day that are not as precise as the present accepted terminology. Once a large part of the sodium carbonate recovered was in the ash of seaweed, so it was logically called soda ash, and the corresponding potassium carbonate, once mainly recovered from wood ashes, was called potash. The term "salt cake" was applied to the sodium sulphate resulting from interaction of sodium chloride with sulphuric acid or sodium bisulphate, to form hydrogen chloride gas and an anhydrous cake of sodium sulphate. It was called "salt cake" and also "glassmaker's salt cake" because much of it was used in the production of glass. The two salts occur in nature in a variety of forms, but whereas an- hydrous sodium sulphate (thenardite) is fairly common, the anhydrous normal sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, is almost never found in nature. The monohydrate (thermonatrite), Na2CO3.2H2O, is seen occasionally, but it is never a major constituent in natural "soda" deposits. The high solubility of normal sodium carbonate is one reason for this. While both compounds occur widely in brines, the solid salts found in nature are usually trona (Na2CO3.NaHC03.2H2O) and thenardite (Na2SO4). The natural brines containing workable quantities of the two sodium salts are largely found in the arid and semiarid portions of the western United States and other countries. The classical discussion of the resources of these brines are those of Clarke,5 Chatard.4 Packard,19 Gale,11 and Wells.28 From North Dakota to California and from Arizona to the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Manitoba, saline lakes, dried-up lakes, playas, and similar land-locked depressions contain accumulations of saline matter. Sodium chloride is the predominant salt but some of the lakes contain predominantly either sodium carbonate or sodium sulphate. Often sodium carbonate

Jan 1, 1949

A cooperative service for engineers and their employers under the direction, of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers; American Society of Civil Engineers; American Society of Mechanical Engineers; and American Institute of Electrical Engineers, and with the cooperation in Chicago of the Western Society of Engineers, and in San Francisco of the California Section of the American Chemical Society and the Engineers Club of San Francisco. For information as to men available or positions open, address the nearest office. New York Walter V. Brown Manager, 31 West 39th St., Telephone Penn. 9220 Chicago A. Krauser, Manager, Room 1736, 53 West Jackson Boulevard, Telephone Harrison 1238 San Francisco Newton D. Cook, Manager, Room 715, 57 Post . St., Telephone Sutter 1684 UNITED ENGINEERING SOCIETY This is a corporation organized by the American Institute of Mining Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers to hold the title and administer the property at 29 West 39th St. In 1916 the American Society of Civil Engineers was admitted, and each society now holds an equal one-fourth interest in the ownership, occupancy, and administration of the building. The value of this property is estimated at two million dollars. A. I. M. E. representatives are : Arthur S. Dwight, J. Vipond Davies and J. V. N. Dorr. ALFRED D. FLINN, Secretary, 29 West 39th St., New York City. ENGINEERING FOUNDATION This is a fund established by the United Engineering Society in 1915 with a gift of $200,000 from Ambrose Swasey. Subsequent gifts had increased the fund to $600,000 on Jan. 1, 1927. The income, of the fund is used to further research in science and engineering and to advance the profession of engineering and the good of mankind. A. T. M. E. representatives are: H, M. Boylston, J. Vipond Davies, Galen H, Clevenger. ALFRED D. FLINN, Secretary, 29 West 39th St,, New York City.

Jan 1, 1928

Executive Committee. ROBERT H. RICHARDS, Chairman. ALBERT SAUVEUR, Vice-Chairman. TIMOTHY W. SPRAGUE. HENRY A. WENTWORTH. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary, 131 State St.., Boston, Mass. The twelfth meeting of the Boston Section was held at the Engineers' Club, 2 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, on Monday evening, May 5, 1913, fifteen members and three guests being present.. The meeting Was called to order by Vice-Chairman Albert Sauveur, Who introduced the speaker of the evening, Utley Wedge, of Ardmore. Pa. Mr. Wedge read a, paper on the chloridizing roasting of copper ores, Which lie illustrated With a stereopticon, and Which will be published in full by the Institute. After Mr. Wedge had closed his paper, Which was received with great interest by all the members. the following discussion took place: Professor Hofman said that iron was formerly thought to bo essential to the Henderson process, but that it is not absolutely essential. Mr. Wedge said that., as far as he knew, the presence of some sulphates Was an absolute necessity, and that lime ores can be worked satisfactorily, although lime has an effect on the subsequent leaching. He added that the low fuel consumption of the latest Wedge furnace is a result of direct application of the combustion gases to the ore. Ten per cent. of fuel Was needed with the muffle furnace. By direct firing lie has been able to reduce the fuel needed to from 2 to 4 per cent. In the latest types of furnaces the uses from the upper hearth are not used. There is doubtless some tem-perature at Which the loss from copper chloride volatilization becomes serious, but in practice on Rio Tinto ores troublesome losses are not experienced.. The copper apparently does not become volatile at the temperatures where we would expect that it would. There are doubtless ores in which there would be serious danger from losses from this source. The latest furnaces do not use the high temperatures that Were needed in the former single-hearth Wedge furnaces.

Jan 7, 1913

By John M. Lovejoy

FEDERAL regulation of the petroleum resources of the nation has long been an interesting topic for discussion. A plan to accomplish Federal control has now taken definite form. At the request of the President of the United States, a bill to be known as the Petroleum Conservation Act of 1939 has been presented to Congress-H. R. 7372, offered by Representative Wm. P. Cole, Jr., and more usually known as the Cole bill. It is an act ostensibly designed to conserve our petroleum resources, through regulation of production practices. Hearings are being held currently by a subcommittee of the Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, in compliance with the request of the President to report the bill early in the next session of Congress.

Jan 1, 1939