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By Frederick Prime

TO an association like the one before which I read this paper, few questions can be more important and constantly recurring than the following, viz.: "What economy can be effected in the manufacture of American iron?" And it is the one with which I purpose to deal in this paper ; premising, however, that my object is merely to indicate the direction in which an answer should be sought for, rather than to give it myself. This subject may be divided into two parts, "Economy in the production of pig-iron," and "Economy in the manufacture of wrought-iron ;" but it is to the former alone that I shall confine myself this evening.

By Ralph E. Wood

X-ray fluorescence analysis can be profitably applied in the mineral industry by improving evaluation and control analyses, while offering lower cost and greater speed than conventional methods. Chemical analyses are not only a major item of cost in exploration and mining, as well as in milling and chemical treatment, but often cause evaluation and control of processing steps to lag behind operations. In the fields of geology and mining, the X-ray technique can be employed without destroying samples and, if necessary, specimens can be analyzed and then used, unchanged, in other evaluation techniques. Results are quickly made available for decisions on progress of exploration or sorting of waste and ore.

Jan 6, 1959

Discussion of the paper of J. C. Febles, presented at the Butte meeting, August, 1913, and printed in Bulletin No. 79, July, 191.3, pp. 1267 to 1283. J. W. RICHARDS,. South Bethlehem, Pa. :-In looking at these precipitating launders the idea has come to me that the iron could probably be kept much cleaner if there were laid on the bottom of the . launders some sheet copper, with which the iron would be in contact, and as the solution passed over the tendency would he to precipitate the copper on the sheet copper and thus keep the iron cleaner than it is under present conditions. As soon as a piece of iron becomes coated with copper, its surface becomes inactive, and the presence of a sheet of copper in electrical contact with the iron would tend to precipitate the copper on the sheet copper and to keep the iron clean.

Jan 11, 1913

By Byron W. Cheever

In working up the process which I described at the Chicago Meeting, May, 1884 (p. 163 of the present volume), for the estimation of phosphorus in iron and steel, I employed samples of steel obtained from one works only, and of a given brand. Since then I have had frequent occasion to test the process on other steels, and find that it works equally well. But some steels present certain colors which may mislead the operator; and I therefore propose a slight change in the directions formerly given. On the second page of my paper, in the second paragraph, I would substitute the following modified directions: Place the flask under the hydrant, till the solution is perfectly cold ; then add, gradually, strong ammonia, with constant stirring, till the solution is changed into a pasty mass and the ammonia is in slight excess; then add cautiously HNO3 (1.40 specific gravity)

Jan 1, 1885

PERSONAL (Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who registered at Institute headquarters during the period Oct. 10 to Nov. 10, 1914: Jintaro Kojima, Ashio, Japan. E. R. Hinckley, Seoul, Korea. J. Homer Stover, Trenton, N. J. S. A. Taylor, Pittsburgh, Pa. Kirby Thomas, New York, N. Y. Lawrence Addicks, Douglas, Ariz. Keijiro Nishio, Tokyo, Japan. Noel Cunningham, Bethlehem, Pa. Alexander K. Hamilton, Chicago, Ill. E. C. Vigeon, London, England. Harold N. Lawrie, Portland, Ore. S. E. Fairchild, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. C. Spence Thomas, Cardiff, Wales. W. C. Schmidt, Jr., New York, N. Y. Henry Tackmann, New York, N. Y. Kenneth C. Browne, New York, N. Y. Dr. David T. Day has resigned his position with the U. S. Geological Survey and opened an office at 1331 F Street, N. W., Washington, D. C., for practice as a consulting engineer.

Jan 12, 1914

By L. A. Wright, J. F. Emerson

The Pine Creek mine, owned by Union Carbide Nuclear Co., Div. of Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., is one of the world's largest producers of tungsten. The mine is located on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, about 25 miles north- west of Bishop, Calif. Prior to 1948, production from the property came either from surface pits or from underground workings above A level haulage tunnel. The tunnel is at an elevation of 10,900 ft, which left 500 to 600 ft of vertical backs to the surface outcrops. Heavy production demands during World War II hastened the planning for long range development of orebodies below A level. A 7000-ft haulage tunnel, 1500 ft below A level, was started in 1943 and completed in early 1947. This haulage tunnel is at an elevation of 9400 ft and is known as Zero tunnel.

Apr 1, 1956

By R. Maddi, I. R. Kramer

C. S. Roberts (Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.)— In this study we have seen another example of how modern electronic instrumentation can be of great value to metallurgical research. The authors have shown much ingenuity in their experimental work. However, I wish to point out that anelasticity theory tells us that we must be cautious when we use pulse methods for measurements which are to be correlated with knowledge of static stress-strain behavior. The basic stress calibrations used by the authors depend on the use of static moduli combined with the pulsed strains. No recognition of a possible modulus defect has been indicated. The general agreement of critical resolved shear stresses may indicate that a

Jan 1, 1953

By Thomas E. Wayland

AN isopachous map is one on which lines connect points of equal thickness of a given unit. This type of map is used by the Florida Phosphate Project of the U. S. Geological Survey to represent the economic phosphate deposits known as matrix and the waste material, or overburden, that overlies the matrix. The top of the bed on which the phosphate was deposited is known as the basement and a subsurface contour map of this old buried erosion surface is known as a basement map. Recent experiments have been made in preparing maps that show tonnages and grades of the phosphate content of the matrix.

Jan 11, 1951

By Ferdinand H. Regel

Concentrating-machinery has been wonderfully improved during the past few years both in technical efficiency and in economy of power; and, in the writer's opinion, the prosperity which the mining industry has of late enjoyed is due in large part to this improvement. Many properties are yielding handsome profits at the present time which were considered, a few years ago, too low in grade of ore to be profitably operated; and I think that fully half of these once worthless properties owe their successful development to recent improvements in concentrating-machinery. The present paper calls attention to a jig and an ore-classifier of new design, invented by Mr. John Klein, and already used in the lead-region of SE. Missouri, and in the Philipsburg dis-

Jan 1, 1902

GERMANIUM, once the metals industries' unwanted step-child, has suddenly blossomed into importance. As late as 1951 textbooks failed to mention it and the metal was considered no more than a nuisance that interfered with the electrolysis of zinc. Eagle-Pitcher is the only producer of Germanium, used in power rectifiers and the new transistors. Its basic quality is that its ability to carry current can be changed, and a current flowing through it can be controlled. Germanium is sold by Eagle-Pitcher for about $340 a lb, not bad for a metal that only a few years ago was totally ignored. Eagle-Pitcher gets germanium, cadmium and gallium by roasting the zinc concentrate to convert the sulphides to oxides, then adding coal and salt to the crude zinc oxide and sintering at a high temperature. The oxides of germanium, cadmium and gallium are converted to chlorides. Cadmium and germanium chlorides volatilize, and are gathered for additional processing. The important step is the distillation of germanium tetrachloride.

Jan 1, 1952

JAMES P.. MUNROE.-The present situation is vastly different from the situation at the, time the paper was written. We now know pretty well what our problem with the disabled soldier is: 50,000 disabled men have come back and the Surgeon General tells us that probably 35,000 more are coming over in the months of March and April. So the total number of disabled men will be 85,000, which of course includes a great number of slightly disabled. If we followed the proportion that obtains in other countries, we would have about 10 per cent. of those people to be retrained under the Vocational Law. As a matter of fact, the general intelligence of our men is so much higher and the provision the government has made for the training off these disabled men is so much more liberal than with the other governments that we feel very certain indeed that instead of having 8500, men to be retrained there will probably be twelve and possibly fifteen thousand.

Jan 4, 1919

At the annual meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Dec. 4 to 7, 1917, a great many matters were discussed and acted upon in which nearly all engineers are equally interested. Of the numerous sessions of the meeting, only a few of the most important can be referred too here. The Committee on Gages held an open meeting for the discussion of this important matter. Representatives from a large number of manufacturing plants and from several departments of the Federal Government were present. The question of gages and standardization of mechanical details is of course of paramount interest just now in connection with the manufacture of ordnance and ammunition. After discussion, the following recommendation was adopted by the meeting, for inclusion in all Government contracts for the manufacture of these materials. The maste and reference gages and standards of measurements, with which Ore

Jan 1, 1918

By W. J. Garmoe

The Carr Fork mine is located approximately 50 kilometers southwest of Salt Lake City, Utah, in the Bingham or West Mountain District, adjacent to the Bingham open pit copper mine. Applied geology at Carr Fork, by Anaconda Minerals Company personnel includes detailed geologic mapping and sampling of underground workings, logging and sampling of drill core and cuttings, and the preparation and posting of geologic maps and cross sections for geologic interpretation, ore reserve calculation, mine operations, and long range planning. Accurate and easily understood graphic recording of Carr Fork geology is essential for optimum use by operating and engineering personnel. The design and implementation of exploration, development and definition drilling programs, research into geological spatial relationships, and analysis of structural complexities of the Carr Fork deposit are a1 so integral parts of the applied geology program.

Jan 1, 1984

On Jan. 1, Harvard opened its reorganized School of Engineering and will continue the work during the summer to enable the entrants to complete a full year's work by the opening of the next academic year in September. Some time ago Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology agreed to combine effort in engineering instruction, making use of funds provided under the will of the late Gordon McKay. The agreement was objected to and the Massachusetts Supreme Court held that the arrangement was not in accord with the provisions of the will. The new arrangement has been approved both by the trustees of the McKay estate and by the governing boards of the university. Instruction will be offered in the following subjects; mechanical engineering, civil engineering, sanitary engineering, electrical engineering, mining and metallurgy, and industrial chemistry. Henry Lloyd Smyth has been appointed professor of mining and metallurgy, Albert Sauveur, professor of metallurgy and metallography, and Louis C. Graton, professor of economic geology.

Jan 2, 1919

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a cor¬poration pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 5 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining En¬gineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and file this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the informa¬tion thus obtained.

Jan 1, 1917

By D. J. Spottiswood, C. N. Robinson, D. E. Spiller, E. G. Kelly

This paper describes the performance of a new design of spiral that is optimized for fine coal cleaning. Reduced Performance (Tromp) curves are presented to compare this spiral with the older design, as well as with other commonly used coal cleaning equipment. As an aid to equipment selection and circuit design, data are also presented to show how variables, such as flow rate, pulp density, and particle size, affect efficiency and the separation specific gravity.

Jan 1, 1985

The income of the Institute is derived from dues, subscriptions to MINING AND METALLURGY and sale of publications. These sources are fortunately supplemented by the interest from invested funds now amounting to over $500,000, a considerable portion constituting endowments for especial purposes. Aside from the medal funds the principal endowments are the James Douglas Fund for support of the Library, the Rocky Mountain Fund and the Seeley W. Mudd M.emoria1 Fund. The income from the two last named is available for the support of research and a variety of other purposes. It is allocated by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of standing committees in each case. An active effort is being made to increase the endowments of the Institute, it being felt that unusual opportunities exist for research and public and professional service through the organization and at a minimum of expense.

Jan 1, 1932

Herbert Moore Harbach was born in Lebanon, Pa., Apr. 4, 1891, graduated from the Lebanon High School in 1911, and entered State College, from which he received his degree of Bachelor of Science in Metallurgical Engineering in 1915. He was employed by the Lackawanna Iron Co., at Buffalo, N. Y., and was later transferred 'to their Lebanon plant to start up the newly erected benzol plant. He was later made foreman of the coke ovens, which position he held after it was bought by the Bethlehem Steel Co., and until he enlisted in the service of his country in September, 1917. He was stationed at Camp Meade, Md., until the spring of 1918, when he was transferred to the C. W. S., at Niagara Falls, as an expert chemist. There he was engaged in perfecting the various kinds of gases,

Jan 2, 1919

Experiments on the Rate of Heat Transfer from a Hot Gas' to a Cooler Metallic Surface Members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers will be much interested in the subject of teat transfer from a hot gas to a cooler metallic surface, and although the book on this subject recently published by the Babcock & Wilcox Co., of New York, deals primarily with boilers, it contains a great deal of information which metallurgical engineers will find of great value. The book starts out with an introduction giving some of the current theories regarding this subject; it then describes in detail the experimental apparatus used, and the methods of conducting the experiment's and recording the data. Then follow some account of the determination of radiation losses in jackets and cooler; measurement of metal temperatures; detection and correction of errors; etc., concluding with a discussion of the results and derivation of corrective formula for heat absorption; heat pressure rate and specific heat of gas.

Jan 5, 1916

By N. A. Ziegler

A certain amount of interest has been indicated recently in the resistance to oxidation at high temperatures of iron-aluminum alloys (rich in iron). Hautmanl published a paper in which some interesting results are given. According to his paper, only alloys containing at least 8 per cent aluminum indicate a marked improvement in their resistance to oxidation. At about this aluminum content, however, alloys become brittle, which considerably reduces their commercial value. About two years ago the author performed a series of experiments, the results of which are presented here. A series of iron-aluminum-carbon alloys was prepared by melting electrolytic iron, aluminum and high-carbon iron alloy in an induction vacuum furnace.2 The list of these alloys is given in Table I. Each alloy was forged in the ordinary way to All carbon determinations were performed by " Yensen " method. [N. A. Ziegler: Recent Developments in Analysis of Carbon in Iron and Iron Alloys. Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc. (1929) 56, 231.1

Jan 1, 1932