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THE Institute assembled in Packer Hall of the Lehigh University, the President, Mr. David Thomas, of Catasauqua in the chair. Professor Henry Coppée, President of the Lehigh University, made an address of welcome to the Institute, and placed at its disposal a convenient hall for purposes of meeting. Mr. Thomas tendered his resignation as President of the Institute, as advancing years prevented him from actively participating in its meetings. The Institute declined to accept the resignation, and, on the assurance that active duties would not be expected of him, Mr. Thomas was induced to withdraw it. Invitations were received from Mr. B. C. Webster, President of the Lehigh Zinc Company, to visit the mines and works of the company; from Mr. Charles Brodhead, to visit the Chapman Slate Quarries; and from the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, to visit their works at Summit Hill and Mauch Chunk and the Nesquehoning Tunnel. The Council reported the names of persons already elected in the two classes of members and associates. The following resolutions were passed : Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed, who shall take into consideration the printing and publishing of papers originating with the Institute, and that a uniform system as regards size and execution be adopted. The committee appointed consisted of Messrs. R. W. Raymond, E. B. Coxe, and the Secretary. Resolved, That the Council design and prepare a seal for the Institute at the earliest practicable time. Resolved, That a committee of six, with power to add to its numbers, be appointed to examine into the question of the more economical production of iron in this country. The committee appointed consisted of Messrs. G. W. Maynard,

By R. B. Gilmore

It has been the custom of the Railroad Commission of Texas to hold hearings each month with respect to existence and imminence of waste of oil and gas in Texas and its prevention, and to issue orders restricting the production of oil to the reasonable market demands and allocating production to the various fields in Texas. The practice of designating the actual days during the month on which wells are to be shut down was discontinued in the order for November 1942, and orders issued thereafter contain only the number of shut-in and producing days for the month. Orders issued by the Railroad Commission are divided into two main subdivisions, the first a general shutdown order of all oil wells in the various fields in Texas, and second, the exception of certain fields to this general order. Table I shows the producing days for all of the fields in Texas for 1944 under the first of these classifications : The fields that have producing schedules varying from the general order may be divided roughly into three subdivisions, as follows: Table 2 shows the producing days for certain fields that were prorated as a group throughout 1944. Other fields which were occasionally included with this group were also prorated under the general order and by special orders. The producing days for these irregular fields are shown in Table 4. In Table 3 are listed fields that were exempted from any shutdown days during December 1944, the majority retaining this exception throughout 1944. Certain fields included in the general order were added to this group on the first day of the month shown.

Jan 1, 1945

By W. C. Dickerman, J. F. Thornton

TOTAL global war is making extraordinary demands on the oil industry. Huge quantities of 100-octane gasoline, extreme service lubes, toluene and other miscellaneous products are required. 100-octane gasoline is blended from isopentane, base stock, and alkylate. Isopentane is fractionated from natural or refinery gasoline; but since only limited quantities of base stock can be made in this way, catalytic cracking is rapidly becoming the major source of base stock. Alkylate, the most important component, is synthesized from isobutane and an olefin. Extraordinary demands are forcing the full utilization of all present sources and the development of new supplies of feed stocks. Fortunately, the United States finds itself with well-developed processes already available, and this is true of the manufacture of lubricating oil as well. Toluene is now being produced by new methods from special cuts fractionated from selected crudes or from catalytically processed naphthas. Designers of refinery equipment are modifying past practices to conserve every bit of material possible.

Jan 1, 1942

By Robert G. Van Nostrand, John H. Henkel

TRANSIENT potentials obtained in resistivity prospecting can be separated into two classes. The first is electromagnetic, has a comparatively short time constant, and increases in relative amplitude as the electrode separation is increased. These electromagnetic transient potentials, of which an excellent theoretical treatment is given by Yost,1 are the result of changes in the current and can be classed as differentiated signals. The second class is electrochemical, has a comparatively long time constant, and decreases in relative amplitude as the electrode separation is increased. The electrochemical signals are generated by the current flow itself and can be classed as integrated signals. The transient potentials due to electrochemical factors are the subject of this article. The phenomenon is referred to as induced polarization. Schlumberger2 was the first worker to observe induced polarization, but he was unsuccessful in attempts to apply the principles of induced polarization in electrochemical prospecting. Other workers, notably Bleil3 have studied polarization and in some cases pointed out its possibilities, but no theory has been presented that describes polarization and its time dependence adequately. It is the purpose of this discussion to present the essence of a theory to geo- physicists and to show that it leads to results consistent with experimental evidence. The theory on which this analysis is based has existed in electro- chemical circles since 1910.4

Jan 3, 1957

No. 345.-Assayer. A man 35 years old, or over, experienced in general mineral assaying, particularly of tin and tungsten ores. To locate in Bolivia with a strongly established house. No. 346.-A firm of consulting and managing engineers, having charge of certain coal-mine properties in Illinois, requires the services of the following: (a) Mine transitman, who has had underground experience and is capable of making accurate surveys. Salary $150 per month to start. (b) Mining engineer, possessing strong personality, and experienced both in surface and underground work, who is capable of taking complete charge of several coal properties. Salary $175 per month. (c) Four rodmen for mine surveying. Salary $85 per month to start. Candidates for the above positions should be able to report to the company's Illinois office at once. No. 347.-A South African development company will shortly require the services of a mill superintendent, who has :a general knowledge .of concentration, particularly of flotation, and is able to take charge of a copper concentrator treating 15,000 tons per month and employing 200 natives and a small number of white men. Salary is £60 per month to start, and the company supplies an unfurnished room or house, including free light, free water and free sanitary service, together with one native house servant. I A contract will be made for six months, and notice of three months by either party will be required to terminate the engagement after six months. An allowance of £75 for travelling expenses will be paid on arrival in South Africa to a single man, or £125 to a man who brings his family. Salary begins upon arrival

Jan 10, 1918

By T. F. Witherbee

(Read at the Amenia Meeting, October, 1878.) As the forms of blown-out furnaces are of much interest to iron-masters and metallurgists, the manner of taking the accompanying sections of the Cedar Point stack is here given. The diagrams show the original and also the final shape of the furnace after a two years and twelve days' blast, during which the following solid materials passed through it, viz.: Coal, 41,000 tons; ore, 57,000 tons ; limestone, 30,000; total, 128,000 gross tons. Product, 41 1/4 tons per day Bessemer pig iron. The apparatus used in taking the sections was a modification of that proposed by Mr. Frank Firmstone,* and consisted of a sliding rule, to follow around the circumference of the stack, which rule was connected by a string to a segment of a circle of 24 inches radius. The segment was carried by an arm which connected it to a hub as a centre, 2 inches in diameter. A second string was wound around the hub, and communicated motion to a pencil-carrier, the pencil of which marked out on paper the exact outline, and reduced it to a scale of 1/2 inch to the foot. The whole machine was made in about three hours, with the facilities of a carpenter's shop, and gave in operation every irregularity of the lining. The sections were taken at salient points, by lowering a hanging staging on which the apparatus was placed. Tracings from the paper of the machine were made, and, as in this case several copies were required, the tracings were glued on to thin sheets of basswood, and patterns carefully sawed out with a bracket saw. * Transactions, vol. iii, p. 106.

Jan 1, 1878

By R. F. Shurtz

This note calls attention to a contradiction in current eatistical theory and to corresponding difficulties in practice. These are significant concern in evaluating almost all ore deposits. The theoretical contradiction is that the commonly used spherical model for the semivariogram is not consistent with the usual definition of a "regionalized variable" as a mathematical function, the direct study of which "is excluded because its spatial variability is usually extremely erratic, with all kinds of discontinuities. . ." (Journel and Huijbregts, 1978). Specifically, this means a grade function that is too "rough" for interpolation to be useful. The practical difficulty is that the spherical semivariogram interprets the data upon which it is based in a manner that is, more often than not, demonstrably inconsistent with reality. This is attributable to the widely disregarded interaction between the sample pattern and the grade function. Each sample pattern "blurs" the grade function in its own particular way. It is as though the grade structure of the deposit were seen through a lens of poor resolution or reflected in a warped mirror, such as those found in amusement parks. The fitted spherical model embeds this sometimes dangerously blurred and distorted image in the Krige regression. A full analysis of these inconsistencies is to be presented later but, in the meantime, it seems urgent to communicate their effects so that those engaged in estimating ore reserves may be on guard. The spherical semivariogram has a sill and can be replaced by the corresponding covariogram. The equation of the spherical covariogram in normalized form, that is, variance and range both equal to one, is represented as: [ ]

Jan 1, 1984

By G. K. Burgess

G. K. BURGESS* and R. W. WOODWARD,? Washington, D. C.-From a metallurgical standpoint, there are several ways in which a reduction of the tin consumed in commercial non-ferrous and white-metal alloys can be effected. First, a reduction of the tin, content of the alloy; second, substitution of part or all of the tin content by some other metal; third, a substitution of a different type of alloy, which in some cases also involves a change in mechanical design. The Bureau of Standards has been studying these methods of conservation for tin alloys, particularly in regard to babbitts and bearing metals, bronzes, and solders. Much of the information secured by the Bureau was obtained from answers to questionnaires sent to manufacturers and users of these materials, so that, in general, any of the following suggestions or recommendations can be considered as being practical and as having already been thoroughly tried. Bearing Metals There is no question that the tin content of nearly all bearing metals can be reduced to some extent, and in some cases actually eliminated

Jan 12, 1918

CHARLES CATLETT, Staunton, Va. (communication to the Secretary*). -I hesitate to discuss in general terms a paper such as Mr. Wysor's, which bears evidence of so much careful and detailed investigation, yet it is the broad possibilities which his paper presents that are really attractive and his cautious conservatism may make us unappreciative of these possibilities. Mr. Wysor calls attention to the fact that the iron-ore mixture which he uses, carrying 0.28 per cent. of potash, is probably above the average. No doubt this is true, but on the other hand it may be very much less than the mixture at some blast furnaces or very much less than would be the case with special mixtures bearing the question of potash in mind. Unfortunately, iron ores are not ordinarily examined for potash, and with the ordinary analyst there is opportunity for very considerable error in the determination. The 10th Census gives 270 complete analyses of iron ore, on the accuracy of which we may rely. Of these, there are 21, or 8 per cent., that carry more potash than Mr. Wysor's mixture; 14 of these carry approximately twice as much, or more; eight carry approximately three times as much, or more; three carry approximately five times as much; one carries over seven times as much. It may be worth while to take some of the ores that are known to be high in potash and consider the possibilities in the light of Mr. Wysor's investigations.

Jan 5, 1917

By E. S. Bardwell

TWENTY years ago, W. T. Burns, in his paper presented at the Butte Meeting of the Institute, discussed the general scheme then in use in the electrolytic copper refinery of the Anaconda Copper Mining. Co. at Great Falls, Mont., for removing impurities from tank-room electrolyte and controlling its acid content. Since then marked changes have taken place in copper-refinery practice at Great Falls. The electrolytic copper refinery in use in 1913 has been replaced by a new and entirely modern plant capable of producing up to 27,000,000 lb. of cathode copper per month. With the building of the new plant in 1916, the treatment of converter anodes was discontinued. At first the substitution of refined anodes for converter anodes resulted in a decrease in the impurity content of the anodes, but as time went on, changes in metallurgical practices at the smelter resulted in substantial increases in the impurity content of the anodes. The leaching of the silver slime to remove copper before shipment to Raritan for treatment further added to the purification problem. The fact that the scheme of purifying electrolyte which Mr. Burns described in his paper' has proved adequate for our needs under a wide variation of conditions speaks well for its essential soundness.

Jan 1, 1933

By Edmund Newton

THE steel industry of the United States has depended in the past almost wholly upon imports for its supplies of manganese. Many of the important domestic sources yield ores leaner in their natural condition than the foreign ores the steel industry has been accustomed to use. To make them available, therefore, either' the ores must be concentrated or the practice of the steel industry modified. Roughly 25,000 T. annually of high-grade manganese ores are used for dry batteries, for chemical purposes, and in other ways; while approximately 750,000 T. are required for making steel. By present practice, every ton of steel takes an average of about 14 lb. (1.8 kg.) of metallic manganese. This is generally added to the steel in the form of an alloy, the standard alloys being the 80-per cent. ferro-manganese and the 20-per cent. spiegeleisen. During the year 1917 286,000 T. of ferromanganese and 193,291 T. of spiegeleisen were made in this country, the former largely from imported ores; and 45,381 T.

Jan 2, 1919

By A. Azis

The problem of expressing a nation's mineral resources in terms that convey a sense of economic reality poses a great challenge to those charged with keeping government policymakers informed. A model is presented that can be used to simulate and examine the effects of, for instance, differences in levels of output, transportation costs, mining costs or selling prices on the exploitability and expected order of development of new mineral deposits. The model in its present form can be used to screen, as a first cut, the economic from uneconomic deposits in cases where little or nothing is known about them in detail. To date, this has generally been done - reluctantly - by subjective judgments. This model provides an improvement on the "informed opinion" approach, as it forces those who use the model to be both systematic and explicit in their assumptions. Moreover, the procedure is repeat- able and each step can be defended and justified. Implications can be examined of the uncertainty associated with many of the variables. The model is entirely too general to be of use for actual feasibility studies. It is not useful, in the case of speculative or little-known deposits, to provide a model that has an input format more detailed than the information that is likely to be available. Should the user see a need for it, the model can easily be expanded to allow for the input of more detail or more variables.

Jan 1, 1977

By Robert H. Merrill, Raymond M. Stateham

Recently, the Denver Mining Research Center of the U.S. Bureau of Mines began tests to detect hazardous or potentially hazardous conditions in or around mines with infrared measurement devices. Among the many potential uses of infrared detection techniques are the location of misfires, underground mine fires, combustion in waste dumps, underground water courses and loose rock. However, the primary emphasis has been placed upon the detection of loose rock in roofs, pillars and faces in underground mines. The rock along the edge of an underground opening is subject to two temperature environments: the temperature of the air in the opening, and the temperature of the rock surrounding the opening. Assuming that the rock on the edge of the opening is solid, the rock will reach an equilibrium temperature that depends upon the temperature and flow of the air, the thermal conductivity of the rock and its ambient temperature. Presume that a loose rock exists among this solid rock; because there is a temperature barrier, to some extent, between the loose and the solid, the loose rock will be affected more than the solid rock by the temperature of the air. Therefore, depending upon the temperature differences between the rock and the air, the loose will be warmer or cooler than the solid.

Jan 1, 1970

By R. W. Smith, M. E. Brookes

The temperature at which th: quenched 0' (ordered bcc) phase transfo.rms to the ( (complex hexagonal) phase on heating has been examined for certain Ag-Zn and Ag-Au-Zn alloys using an electrical resistivity method. The transition temperature decreases by approxinzately 7°C as the zinc content is reduced by 1 at. pct. The critical temperature, Tc, for long-range order has also been measured for a number of Ag-Au-Zn alloys. Extrapolation to zero gold content suggests that Tc decreases by approximately 5°C per 1 at. pct reduction in zinc content. The 0 phase of the Ag-Zn system exists over a narrow range near the composition Ag zn,' Fig. 1, and has a bcc structure which is disordered above 272°C. Slow cooling to temperatures below the range 274"/258"C allows the complex hexagonal phase, r° to form.2 This is the stable structure at room temperature.3 Upon quenching 0 -phase alloys from high temperatures, it is found that the 0 — (' transformation is suppressed; but ordering takes place (i.e., 0 -0'). This ordered structure can also be obtained by the room-temperature aging of cold-worked (0.4 Deformation of the 0' phase gives rise to a fur- ther hexagonal phase ( (of nearly ideal axial ratio) which reverts to b' within a few hours.= In view of this, it has been suggested that the equilibrium struc-

Jan 1, 1969

By John Blatchford, William T. Hall

The product obtained by roasting stibnite is likely to contain some unoxidized antimony trisulphide and a mixture of antimony trioxide and antimony tetroxide. It was desired to determine, as accurately as possible, the condition of the antimony as well as the total quantity present. Attempts were made to separate the trisulphide and the two oxides by methods based upon their varying solubilities in different solvents, but no satisfactory results were obtained in this way. It was found, however, that by determining the total antimony content, the antimony present as trioxide, and the antimony present as trisulphide, a good idea of the chemical composition of the roasted product could be obtained. The total antimony was determined by dissolving the sample in concentrated hydrochloric acid, reducing the antimony entirely to the trivalent condition by means of hydriodic acid and eventually titrating the antimony back to the pentavalent condition by means of iodine in the presence of sodium bicarbonate1* The details of the procedure are as follows: Weigh out 0.25 gram of the roasted product into a trapped flask (Fig. I), add 4 grams of powdered tartaric acid, 2 grams of potassium iodide and 40 c.c. of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Boil the solution gently f;r 5 min. and then cool to room temperature by shaking the flask while holding it under running water. Then, very carefully discharge the iodine color by the cautious addition of 0.05-normal sodium thiosulphate solution, adding a little starch toward the last. Nearly neutralize the acid with ammonia solution, but leave the solution distinctly acid. Pour the slightly acid solution into 200 c. c. of water containing an excess of sodium bicarbonate and titrate to a permanent blue color with standard 0.1-normal iodine solution.

Jan 1, 1916

By Eric Jette

The nickel-chromium alloys form the base f for many industrial heating alloys, so that this system is of considerable practical importance. The literature on these alloys, however, contains much conflicting evi-dence, not only regarding the solubility limits of the terminal solid solu-tions at different temperatures but even regarding, the number of phases existing in the system. Part of the difficulty undoubtedly arises from the fact that chromium of sufficiently high purity has been available only during the last few years. A second and possibly even more impor-tant difficulty arises from the ease with which chromium reacts with silicon and carbon compounds and the atmosphere to form silicides, carbides, nitrides and oxides. Pilling and kihlgren1 in 1929 reviewed the existing scanty information. They did not consider the diagram by which they summarized the various bits of information to be entirely satisfactory. Matsunaga2 investigated the system by thermal analysis, microscopic examination and other means. Electrolytic nickel of 99.9 per cent purity and thermit chromium containing 0.30 per cent al, 0.40 per cent fe, 0.25 per cent si and 0.04 per cent c were used. A tammann furnace with hydrogen flowing through it was used for melting. Sekito and matsunaga3 reported an x-ray, investigation presumably on these same

Jan 1, 1934

By Dorsey Hager

THE information given in the accompanying table is submitted as evidence confirming the application of the anticlinal theory and the value of geology in the Kansas and Oklahoma oil fields. The term anticline has been used to define a particular type of arched fold. The anticlinal theory of oil accumulation should, however, be broadened to include any structural fold of an arched type even if not a distinct anticline. A terrace may very properly come under the heading of the anticlinal theory of accumulation, as the folding is closely related to that of the anticline; in fact, in many cases is an arrested anticline, though not completely closed in all directions. Stratigraphic forms due to lensing or irregular cementation of the sands certainly cannot be considered to fall within the anticlinal theory, though the laws of accumulation may be similar. A dome is similar to an anticline and belongs to the same class. A dome is broader in proportion to its length than an anticline. Many anticlines undulate along their axes to form domes. The anticlinal theory in this discussion will then be applied to anticlines, domes and terraces. In the following list, the writer has tabulated the main oil fields of Oklahoma, and a few recently discovered fields in Kansas. The fields discovered within the past 4 years are listed with the date of their discovery. Under "How found," the writer puts "Wildcat" where a geologist has not been employed, "Geology" where it has been used, and "?" where there is doubt. In some places the geologists have claimed pools that may rightly belong to them, but their claims have been questioned, so that they belong in an unsettled category.

Jan 2, 1917

C. W. GOODALE,* Butte, Mont.-I notice Mr. Newton refers very briefly to the carbonate ores of manganese, rhodochrosite, but he does not go into any special description of the treatment of that material. In some of the veins in Butte, Mont., there is a large amount of rhodo-chrosite, and a large tonnage of that material has been shipped to the East for making ferromanganese. At the works of the Anaconda company at Great Falls they treated several thousand tons of this manganese ore, running about 37 to 38 per cent. manganese, in electric furnaces, giving a product of about 78 per cent. of manganese. But just at that time the demand for ferromanganese from the West was discontinued and the material, about 1000 tons of 78 per cent. manganese, is on hand at the works at Great Falls. With the higher-grade manganese ore, running, we will say, 37 or 38 per cent., there are large bodies of ore perhaps 20 or 25 per cent., but containing too much silica to be valuable in their present condition. Some efforts have been made for water concentration of that material, but owing to. there being only a difference of about 1 in the specific gravity of the quartz gangue and the manganese mineral, water concentration has offered some difficulties, I have been told, however, that some very satisfactory experiments have been made with magnetic concentration of this material. I think it is a new idea that this manganese ore can be treated successfully by magnetic concentration.

Jan 4, 1919

By C. F. Davan, C. T. Houseman

The news pages of MINING ENGINEERING and other trade publications have for the past two years carried a great many items about new developments in phosphate and potash, reflecting the surge in world consumption of these products as fertilizer. Today the question often arises concerning how much growth can be further anticipated by the phosphate and potash industries. To answer this question, a 15-year projection of world fertilizer consumption in terms of the three basic plant food nutrients-nitrogen, phosphate and potash-has been prepared. Two of these, phosphate and potash, are basic products of the mining industry. Nitrogen, once an important product of mining, is now mainly a chemical product. Another mineral, sulfur, although not a primary nutrient, depends on the fertilizer manufacturing industry for the bulk of its market. In crop year 1962-63, there began a startling in- crease in world fertilizer consumption. In that year, consumption increased by about 10% and in the following year by 10-12%.

Jan 12, 1965

By Albert Hahn

ABOUT three years ago John Hays Hammond took over the control of the Eureka Metallurgical Co., at Salt Lake City, Utah. Funds were advanced for investigating the process invented by R. V. Smith, for concentrating oxidized lead ores. A great deal of laboratory work was done and a reagent was developed by C. M. Nokes of Salt Lake, which was found to be particularly suitable for oxidized copper ores, refractory manganese silver ores, and oxidized gold ores. After sufficient laboratory work had been performed to demonstrate the fundamental principles of these inventions, a test mill, having a capacity, of 20 tons of ore daily, was erected at Murray, Utah. In this test mill approximately 1200 tons of various types of ores have been concentrated by means of the above-mentioned process and reagents, and this large-scale work as well as laboratory work is being continued at present. Details of these mill tests are given in Table 1, and a representative group of laboratory tests are shown in Table 2. The process requires no special machinery or appara-tus. Its success depends entirely, on the method of preparing the pulp and its subsequent flotation in clean water, as outlined in the Smith patent. The reasons for the success of the Nokes special reagent are not definitely known. The outstanding feature, which seems to be of extreme importance, is that when the concentrates are examined under the microscope, each particle of mineral appears to have a particle of paraffin, attached to it. This paraffin-mineral combination seems to be particularly suitable for flotation and it follows that any coating oils readily attach themselves to the paraffin-mineral combination.

Jan 9, 1923