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By Robert Maddin, Neng-Kuan Chen

THE (001) planes have been reported as the cleavage planes in body-centered cubic metals such as alpha-iron and tungsten.' However, in molybdenum, which is also body-centered cubic, experimental X-ray evidence indicating a similar cleavage plane still seems lacking. Tsien and Chow" observed microscopically in the extension at around 1000°C of molybdenum single crystalline wires 0.25 mm in diam that the fracture plane seemed to be parallel to the operative slip plane, which appeared to be (110) at that temperature. Zapffe' pointed out from fractographic study of polycrystalline molybdenum that "although the transgranular pattern is characteristically non-crystallographic, patterns occasionally reveal {100} cleavage." This has been generally assumed to be the case at ordinary temperatures. In the present experiments, a single crystal of Fansteel molybdenum, Vs in. diam x 2 in. long, prepared by the methods described by Chen, Maddin, and Pond" was fractured at room temperature by bending. The fracture surface appeared to be quite similar to the cleavage surface of zinc and was crys-tallographic. A back-reflection Laue photogram was made using 35 kv copper white radiation; the X-ray

Jan 1, 1952

By William McCullouch

The method of determining moisture percentages in coal has been defined as purely empirical. The procedure, as defined, has been published in the U.S. Bureau of Lanes technical papers and approved by the American Society of Testing Materials but deviations from this established procedure are common in most commercial and private laboratories. It is not within the scope of this paper to discuss the deviations in common practice but rather to give a detailed account of the method in use in the laboratories of the United Electric Coal Companies. In general, moisture values are presented as surface moisture and, for lack of a better term, inherent moisture. The formula for adding them together to give total moisture is common knowledge. In practice, on high-moisture bituminous coal, it has been found that the line of demarcation between surface and inherent moisture is very indefinite, the inherent moisture being so loosely held that it is released far beyond its natural limits when the prescribed method of the A.S.T.M. for determination of surface moisture is followed. This is shown in Table 1 for two typical washed coals from Illinois.

Jan 1, 1938

By W. H. Bassett

One of the difficulties for many young engineers is the acceptance of responsibility. Even though they start as assistants to older men, they hesitate to offer positive opinions. They often make reports of observations and leave the boss to draw his own conclusions. If they happen to be in a position where they are not reporting to a senior engineer, and it is necessary to take the final responsibility for a decision, they try to get someone to help out and either assume or share such responsibility. Generally this is the result of want of confidence in one's self and fear that something may happen to go wrong and bring about criticism. Frequently diffidence is the principal factor. Young men come to me with reports on work that has been well done and well written up, who are evidently laboring under an intense desire to drop through the floor or to make a rapid' exit in some other way because of want of confidence. In my own early experience a consulting job came in that required considerable investigation. The man who was handing his place over to me mentioned my good fortune and I replied that the work would be interesting and I could handle it all right but feared the responsibility, which seemed considerable. He was an

Jan 1, 1932

Albert R. LEdoux, New York, N. Y.—I can add a little to the information which has been given, by saying that it has been our business for some years, among other things, to inspect outgoing copper from some of the works here in the East, and to find out why there are variations not only in the conductivity of the wire-bars, but also in the character of the cathode-copper shipped; and we have found two things: These impurities which have been mentioned are largely upon the surface of the cathode. Samples taken of the inside, even of the nodules or " berries " which grow on the outside of the cathode, show that they do not contain more impurities than the denser material in the interior. In other words, it is a superficial deposit or contamination. There is still another reason for impurity in some of the copper which finds its- way to the manufacturers, namely, carelessness in the handling of molds or in casting. We have found copper which was comparatively pure, as far as the copper itself was concerned, but contained, mechanically intruded in the interior of the ingots,

Jan 1, 1913

By J. H. Russell

THE great number of wells being drilled in the Gulf Coast creates a great demand for and an opportunity to improve the methods of drilling wells and of producing oil from them. Some improvements have been made, but in the present strenuous drilling campaign at Spindletop, the quickest methods of drilling and completing wells are much too slow. Therefore, not a great deal of thought has been given to any new methods. However, one can not help but compare the method and equipment used in the present-day drilling campaign at Spindletop with those of 1901. The differences in equipment and methods are staggering and the present-day operators can hardly imagine how the old operators ever were able to drill a well. The "Old Timers" explain the reason as being that "Men were men in those days and not much machinery was necessary." Yet the development in 25 years of thought and study has brought about a great improvement in equipment and in methods. I believe there has been a great deal more thought given to the development and improvement of drilling equipment and methods and to the completion of wells than has been given to the actual production operations.

Jan 11, 1926

By Karl Eilers

This process, invented by Messrs. Hanisch and Schroder, of Rosdzin, was patented in 1883. It has attracted considerable attention in Germany, as a very neat and simple method of extracting sulphurous acid from the gases produced by roasting, and of condensing this acid so as to obtain it in the very compact anhydrous liquid form. The special importance which such a process may have at this time in the United States is suggested by the growing inconvenience, amounting to distress, experienced in such localities as Butte, Mont., where the sulphurous gases from large roast-plants have proved not only fatal to vegetation but injurious to human health. It is reported that the authorities of Butte are earnestly considering the enterprise of removing, if practicable, the dense and suffocating cloud which now hangs over that city, and of which sulphurous acid undoubtedly forms the greater and most oppressive, if not the most poisonous, part. May it not be that the solution of this problem is furnished by a

Jan 1, 1892

By Gregory B. Baecher

Rock engineering involves uncertainties which are large and difficult to quantify. The traditional design approach to these uncertain- ties has been conservatism, and has been satisfactory to the extent that failure rates are reasonably small. Yet, a price is paid for conservatism, and that price is not always small. Today, reliability and risk analysis are finding use in rock engineering. The introduction of such methods, usually under the name 'probabilistic design,' is controverisal. However, if the jingoism of both sizes in this controversy is stripped away, it appears that new insights about uncertainty in rock engineering are emerging.

Jan 1, 1982

By C. W. Goodale

As an appendix to the above-mentioned paper, a drawing of the vertical projection of the Knoxville mine workings is here given. In my paper it was stated that the ore-chimneys are found along a crack or plane of cleavage in the limestone ; and as this crack is not parallel with the strata, it is safe to assume that the manganese was not deposited where it is now found before the tilting-up of the strata, but rather that the crack was caused by the folding, and that tile formation of the ore was entirely subsequent to the change of position of the limestone. There are here four chimneys, which have produced, as far as explored, over 12,000 tons of ore, containing at least 7000 tons of manganese oxides, and it is very difficult to apply Prof. W. P. Blake's theory of segregation from the surrounding limestone in accounting for the origin of this ore, as cross-cuts and drifts in the countryrock, even at short distances from the ore-chimneys, have not shown manganese in appreciable quantities. It is easier to believe that, in the language of .Mr. S. F. Emmons, in speaking of Leadville ore-deposits, there was a metasomatic interchange between the minerals brought in in solution and the limestone, and not a deposition in already existing cavities. This in-

Jan 1, 1890

By Peter McKellar

The district around Bag bay in Shoal lake, meat of Lake of the Woods, in the Ontario western gold-fields, is attracting considerable attention at the present time as a gold-producer. A large number of gold-bearing veins have been prospected and mined to a considerable extent in the locality. On the whole they make a fair showing, considering the work done ; and some are undoubtedly rich—the Mikado, for instance. The principal mining companies that have been operating here are the Yum-Yum, Ontario Limited, Cornucopia, Engledue Concession, Tycoon, Toronto and Western and Mikado Cos. I will confine my remarks chiefly to the three companies last

Jan 1, 1900

By D. A. Dukelow

By using the U. S. Steel oxygen sensor to measure the oxygen content of the steel, deoxidation practices have been developed for silicon-killed fine-grain steel produced by the basic oxygen process. Measurements of oxygen content taken at final turndown are related to the amount of the aluminum addition to the ladle necessary to obtain the desired aluminum analysis for proper grain refinement. In comparison with heats deoxidized by the standard approach, which is based on carbon content, the heats deoxidized according to the oxygen-sensor-based schedule showed a 25 percent decrease in variability from the desired aluminum content. As more heats of a particular grade are made, it is expected that improved quality will result in decreased rejections and better analysis control. Sensor-based deoxidation schedules are also being developed for semikilled, rimmed, and capped steels.

Jan 1, 1972

By S. A. Braley

DRAINAGE water from coal mines is probably the most serious water pollution problem today, varying in importance according to location of the mines and geological structure. Drainage may be either acid or alkaline in character. Acid discharge, the most severely detrimental to a stream, is caused by natural oxidation of the sulfuritic material (FeS2) in the strata associated with the coal seam. Since the acid is the result of a natural reaction the acid water differs because it does not cease with abandonment of the mining operations. There is no known economical method of neutralizing acid mine water or any practical method to prevent oxidation of exposed pyrite. Since production of acid from a mine does not stop when mining stops, the total quantity produced depends entirely upon the excavated areas. The increasing volume of acid water in many mines has greatly increased operating costs. Pumping is expensive and acid mine waters are destructive of all equipment, especially metals in pumps and piping, and necessitate the use of corrosion-resistant materials. Discharge of the acid mine drainage into streams neutralizes their normal alkalinity, causes them to become acid, and produces an environment unfavorable for aquatic life and unsuited for industrial or domestic use without costly treatment.

Jan 1, 1957

In a letter to the Secretary, Sir Robert A. Hadfield encloses a statement of the terms and conditions under which his prize is to be awarded by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and also a table comparing the hardness of a large variety of steels, examined both by Brinell and by scleroscope methods, together with the tensile and compressive strength of the same specimens. The conditions for the award of the prize are as follows: SIR ROBERT HADFIELD PRIZE For a new Method of Determining the Hardness of Metals 1. Sir Robert A. Hadfield, D. Sc., D. Met., F. R. S., Vice-President, has placed in the hands of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers the suns of £200, which, with any income therefrom, may he awarded at the discretion of the Council of the Institution as a prize or as prizes, for the description of a new and accurate method of determining the hardness of metals, especially of metals of a high degree of hardness. 2. The ordinary tests of hardness, such as are described in the report of the Hard-ness Tests Research Committee (Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engi=neers, 1916, pages 677 to 778), which should he consulted by competitors, fail to some extent when the hardness of the material exceeds about 600 to 800 Brinell. What is

Jan 3, 1918

By J. W. Ristori

During the year 1940, production of crude oil in RiIexico totaled 43,914,000 bbl., or 2,776,000 less than in 1937, the year before expropriation. The 1940 output was I,2000,000 higher than in the previous year. In 1937, Poza Rica production accounted Declines in exports of Panuco crude, fuel oil and gasoline were recorded but these were more than offset by increased exports of 4,000,000 bbl. of Poza Rica crude, which was the approximate amount shipped to Sinclair during 1940 under the terms of the settlement. Over-all exports increased by 1,500,000 bbl. over the preceding year. The outstanding development regarding the destination of Mexican exports in 1940 was the increase of I0,000,000 bbl. in the exports to the United States. Exports to Germany ceased toward the end of '939 and to Italy in the second half of 1940. During the year 1940 the Sinclair interests and the Mexican Government settled their expropriation question. By the terms of the settlement Sinclair is to be compensated by cash payments and oil-purchase contracts. On Dec. I, 1940, Ada Camacho was inaugurated President of Mexico for a term of six years. Among his first acts following his election were: I. A proposal to change the Constitution to restore Supreme Court Judges' terms to life tenure. This has been ratified by both chambers of the Mexican congress and is now before the legislatures of the States of Mexico for ratification. The, taking away of the administration of the railroads from labor and restoration to the State.

Jan 1, 1941

By O. L. Culberson, J. J. McKetta

Experimental and smoothed data are presented for the solubility of methane in water for temperatures of 77, 100, 160. 220. 280, and 340°F at prejsures to 10.000 psia. The minimum solubility phenomenon exists within this temperature range to pressures of 10.000 psia. INTRODUCTION The study of hydrocarhon-water systems has been extended to the determination of the solubility of methane in water at pressures to 10.000 psia. The experimental apparatus, and the technique. are the same as that previously reported.' - In the determination of the solubility of methane in water, only two phases were present at temperatures between 100 and 340°F. these being the vapor phase and the water-rich. liquid phase. The determinations involved the agitation of methane and water in an equilibrium cell. withdrawal of a sample from the liquid phase, and the analysis of the sample. The experimental value; determined in this manner are pre9ented in Table I and in Fig. 1. Since experimental and analytical techniques have improved since the initial experiments with this equipment, it was decided to repeat the 77°F isotherm determinations.' Fig. I shows that the individual results for this isotherm are much

Jan 1, 1951

Nature: Man is but one of the creatures which in- habit the earth, a dust speck in the universe. Thinking man has been concerned with his place and purpose in the universe since the earliest Egyptian and Chinese philosophers. Ancient creeds, as well as modern religions and philosophies of life, were concerned with the same problem. While such considerations and concepts have been valuable, theoretical philosophizing and dogmatic concepts are inadequate for a satisfactory solution of world problems of today. The concepts of man and life and their ultimate purpose should be sought in the relations of intelligent man to man and their relation- ship to the physical world. The quintessence of nature's accomplishment-man- is also the greatest disturber of nature and the greatest enemy of his own kind. While his spirit and mind defy and overcome natural limitations, his physical self is controlled by the same basic biochemical laws that govern any other form of living matter. This paradoxical duality of human voluntary and involuntary relations to nature is the source of the perpetual conflict between mind and matter. Therefore, the higher the spiritual evolution and perfection of the individual's mind, the greater and deeper the conflicting elements in their expression; and conversely, the simpler the mind or the mental and spiritual heritage, the less is the individual concerned with the conflicting elements.

Jan 1, 1950

By Raymond Mancha

WHEN calculating the pressure-volume characteristics of projected mine-ventilat-ing circuits by orthodox methods, certain basic assumptions are required in order to employ the various available empirical data. It is assumed, for example, that the mine air is an incompressible fluid subjected to isothermal flow, an assumption suffi-ciently accurate for practical purposes since pressure and temperature differentials are small throughout the average circuit. A more erroneous assumption, however, is that all air is accounted for as it travels throughout the mine. No attempt is usually made to evaluate stopping leakage as it occurs; instead, the air volume required at the last crosscuts is assumed to enter the mine, travel the vari-ous intake air courses intact, sweep the workings and travel out by the return air courses to the point or points of exit from the mine. Actually, there is a leakage of air from intake to return at every stopping, the quantity of this leakage depending upon the tightness of the stopping and the pres-sure difference across the stopping. Unfortunately, a lack of empirical data and knowledge of the condition of individ-ual stoppings makes an exact analysis of underground stopping leakage impossible. Generally, leakage is most severe through the old stoppings outbye the circuit. These are also subjected to higher pressure differ-ences than the newer inbye stoppings. Therefore the circuit air volume diminishes at a decreasing rate progressing from out-bye to inbye the circuit.

Jan 1, 1940

By M. H. Gidel, D. C. Bard

These notes are based on the megascopic study of a suite of 2,400 specimens of minerals and ores from the Butte mines, combined with field observations at intervals over a period of several years. The estimate of average vein composition is based on field acquaintance with the veins. It is probably correct in its broader proportions, and should be of use for comparison. Chemical and Mineral Composition of Unoxidized Vein Matter. Per Cent. Oxygen,......48.00—Quartz, rhodonite, rhodochrosite, sericite, kaolinite, barite, calcite, and hübnerite. Silicon,...... 36.O0—Quartz, rhodonite, sericite, kaolinite, and willemite (very rare). Sulphur,.....5.0—Sulphides of iron, zinc, copper, lead, and sulphates of barium and rarely calcium. Iron,.......5.00—Ferric sulphides (pyrite, bornite, chalcopyrite), also in sphalerite, tetrahedrite, and rarely hematite and siderite. Manganese,.... 2.00—Rhodonite, rhodochrosite, and hübnerite. Zinc,.......1.00—Sphalerite, very rare wurtzite and willemite, and tetrahedrite and tennantite. Carbon,......0.50—Rhodochrosite and calcite. Capper,......0.75—Cuprous ( + ) and cupric (—) sulphides. Aluminum,.... 0.50—Sericite and kaolinite. Hydrogen,.... 0.50—Water, sericite, and kaolinite. Potassium,.....0.20—hicite. Lead,....... 0.20—Galena. Arsenic,......0.10—Tennantite and enargite. Barium,......0.10—Barite. Calcium,.....0.10—Fluorite, calcite, and rare gypsum. Antimony,.... 0.02—Tetrahedrite, famatinite, and silver sulphantimonites. Fluorine,.....0.05—Fluorite. Silver,.....1 —Argentite, and sulphantimonites. Tungsten,.... —Hübnerite. Phosphorus, • —Wavellite. Bismuth,' .... 0.05—Sulphide (?) Tellurium,... 1 —Telluride (?) Selenium,.... —Selenide (?) Cadmium,.... —Sulphide (?) Gold,..... —Native and telluride (?)

Jan 1, 1914

By Howard E. Parkinson, John N. Murphy

The past five years have seen communications techniques and hardware developed by the Bureau of Mines and its contractors increasingly brought into use in U.S. mines. The Bureau philosophy has been to help develop and introduce new hardware that goes as far as possible toward meeting the mining industry's needs. The Bureau programs are also designed to provide continuous fallout of new communications capabilities which are introduced to the mine operators as they occur. As more progress is made in meeting mine communications needs, it is hoped that the mining industry will readily adopt the equipment and techniques that it finds most useful in meeting its individual needs. This paper reports on recent advances achieved in the development of improved mine communications systems. In May 1975 the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) conducted a mine communications technology meeting to provide a brief overview of the USBM communications technology developments in the past 5 yr. This meeting lasted for 1 1/2 days. Therefore, I have elected to narrow this paper to a brief review of recent underground mine communication developments. The following will be discussed: 1) Ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio for fan hole drill operators;

Jan 1, 1978

By Rossiter W. Raymond

I DESIRE to call the attention of the Institute to an interesting experiment, which may turn out to be an indication of a valuable improvement in the manufacture of steel. As the members are aware, the addition of ordinary spiegeleisen, in the open hearth or Bessemer converter, to a bath of decarbonized iron, has a twofold object,-the recarbonization of the bath to a desired degree, and the remedy of the red shortness otherwise found to be inevitable in the final product. This red shortness is ascribed to the presence of oxide of iron in the molten metal ; and it is supposed that the manganese of the spiegeleisen, uniting with the oxygen of such oxide, carries it into the slag. At the same time there is a small percentage of the manganese usually left in the cast steel, probably to the improvement of its quality. Whatever be the true explanation the effect of the manganese is acknowledged to be not only beneficial, but necessary. But the use of spiegeleisen containing high percentages of carbon limits the quantity that can be introduced, because the carbon must be limited if soft steel is desired. This inconvenience becomes so serious as to prevent the use of ordinary spiegeleisen in the manufacture of steel containing more than, say two-tenths per cent. of phosphorus; since the quality of the steel can be made tolerable only by reducing its contents of carbon in proportion as the

Jan 1, 1875

By Frederick J. Rich

INTRODUCTION Coal characterization involves a variety of analyses which are designed to yield as much information as possible about the properties of coal. The types of analyses which are now regarded as necessary for any truly quantitative assessment of coal include the following: 1. proximate analysis 2. ultimate analysis 3. petrographic analysis The two traditional forms of analyses are the proximate and ultimate types. A proximate determination reveals the amount of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash which are present in the coal. Nowadays, a sulfur determination is usually included in the proximate analysis. The ultimate analysis, in contrast, includes a major alkaline oxide determination, which tells how much sodium, calcium, and potassium are found in a sample. Sulfur forms, i.e. sulfide and sulfate vs organic sulfur, are also identified as well as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and trace element concentrations. Proximate and ultimate analyses have been used for many years. The petrographic analysis, one which identifies and quantifies organic microcomponents of coal, is a comparatively new technique of coal characterization. Petrography adds great detail to a coal analysis and, to be sure, is a necessary component of any complete analysis. Coal is not at all uniform in its composition. Material from different mines within one coal-producing region will display varia-

Jan 1, 1983