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By George F. Becker

A Nere record of Emmons's professional career would very inadequately represent the man. That he was eminent mc know, and our successors will realize in due time; but they must depend upon us for knowledge of a singularly ~vholesome, modest, unselfish personality, and of a character that did honor to a profession in which trustworthiness is indispensable. Those members of the Institute who met Emmons are his friends, and I never knew .one of these who was not the better for that friendship. Emmons was born in Boston, Mar. 29, 1841, the son of Xathaniel H. and Elizabeth (Wales) Emmons, and was named Samuel Frankliri after an ancestor who was of the sarne family as Benjamin Franklin. He took the degrcc of Bachelor of Arts at Harvard in 1861, and soon afterwards went abroad to complete his education. From 1862 to 1864 he attended the courses at the fieole Impkriale des Mines at Paris, Elie de Beaumont arid Daubrke being among his professors. The year 1864-1865 he spent at Freiberg under Cotta and other famous teachers; after which he spent another year in traveling through Europe. Like many other renowned geologists, he approached his ultimate profession from its economic side, and was thus from the first imbued with a sense of high responsibility in the promulgation of scientific opinions or conclusions. With hypotheses which were interesting merely because they were ingenious or even plausible, he would have nothing to do. In 1867 he joined the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel at its organization under Clarence King, serving at first as a volunteer, but soon receiving a regular appointment. This expedition was the first one of purely geological character sent out by the United States government. As Emmons has shown in his admirable presidential address on " The Geology of Government Explorations," its work was founded on a com-

Jan 1, 1912

By Alexandre Aparecida Morais

No processo de lingotamento contínuo de placas, o controle de fluxo de aço líquido entre o distribuidor e os moldes pode ser realizado através de tampão refratário ou válvula gaveta. Quando se usa o controle via tampão refratário, aproveita-se o mesmo para reter um volume mínimo de aço no distribuidor, visando efetuar a partida do veio. Este volume de aço é importante para evitar o congelamento da primeira porção de aço e prevenir o arraste de impurezas existentes no fundo do distribuidor para o molde. Já quando se usa o controle via válvula gaveta, para acumular o volume de aço necessário, utiliza-se de outros “artifícios”, como o uso de anteparos metálicos em forma de bujões, cuja eficiência é limitada. Visando melhorar o desempenho de partida das máquinas com controle de fluxo de aço distribuidor-molde, via válvula gaveta, desenvolveu-se o chamado tampão flutuante de fibra cerâmica, cujas funções principais são: equalizar o nível de aço para proporcionar uma partida normal e impedir que impurezas arrastadas pela primeira porção de aço, se dirijam para os veios. Este trabalho mostra o desenvolvimento pioneiro desta técnica para distribuidores de aços planos na ArcelorMittal Tubarão.

Jul 30, 2018

By Felipe Poffo, Flávio Messas

Due to the high level of competition in tooling sector, a necessity to increase the level of processes and assets management has initiated. Based on the World Class Manufacturing methodology, applied mainly in serial production industries, we have challenged ourselves to adapt the main concepts and implement them in a tooling company. After one work year, we could notice 29% productivity improvement in the bottleneck process, 25% cost reduction in outsourcing, standardization of the processes, 8% reduction in direct labor. Consequently, it was possible to implement a financial reserve and a long term planning cash flow.

Nov 22, 2018

By Stanley N. Watowich

Recently the petroleum market has made us aware that we are indeed global natural resource consumers, and as such, we have become captive to fundamental global resource economics and their attendant vagaries. Global resource supply problems are as old as civilization and mineral exploration one of its important catalysts. On the basis of natural resources empires have been expanded and new frontiers have been developed. Global consumption and production might even be viewed idealistically as a system dedicated to optimizing distribution to the consumer. However, this is not the case. Political instability and increased government polarization make dependency on a global market somewhat insecure. The U.S. must evaluate its domestic mineral re- sources on the basis that all metals are critical and that dependency on even the common and base metals may ultimately weaken our domestic economy and our potential international relationships and could cause critical weaknesses as demonstrated by the petroleum problem. This paper evaluates specifically the Duluth Gabbro Complex, of Northeastern Minnesota, (figure l), as a potential resource of critical and strategic metals. First, a chronology of some of the early exploration, will be followed by more recent intensive company studies and preliminary evaluations of economic feasibility. Lastly, metallurgical data, on some optimum conceptual mining plans will allow metal production data to be compared with an estimate of U.S. domestic needs in 1990. The purpose of this paper is to put into focus the difficulty of converting resources into vitally needed reserves.

Jan 1, 1981

By Jovanir Francisqueto

O objetivo deste projeto foi elevar a produtividade do pátio de placas do Laminador de Tiras a Quente da ArcelorMittal Tubarão através da alteração do processo de sequenciamento do Laminador de Tiras a Quente com a criação do processo de realocação de placas após a formação da chance de laminação. O trabalho iniciouse com a definição de regras metalúrgicas de realocação de materiais e definição dos critérios operacionais e de atendimento a pedidos para posteriormente ser desenvolvido o software de otimização para a execução da realocação automática de placas na chance de laminação com foco na redução de movimentações no pátio do Laminador de Tiras a Quente. Com a implantação do processo/sistema espera-se conseguir uma redução de aproximadamente 60% nas movimentações de placas para formação da chance de laminação, conforme demonstrado nas simulações com dados reais e consequentemente reduzindo número de paradas de forno em função de problemas de produtividade do pátio de placas visando o aumento da produção do Laminador de Tiras a Quente em torno de 15 Kt/ano.

Aug 16, 2017

By João Guilherme Dessi

Neste trabalho estudou-se a microestrutura e a interface de um tubo bimetálico cladeado por centrifugação, constituído externamente em aço API 5L X65Q e internamente pela superliga de Ni-Cr Inconel 625, ambos vazados pela mesma posição relativa no tubo. O vazamento do Inconel 625 causou erosão no aço que diminuiu de intensidade do lado de vazamento (região mais quente) para a o lado oposto (região mais fria), onde a região de interdifusão não se apresentou mesmo uniforme. Nas regiões mais quentes (lado vazado e meio do tubo) ocorreu o cladeamento completo, com uma interface continua entre ambos os materiais constituintes, enquanto que na região mais fria a interface apresentou descontinuidades. O aço apresentou microestrutura ferrítica-perlítica com a região adjacente a interface descarbonetada, com grãos ferriticos nanométricos em uma região estreita de 3 µm. O Inconel 625 apresentou uma microestrutura de dentritas de austenita Ni-cfc com fases de Laves interdentríticas, devido a aumento do teor de Fe, com alta densidade de discordâncias na região adjacente a interface livre de precipitados.

Aug 8, 2018

By M. Hakan Morcali, Onuralp Yücel, Haldun Gürcan, Serdar Aktas, Semih Özbey, Alper Keskin

"This work presents a method for the precipitation of cobalt sulfate by alcohols, specifically ethanol and methanol. The effect of the initial concentration of cobalt, the volumetric ratio of alcohol to cobalt sulfate solution, the addition of sulfuric acid and ammonia, and the effects of common ions on the precipitation percentage were investigated. The performances of ethanol and methanol were compared in terms of the precipitation percentage of cobalt sulfate, and explanations for different performances are offered. In the sulfate-based solution, the alcohol was shown to displace water ligands from the first coordination sphere of the cobalt(II) cations, which led to the precipitation of the cobalt ions as cobalt sulfate heptahydrate. SEM analysis revealed that the particle sizes of the powders produced by this method are smaller than those of commercially available cobalt sulfate. The scientific literature contains no data on the solubility of cobalt sulfate in ethanol. In this study, the solubility product constant (Ksp) for cobalt sulfate was experimentally calculated to be approximately 1.15 x 10-5.IntroductionCobalt sulfate, which is one of the most important compounds of cobalt, is used in the electroplating and electrochemical industries. The addition of cobalt sulfate to nickel-plating baths makes the treated metals brighter, harder, smoother and more ductile (Armstrong et al., 1988). It is also used as a desiccant for lithographic inks, varnishes, paints and linoleum, as well as in storage batteries, e.g., nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable batteries (Kang et al., 2010). Cobalt sulfate is employed as a coloring agent in ceramics, enamels and glazes to prevent discoloration and as a copigment for the decoration of porcelain. In addition, cobalt sulfate has been used in animal feeds as a mineral supplement (Budavari et al., 1996; Kirk and Othmer, 1999).In the past, brewers used cobalt sulfate to prolong the life of beer foam (Kesteloot et al., 1968). Ranchers have dosed livestock with cobalt sulfate or used fertilizer enriched with this mineral to ensure that their animals obtained sufficient amounts of the trace mineral, which is essential to the production of vitamin B12. Cobalt sulfate has also been used in veterinary medication to prevent and treat cobalt deficiency in ruminants, which causes a reduction in feed intake and body weight, accompanied by emaciation, anemia and debility.Cobalt sulfate is a water-soluble bivalent cobalt salt. Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate dehydrates entirely at 420° C, and the dehydrated salt forms red monoclinic crystals."

Jan 1, 2015

By DR. RICHARD RATHBUN

(Washington Meeting, May, 1965.) THE remarks of Dr. Rathbun in his address of welcome render it unnecessary that I dwell either upon the history or aims of the National Museum, and enable me to proceed at once with a brief descriptive outline of the Department for which I am responsible, and this with particular reference to that division devoted to applied geology. The amount of geological material brought together prior to 1876, under the various Congressional acts quoted, was, though valuable, comparatively small. It consisted mainly of the collections made by Professor J. D. Dana and his assistants during the Wilkes Exploring Expedition; by the various geologists accompanying the surveys of the Pacific railroads in 1854-55; the Surveys West of the 100th Meridian under the direction of the Engineering Corps of the Army; the United States geological surveys under direction of Dr. F. V. Hayden ; and the various Land Office surveys. Prior to 1873 there were no paid assistants to care for these collections. They were studied, if studied at all, by " collabrators," so-called, several of whom had offices and even sleeping apartments in the Smithsonian Institution. In the list of these collaborators are found such names as Conrad, Cope, Gabb, Leidy, Lesquereux, Meek, and Newberry. The building now occupied by the National Museum was designed primarily to make room for the great mass of material secured in 1876 at the close of the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. As completed in 1880, it afforded opportunity for expansion and incidental organization on much more practical basis than had previously existed. This found expression in the creation of numerous departments with salaried officials to take charge of the various collections. With the appointment of Dr. George W. Hawes to the position of Curator of Geology and Mineralogy, in 1881, and Dr.

Jul 1, 1905

By W. Geo. Waring

THE growing need of better methods for the recovery of zinc and other elements from complex sulfide ores has suggested an inquiry respecting a possible group separation of the elements by the aid of volatilization at more or less elevated temperatures. It 'is evident that if the zinc content of such ores can be completely separated, for instance, as pure oxide, by a volatilization 'method, there should be no difficulty in recovering the other elements by smelting and refining. Zinc burning" as applied to zinkiferous ores has advanced but little in practice since the invention of the wetherill grate-furnace process in 1852, as may be seen by reference to papers on the subject.' In other words the thermochemical reaction employed in effecting the volatilization of the zinc is essentially one of reduction by means of carbon, whether the ores treated contain their zinc in an oxidized form, or as the sulfide. The zinc vapors, liberated from the ores at a temperature above that required for the reduction of ZnO by C (about ,1100° C.) or for the volatilization of ZnS per se, (about' 1300°-1400° C.) are subsequently burned to ZnO or to ZnO + SOz, by contact with' atmospheric ,oxygen in the upper or posterior parts of the furnace chamber, or in a so-called "combustion chamber" after leaving the .furnace proper.

Jan 1, 1925

By Evan J. Owen, Virginia T. McLemore

of high specific gravity, resistant minerals that form from mechanical concentration by waves, currents, and winds in marginal-marine environments. These sediments are enriched in critical minerals such as titanium, zirconium, and REE. Cretaceous beach-placer sandstones are found in the Colorado Plateau of northwestern New Mexico. Originally discovered by airborne radiometric surveys for uranium in the 1950s, these beach-placer sandstones are being re-examined with modern methods as potential sources for critical minerals. Selected beach-placer sandstones have been sampled, mapped with ground radiometric surveys, and analyzed with whole-rock and trace element geochemical methods. Mineralogy is being determined with optical methods, XRD, and EMPA. Zircon, rutile, ilmenite, and monazite are the primary heavy minerals of interest found in the studied deposits. Initial results show that the sandstones contain up to 1.4% total REE, 29.4% TiO2, and an estimated 4.9% ZrO2. Chondrite-normalized REE diagrams show distinct light REE and minor heavy REE enrichment, as well as pronounced negative Eu anomalies for each deposit.

Feb 1, 2024

By Bruno Henrique Reis

O pó de aciaria elétrica (PAE) é um importante subproduto da indústria siderúrgica devido ao seu alto teor de Zn. Assim, tecnologias vêm sendo desenvolvidas visando seu aproveitamento, sendo o forno Waelz a mais difundida delas atualmente. Sua operação, por contar com um forno rotativo de grandes dimensões, que abriga uma infinidade de fenômenos físico-químicos, apresenta difícil previsibilidade ab initio. Por essa razão, este trabalho faz uso de uma ferramenta avançada da termodinâmica computacional, destinada à modelagem de processos, chamada SimuSage, a fim de modelar o seu comportamento. Para a criação do modelo utilizou-se também uma base de dados termodinâmicos advinda do software FactSage e a plataforma Lazarus. Com base em dados e resultados operacionais da literatura, foi possível realizar simulações no modo adiabático e comparar os resultados com os da prática industrial. Constatou-se uma grande sensibilidade do modelo com relação à quantidade de ar de entrada considerada no sistema, mas, também, boa aproximação dos resultados com relação à composição química dos produtos Óxido Waelz e Escória Waelz.

Aug 16, 2017

By Jack I. Paige

In this Bureau of Mines study, two fluidized-bed reactors were designed, built, and operated, one as a sorber for S02 and the other as a contactor for the regeneration of the sulfur-laden alkalized alumina. The target of 90 percent removal of S02 from a flue gas stream containing 0.3 percent S02 was attained by using a sorbent feed of 10-15 grams per minute into a 5-inch bed depth of alkalized alumina. The sorption unit was operated at about 330° C. Complete regeneration of the laden alkalized alumina containing 5 to 10 percent sulfur was accomplished in approximately 1/2 hour. An excess of reformed propane at about 730° C was the regenerating gas. Attrition losses, a major problem with this sorbent, ranged from 0.9 to 7.9 percent of the inventory. Data from these tests demonstrate, within experimental error, the validity of equations developed from short-term, thin-bed tests related to sorption and regeneration rates.

Jan 1, 1970

By Stephen D. Cramer

The Bureau of Mines conducted a study in which the magnetic fraction of urban refuse was used as melting stock in the preparation of high-strength, low-alloy and carbon steel. Product steels, made from incinerated steel can scrap, nonincinerated-nondetinned steel can scrap, nonincinerated-detinned steel can scrap, and dilutions of these scraps with No. 1 heavy melting scrap, were used in continuing tests in industrial, rural, and marine environments to determine the effect of residual elements and atmospheric pollutants on their atmospheric corrosion resistance. The respective commercial steels were exposed at the same time to establish baseline corrosion data for the test sites. Weight-loss data are reported for atmospheric exposures of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 3.8 years. The marine environment was the most corrosive; the industrial environment was the least corrosive. The atmospheric corrosion resistance of the carbon steel was improved 25 pct by using incinerated scrap and nonin-cinerated-nondetinned scrap in the steelmaking process. In no case was the atmospheric corrosion resistance of carbon steel degraded by using the magnetic fraction of urban refuse as melting stock. The presence of sulfur in the corrosion film was the most important factor affecting the corrosion resistance of the steels. With increasing sulfur concentration, the rate of the corrosion reaction was reduced and the corrosion film became more protective. The residual elements in the product steels most responsible for improving corrosion resistance were copper and tin. These elements tended to increase the concentration of sulfur in the corrosion film. At the levels present in the product steels, Cr, Ni, and Pb had no observable effect on the corrosion resistance of the steels.

Jan 1, 1980

By David Ballón Vera

El presente estudio describe la importancia del financiamiento en la industria minera como herramienta de difusión a través de dos condiciones: la primera, es que esta se adecúe a las características de la minería y la segunda, refiere que los mineros replanteen su estructura organizativa de estudios (pre-factibilidad,factibilidad, ingeniería y diseño) para el inicio de una posible inversión, así como preveer que de la experiencia obtenida, se contó con poco apoyo financiero.

Nov 20, 1978

By J. Herhold, S. Plaum

"Current and future operational processes in the mining and underground construction sector are under the influence of the prevalent competition and the acute necessity of optimization approaches concerning corporate and project processes. Besides general construction procedures, especially underground construction procedures and procedures in the field of deep shaft construction are high-profile. Those processes describe high technical challenges as well as increased requirements to occupational safety and health. Therefor an occupational safety management, which should be adjustable to the company itself and adaptable to all kinds of projects, shall be created. The creation of such an occupational safety management would lead to an economically optimized and safe (within the scope of OSH law) implementation of internal activities for the performance of construction services underground and in the field of deep shaft construction. With this approach the satisfaction of the high safety request as well as the demand for process optimization, as part of keeping the own competitiveness, will be satisfied successfully at once. PROJECT BACKGROUND Introduction The health and safety protection as well as occupational safety look back on a long historical development, which had brought more important sectors and developments during the last years, not only in Germany but also on the European and international level. The accident insurance protected by law has already been reported in 1884, which is astonishing early. The launch time point is strongly connected with the on-going economic development in the end of the 18th century, but above all this increased in the 19th century. The progress of occupational safety and especially the interest in the integration and the concentrated consideration of occupational safety and the health and safety protection in the company process is strongly visible during the 19th century and directly connected to the industrial revolution. [9] The industrial revolution and with that the development of work places lead to changing demands in the field occupational safety and health and safety protection. Insufficient security precautions caused problems in the industrial revolution, such as personnel and material losses as well as serious injuries and their consequences. These and the fundamental economic endeavours of the entrepreneurs lead therefore to the important step to develop an occupational safety system. [9] The prevailing basic ideas seize the insufficient security precaution of work places as well as the economical and profitable ideas of the entrepreneurs and bring them together. From this the necessary entrepreneur’s task comes into being and that is bringing the work conditions to the way that life and health of employees are not in danger. [9]"

Jan 1, 2017

By Marcos Felipe Macêdo Cardoso

Com o aumento dos investimentos energéticos na região amazônica, surge a necessidade de recapacitação das linhas de transmissão existentes, a fim de mitigar as interrupções de fornecimento de energia para os grandes centros urbanos. Dentro deste contexto, as ligas termorresistentes possuem alta capacidade de transmissão de eletricidade, propondo-se avaliar a influência do tratamento térmico sobre as propriedades da liga Al-0,05%Cu-[0,35-0,45]%Fe modificada pelo teor de 0,15%Zr. Os lingotes foram obtidos por fundição direta em coquilha metálica, usinados e envelhecidos artificialmente por 04 (quatro) horas a 150ºC e comparado seus resultados para a mesma liga sem tratamento. A influência do tratamento térmico foi avaliada através da caracterização macroestrutural, elétrica (ensaio de resistividade) e mecânica (ensaio de tração). Foi selecionado o diâmetro que apresentou os melhores resultados nos ensaios, para realização dos testes de termorresistividade, segundo o Protocolo COPEL e a Norma ASTM B941-10. O tratamento térmico provocou ligeiro aumento nos valores de condutividade elétrica e limite de resistência à tração (LRT), sem alteração da macroestrutura. Como destaque, o diâmetro 3,0 mm apresentou os melhores resultados de LRT e condutividade, cujos fios foram caracterizados como termorresistentes com e sem tratamento térmico segundo o Protocolo Copel, e somente os fios com tratamento térmico segundo a norma ASTM B941-10.

Oct 30, 2017

By Eduardo Christo Saltoratto

Foram realizados tratamentos térmicos de têmpera e revenimento para aumentar a tenacidade do material, aço NM87 designação 1045, uma vez que ele apresentava, no estado inicial, baixa absorção de energia. Com o material mais tenaz foi obtida uma melhor faixa de energia para cálculo das incertezas. Foram feitos corpos de prova com variações nas medidas laterais, de comprimento e profundidade do entalhe e ensaiados na temperatura ambiente para determinação das incertezas do tipo A e B. Com as incertezas determinadas pelos métodos estatísticos e não estatísticos, foram feitos ensaios, variando-se a temperatura, para obter dados de ductilidade (energia absorvida, expansão lateral e percentual de área dúctil) em relação a temperatura e com esses dados determinar-se a temperatura de transição dúctil – frágil e sua incerteza.

Aug 17, 2017

By F. J. Alcock

THE Magdalen islands have recently been attracting attention as a possible source of manganese. As early as 1880 small masses of manganese oxides were known to occur in the soil and at least one attempt was made to develop them. In 1939, after the outbreak of war, interest in the possibilities of the field was again aroused and during the winter of 1939-40 claims were taken up by two groups of Toronto interests. The islands also contain large quantities of gypsum. During the summer of 1940, the writer mapped the islands geologically, giving particular attention to a study of the manganese occurrences. For a base-map, the chart of the islands was enlarged to a scale of half a mile to an inch. Additional roads were added from traverses carried out in connection with the geological work, and form lines with approximate 100-foot intervals were put on from barometer readings. The geological map is the first that has been prepared of the islands. Previous Work In the summer of 1880, James Richardson of the Geological Survey of Canada studied the rocks of the islands and his r~port concerning them appears as Part G of the Report of Progress, 1879-80. In 1903, J. Obalski, Inspector of Mines for the Department of Lands, Mines and Fisheries of the Province of Quebec, visited the islands, chiefly to investigate the occurrences of manganese and gypsum, and his notes are found in the report on mining operations in the Province for that year. Around 1890, Robert Chalmers of the Geological Survey paid a visit to the islands, and his observations, which chiefly concerned the surface geology, appear in the Annual Report of the Survey, Vol. VII, 1894, Part M, p. 94. The next geological work was carried out by John M. Clarke, Director of the New York State Geological Survey. Clarke paid many visits to Gaspé peninsula between the years 1900 and 1920, collecting fossils and gathering h1s~orical data, and extended his investigations of Gaspé county over to the Magdalens. His Observations on the Magda/en Islands is included in the New York State Museum Bulletin 149, seventh report of the Director, 1910.

Jan 1, 1941

By E. Isokangas

A mine is essentially a series of operations, including drilling and blasting, crushing, milling, flotation, and leaching, that are interconnected and therefore interrelated, with the performance of one operation affecting the performance of another. Optimizing each stage separately without considering the whole system often causes potential economic benefits and energy savings to be missed. However, the PIO methodology is a thorough approach which considers these individual process activities within the context of the whole process. The basic principle is to optimize the process as a whole, rather than each process step in isolation from the others. Metso?s Process Technology and Innovation (PTI) group offers a global consulting service for the mining and construction industries. A significant amount of this consulting work involves process integration and optimization (PIO) studies. When conducting a PIO study, every aspect of the process is considered. In addition to drilling and blasting, transportation, handling and storage, crushing, screening, grinding, flotation, separation, and recovery, other aspects including equipment utilization and energy consumption and even greenhouse gas emissions are also included if necessary. In a PIO project, it is very important to understand what type of material is being processed at any point in time. That is, which domain or domains is the material part of? This is necessary in order to observe the effect of different ore sources (and the blending of sources) on concentrator performance. Linking the ore from the pit to the concentrator required the development of an ore tracking system. As a result, PTI developed a radio-frequency based material tracking system called SmartTag?. This system allows tracking of ore from its source through blasting, run-of-mine (ROM) pads, crushers, intermediate stockpiles, and finally into the concentrator. Using the SmartTag? system, definitive correlations can be made between the performance of the plant and the plant feed characteristics, including the domain from which the feed ore originated. Since its commercialization in 2007, SmartTag? has been used in the majority of PTI?s consulting projects and several permanent systems have been installed worldwide1. Successful applications of the SmartTag? system have encouraged development to allow the system to be used in a wider variety of plants, in particular plants with finer crushing and screening stages. This paper describes how the SmartTag? system is being utilized by PTI and the benefits being gained by its use in PIO projects, as well as presenting some case studies.

Jan 1, 2012

By Edward A. McClatchie

A methane monitor that complies with 30CFR75.313 has been designed and fabricated using a novel pressure modulated infrared absorption technique. The methane monitor met or exceeded in performance all of its target specifications. The monitor was operated continuously during production mining for the entire duration (45 days) of the in-mine test; no failures occurred during the test. The monitor was regularly checked with calibration gas and no shifts in calibration were found during the in-mine test. Operating principles, performance data and electrical schematics are included in the report.

Jan 1, 1976