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By E. K. Olson

Eagle Mountain mine of Kaiser Steel Corp. began production in 1947 when the direct shipping ore contained 51-56% Fe. The high grade, wide ore face and low stripping ratio ores were rapidly depleted and Eagle Mountain required processing plants for upgrading and more efficient mining equipment. During 1970-71 total annual pit tonnage averaged 56 million tons of material ranking the Eagle Mountain Mine as the fourth largest in the country. Ore production averaged 12.5 million tons requiring a stripping ratio of 3.5: 1. During this period mining activities were scheduled for a three-shift, seven-day operation. The present mining rate is about 30 million tpy on a two-shift, five-day schedule.

Jan 12, 1972

By James W. Neill

Bituminous coal has for many years been used for the smelting of iron-ores in the blast-furnace. In some districts in Scotland it is used alone, in others it is used mixed with coke. The similar use of certain bituminous coals in the United States has been repeatedly mentioned in the Transactions. (See, for instance, as to the Hocking Valley coal, the papers of Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, Trans., ii., 275, and vii., 313; and as to Indiana "block-coal," the paper of Mr. J. S. Alexander, Trans., i., 225.) Phillips (Elements of Metallurgy, p. 250) says: " Raw coal for blast-furnace use must be of a non-cokiog kind, and, when of suitable quality, is perhaps the most advantageous fuel." In the first

Jan 1, 1892

By D. Jeulin

For iron ore sinters to be good blast furnace burden, they need to possess certain basic properties such as cold mechanical strength, reducibility, etc. Relations between such basic parameters and sintering parameters (composition of the mix, fuel consumption, operating conditions of the sintering plant, etc.) are not always well understood. For example, one cannot explain the differences in quality noticed for sinters having the same chemical composition. In this paper a new approach is proposed for the characterization of iron ore sinters by a quantitative description of their morphology. The Texture Analyzer LEITZ T.A.S. is used for this purpose and such morphological parameters as sizes of microstructures and the size distribution of phases are measured on samples of sinters. The results indicate that these measurements can be correlated with the sinter quality.

Jan 1, 1977

By E. A. Stevens

It has been ascertained in recent years that certain rocktypes, geological formations and structural conditions may be used as fairly reliable guides, when prospecting in recognized mineral belts or milling districts, with a reasonable certainty of discovering "pay-ore;" and that such is considered as a practically established conclusion may be inferred from a perusal of the recent reports of the U. S. Geological Survey and the literature of the several scientific societies discussing mining, geology, and kindred subjects. Cripple Creek is no exception to this conclusion, and the

Jan 1, 1903

By J. W. Harshbarger, E. L. Montgomery

The region of metallic ore deposits in northern Chile, southern Peru, western Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina occurs in arid zones at altitudes as high as 6 km (19,700 ft). Because surface water supplies are meager, new mines require unexploited sources of water. Prolific ground water aquifers occur in salar basins in this region of the Andean Highlands. Exploration water wells have been constructed and aquifer characteristics have been tested in eight salar basins. Results indicate ground water quality is good. Aquifer transmissivity and storage computed from results of pumping tests indicate maximum capacities of more than 170 L/sec (2700 gpm) for individual production water wells. Results of investigations conducted by the authors demonstrate that ground water reservoirs in the Andean Highlands comprise a source of large quantities of water for the mineral industry.

Jan 1, 1986

By William Kent

DURING the discussions at the Philadelphia meeting in February last, † several speakers expressed their doubts of the general accuracy of chemical analyses of steel made by "iron works chemists," and especially of determinations of manganese. Since the meeting,. the discussion of the "practical value of chemical analyses" has been continued at some length in the columns of the Iron Age. †Transactions, vol. ix, p. 529.

Jan 1, 1882

By M. S. Tsai, Y. D. Chuang, H. M. Wu

To contact the commercial OPAP-kerosene solution with CH3OH – H20 solution, we used the appropriate concentration of DOPAP / MOPAP solvent. By using this treated OPAP solvent, uranium can be recovered from wet-process phosphoric acid. Electric DC power is supplied on the dual side of the ion-exchange membrane of a specially designed box-type mixer settler. U(VI) is reduced to U(IV) in the cathode and U(IV) is oxidized to U(VI) in the anode. Uranium is extracted in the cathode by treating it with OPAP solvent. Next the uranium is stripped from the loaded OPAP solvent by concentrated phosphoric acid in the anode. After 300 hours of continuous operation total recovery of uranium is as much as 95%.

Jan 1, 1984

By Donald W. Jenkinson

Many types of gravity concentration equipment have been employed throughout the years since beneficiation of materials has been practiced. These include jigs, concentrating tables, vanners, sluice boxes, heavy media cyclones, and static heavy media separators or sink-float separators. In the beneficiation of coarse aggregate for concrete mixes, static heavy media separation employs the same principles of gravity concentration involved in separating lead-zinc ore, dolomite, limestone, diamonds, manganese, iron, and many other minerals. In aggregate beneficiation, as in most metallurgical operations, sink or heavy fraction is the product. The undesirable portion of coarse gravel is usually much lighter than the desirable particles, allowing most aggregates to be amenable to gravity concentration methods.

Jan 7, 1960

By Erwin Zodrow

An elaborate model for the magnetite distribution and genesis in the Smallwood mine, Labrador, based on factor analysis with orthogonal and oblique rotation of the factors, was proposed in an earlier paper. However, it is implicit in that model that variances of one variable shared with all others (communality) are estimated. To avoid the problem of communality estimation in the present investigation, a different type of factor analysis is used which (1) emphasizes the shared variances, and (2) attempts to eliminate, as much as possible, errors associated with the estimation of communality and sampling (unique variance). The samples for the present analysis are not the commonly employed oxide percentage variables, but counts of mineral species in specified areas of thin sections from drill core in the Smallwood mine: quartz, magnetite, calcite, and specular-hematite minerals. The counting procedure for mineral species is similar to modal analysis differing from it principally in the aspect of texture recognition. The constant area in which mineral species are counted is dependent primarily on

Jan 1, 1975

By K. A. Natarajan, I. Iwasaki

Electrochemical measurements were made wing chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite electrodes in aqueous solution containing a xanthute collector and ground ore mineral particles. The purpose was to investigate the electrochemical reactivity of ozone with respect to dissolved xanthute, surface adsorbed xanthute, and the sulfide mineral itself. Electro-chemical evidence for the removal of xanthate coatings from chulcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and platinum surfaces by ozone is presented. The oxidizing power of ozone is compared with that of oxygen and other common oxidizing agents to portray the superiority of ozone as an oxidant.

Jan 1, 1986

By Leon Hart

THE nickel-chromium alloys of importance are those containing iron and those free from iron. The most important alloys containing iron, with regard to high tonnage, are the nickel-chromium steels. Straight nickel steel was introduced about the year 1889, but it was not until 1895, when it was found that the addition of chromium greatly increased the FIG. 1.-RESISTIVITY OF NICKEL-CHROMIUM-IRON ALLOYS. strength and resistance to shock, that nickel-chromium steels came into use. The three types of nickel-chromium steels developed at this time were: Type 1, containing 3.50 per -cent. nickel and 1.50 per cent. chromium; type 2, containing 2.00 per cent. nickel and 1.00 per cent. chromium; and type 3, containing 1.50 per cent. nickel and 0.50 per cent. chromium.

Jan 1, 1921

Jan 1, 1905

By L. R. Flint, W. L. Freyberger, W. J. Howarth

W. L. Freyberger (Director, Institute of Mineral Research, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Mich.)-The authors are to be complimented on their theoretical analysis of a column flotation process, and the comment I wish to make is not related to that analysis, but to the use of the word "countercurrent" to describe that process. Strictly speaking, the process the authors have described is countercurrent only in the sense of particle-bubble contact. That is, as solid particles and air bubbles pass through the column, the leanest flotation feed (the tailing) comes in contact with the greatest concentration of mineral-free bubbles. However, air bubbles alone do not comprise the complete extracting phase in a flotation system. A second component of this extracting phase is the collector, which is really the extractant inducing transfer of mat-

Jan 1, 1972

By Donald W. Mitchell

MINE operators have a choice of several classifications of mechanical loaders. Within each classification there are many types and makes available. Table I lists loaders on which manufacturing data as to operating characteristics are available. This paper discusses the conditions met in a mine as they affect these characteristics. It is assumed that management will provide satisfactory engineering, supervision, power, maintenance, loader service within a concentration of workings, and a balanced working cycle served by balanced production equipment. These are factors which affect the optimum operational efficiency of a loader. The conditions which determine loader choice are:

Jan 5, 1951

LOCAL SECTIONS (There are 60 Local Sections in the United States, 4 Foreign ) ADIRONDACK Established June 18, 1952 Paul W Allen, Chairman William Webb, Vice-Chairman Edwin Briggs, Secretary-Treasurer National Lead Company Mac Intyre Development Tahawus, New York Paul W Allen, Section Delegate R G Fleck, Alternate Section Delegate

Jan 1, 1954

By John H. Ratcliffe, Hans T. Lundberg

In airborne gravity surveys effects of acceleration and irregular movements of the aircraft must be balanced out or overcome. The gradient of vertical gravity is recorded, therefore, by using two masses instead of one. As the amplitude variations are infinitesimal and difficult to measure accurately, at of gradient during flight is positive or negative. The positive portions of the pattern can then be indicated and contoured. Even with these simplifications, the source of energy must be exceptionally stable. General Principles: In the conventional gravimeter the weight of a standard mass is determined at a number of selected points within the survey area. In most systems weight is determined by comparing the gravity pull with extension or torque produced in a wire spring. The instruments employed are sensitive to the slightest movement; they cannot be used on a moving platform unless velocity is kept strictly uniform.

Jan 8, 1959

By James J. Olson, Richard A. Dick

Blasting practices have shown a recent trend toward larger blastholes and larger burdens and spacings, although some operators, after reconsidering the situation have gone back to smaller blasthole sizes. The greater pull-down capabilities of larger drill rigs and the greater bearing strength of large diameter drill bits give penetration rates for large diameter blastholes approaching, and sometimes exceeding, penetration rates for smaller holes. In practically all cases, large diameter holes can be drilled more quickly and cheaply, based on volume of hole, than small diameter holes. The industry's shift to dry blasting agents and slurries, products which perform more dependably and efficiently in larger diameters, gives an additional advantage to larger boreholes.

Jan 3, 1972

Would you give us a short biographical sketch including your birthplace, education and current activities? I was born Jan. 16, 1920 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and lived there the first 22 years of my life. I also spent quite a bit of time on a farm about fifty miles north of Minneapolis owned by relatives. During the Depression, we lived off of ten cows and about fifty chickens. I'm a full-blooded Swede all along the line, and I'll be the last one in my family since my wife is not of Swedish descent. I attended Macalester College, a small school in St. Paul, to study for the ministry originally. However I soon realized that I really didn't have the talents for the ministry and I could probably do as much or more in a field where I did have some talent.

Jan 3, 1974

By R. M. Barnes, A. H. Bell

The ideas set forth in this paper are proposed for consideration and discussion as the result of recent study of various plans for control and proration of gas and oil production from Kettleman North Dome oil field. They would be applicable to any oil field during its flush production stage. The problems of development and proration are so Fig. 1.—Ideal Cross-section, Kettleman North Dome Oil Field. intimately connected in Kettleman Hills and in many other flush fields that they have both been covered in this paper. Many are of the opinion that Kettleman North Dome oil field should be considered as containing only one zone to its present total penetrated thickness of nearly 1500 ft., and that the hydrocarbon content of this zone gradually changes from dark and relatively low-gravity oil with relatively low gas-oil ratios on the flanks and plunges to mostly light-colored and high-gravity oil with high gas-oil ratios in the higher structural positions, somewhat according to the idealized section shown in Fig. 1. At least the lower 400 ft. contains dark oil in the higher structural positions.

Jan 1, 1933

By R. W. Braund

THE Tracy mine is within the corporate limits of Negaunee, Mich. The tract of land comprising the Tracy group lies on the east end of the Marquette Iron Range between adjoining mined-out properties on the north and south. Since acquiring the Tracy lands in 1921, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. has completed about 115,- 000 ft of surface diamond drilling, partially outlining five orebodies. Now that mining has started, one or more underground drills are in constant operation to obtain information that will aid mine development planning. Some 20,000 ft of underground drilling have been completed to date.

Jan 1, 1958