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By G. S. Hume

Production of petroleum and natural .gas increased in Canada in 1940 over the previous year. Alberta produced more than 97 per cent of the total Canadian production of 8,718,053 bbl. of oil, an increase for this province of nearly 12 per cent, whereas in Ontario and New Brunswick, where the production is relatively small, there was a slight decline. In Alberta the main producing field is Turner Valley, on the eastern edge of the foothills southwest of Calgary, and development continued in this field in 1940 with the completion of 36 wells, all of which obtained production. In the Red Coulce field, close to the International Boundary, near Coutts, no new wells were drilled and the seven producing wells showed a decline of 900 bbl. below the previous year. Also, in the Wainwright field of east central Alberta, four wells, yielding heavy crude oil, produced 4000 bbl. less oil than in 1939, owing possibly rather to discontinuous operation than to actual decline in potential yield. This decline was more than offset by production from a new field 40 miles northeast of Wainwright, at Borradaile, producing oil of 14" to I 5° A.P.1. There was a small increase in production during 1940 from the Del Bonita field, in southern Alberta, where the production is from two wells. The outstanding development of the year was the completion of Standard Oil Princess No. 2 well in the Steveville area, on the Plains 100 miles east of Calgary. This well was completed late in December with an initial flow1 of 520 bbl. of 26.3" A.P,I. oil, and 12,750 M cu. ft. of gas from the upper part of the Mississippian limestone. It has opened up a new field and given a further proof of the potentialities of the Southern Plains. The production of petroleum in Canada is shown in Table I. Since most of the yield comes from Alberta, the production is shown from the various fields in Table 2. The sale value of the petroleum produced in Canada in 1940 exceeded 11.1 million dollars, which is still somewhat less than the value of the natural gas production, shown in Table 3. Table i.—Production of Petroleum in Canada" Barrels Province 1939 1940 New Brunswick........ 20,101 21,161 Ontario............... 206,196 186,471 Alberta............... 7,595,000 8,493,237 Northwest Territories. . 17,013 8,493,23717.184 Total............... 7,838,310 8,718,053 Value............... $10,353,351 $11.113,000 0 Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa. Turner Valley, Alberta Turner Valley continues to be by far the largest producing field in Canada (details are given in Table 4), The limits of the Pr in- field are now Known. On the east the oil area is bounded by the gas cap, which in turn is cut off on its east side by a major overthrust fault; on the west, ii is defined by edge water at a level of 4roc

Jan 1, 1941

By G. S. Hume

Production of petroleum and natural .gas increased in Canada in 1940 over the previous year. Alberta produced more than 97 per cent of the total Canadian production of 8,718,053 bbl. of oil, an increase for this province of nearly 12 per cent, whereas in Ontario and New Brunswick, where the production is relatively small, there was a slight decline. In Alberta the main producing field is Turner Valley, on the eastern edge of the foothills southwest of Calgary, and development continued in this field in 1940 with the completion of 36 wells, all of which obtained production. In the Red Coulce field, close to the International Boundary, near Coutts, no new wells were drilled and the seven producing wells showed a decline of 900 bbl. below the previous year. Also, in the Wainwright field of east central Alberta, four wells, yielding heavy crude oil, produced 4000 bbl. less oil than in 1939, owing possibly rather to discontinuous operation than to actual decline in potential yield. This decline was more than offset by production from a new field 40 miles northeast of Wainwright, at Borradaile, producing oil of 14" to I 5° A.P.1. There was a small increase in production during 1940 from the Del Bonita field, in southern Alberta, where the production is from two wells. The outstanding development of the year was the completion of Standard Oil Princess No. 2 well in the Steveville area, on the Plains 100 miles east of Calgary. This well was completed late in December with an initial flow1 of 520 bbl. of 26.3" A.P,I. oil, and 12,750 M cu. ft. of gas from the upper part of the Mississippian limestone. It has opened up a new field and given a further proof of the potentialities of the Southern Plains. The production of petroleum in Canada is shown in Table I. Since most of the yield comes from Alberta, the production is shown from the various fields in Table 2. The sale value of the petroleum produced in Canada in 1940 exceeded 11.1 million dollars, which is still somewhat less than the value of the natural gas production, shown in Table 3. Table i.—Production of Petroleum in Canada" Barrels Province 1939 1940 New Brunswick........ 20,101 21,161 Ontario............... 206,196 186,471 Alberta............... 7,595,000 8,493,237 Northwest Territories. . 17,013 8,493,23717.184 Total............... 7,838,310 8,718,053 Value............... $10,353,351 $11.113,000 0 Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa. Turner Valley, Alberta Turner Valley continues to be by far the largest producing field in Canada (details are given in Table 4), The limits of the Pr in- field are now Known. On the east the oil area is bounded by the gas cap, which in turn is cut off on its east side by a major overthrust fault; on the west, ii is defined by edge water at a level of 4roc

Jan 1, 1941

By C. Ndou, T. Mothupi, H. Mandende

The technological advances in efficient, rapid, and non-destructive hyperspectral core logging systems for systematic mineral mapping have led to the discovery and exploitation of new mineral deposits Hyperspectral imaging in the long-wave infrared range has been recently used successfully to identify various phosphatebearing minerals (monazite, xenotime, and britholite), with limited work on apatite associated with mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions. In this study we investigate the effectiveness of a hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system with long-wave infrared (LWIR) bandwidthsto identify apatite in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex. The accuracy of the HSI results was validated by mineralogical and geochemical data. The two apatite-enriched zones detected by HSI suggesting widespread development of apatite throughout the uppermost 600 m of the Upper Zone. The lower apatite-enriched zone is approximately 40 m thick, while the upper apatite-enriched zone is about 23 m thick, consistent with previous thickness determinations by traditional logging and analytical methods. Spectral mixing observed in the response of apatite is ascribed either to the common association of apatite and olivine in these rocks, or to differences between the spatial resolution of the hyperspectral image and the size of apatite grains. The VNIR-SWIR wavelength region did not show prominent spectral features of apatite. Nonetheless, HSI in the LWIR range is effective in mapping apatite and should therefore be considered as an exploration tool. This research advances our knowledge of the reflectance spectroscopy of REE-bearing minerals, which makes it easier to detect, identify, and quantify REE-bearing silicate minerals by HSI.

Feb 6, 2023

The 74th Regular Meeting of the Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute convened at The Mark Conference Center, Lionshead Village, Vail, Colorado, and was in session at 10:00 a.m. Past President, Ralph Moore, Vice President, Operations, Westmoreland Resources, Hardin, Montana, called the meeting to order. The membership was asked to stand and pledge allegiance to the flag. He welcomed members and guests and thanked Park Lamborn, the Program Chairman, for the excellent speakers and program he engineered. He mentioned the cancellation of our golf tournament due to the conflicting dates with the Annual Jerry Ford Invitational Golf Tournament. He thanked all of the committees with a special "thank you" to Loren Linville and Gussie Whiteside. He introduced President, Shirl C. McArthur. President and General Manager, American Coal Company, Huntington, Utah. A biographical sketch follows: Mr. McArthur, a native of Huntington, Utah, began his coal mining career shortly after graduating from North Emery High School and worked his way up through the ranks, having worked at every job available underground. For example, he dug coal with a "banjo" at the Independent Coal and Coke Company in Kenilworth. In the summer of 1941, he worked at Straight Canyon Mine as a timberman and advanced to section foreman in four years. He was face boss for part of the time. In October 1946, he received a call from the LDS Church General Welfare Board (presided over then by Marion G. Romney) and took over as superintendent of the Church Mine. He operated in that capacity until the mine became privately owned in 1971. In 1961, Mr. McArthur formed Castle Valley Mining company, and in 1970, he organized American Coal Company, which he presently owns and operates.

Jan 1, 1978

By Jingcheng Li

Currently many underground coal mines worldwide have installed or been planning to install a tracking system to trace miners mainly for their safety. Although many systems have been reported functional, a lack of sophisticated and systematic error correction methods apparently is still an issue for them; often it results in a low system resolution. To improve the system resolutions, this paper introduces two position adjustment methods for mine tracking systems. The first is an entry-matching method that optimally adjusts an off-course tracking device to the closest tunnel (entry). The second is a distance measurement adjustment method that accurately adjusts the position of a tracking device along an entry according to a measured distance from the device to a reference point. The coplanar node-path network mine model is used as the foundation for the development of these two methods.

Jan 1, 2009

By T. S. Lundy, J. I. Federer

Chemically purified Zr95and Cb95 have been used in determining self-diffusion coefficients in the bcc phase of iodide zirconium over the temperature range of 900o to 1750°C. The temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients could not be described by the usual Arrhenius-type equation over the entire temperature range. Values of the apparent frequency factors (D0)a and activation energies (Q)A for ZR95 varied from 4.8 x 10-6 to 2.5 x 10-2 sq cm per sec and 20,700 to 46,900 cal per mole, respectively, between 900°and 1750°C. Similarly, for Cb95, values of (Do) a and (Q)A varied from about 2.4 x 10'5 to 0.25 sq cm per sec and 26,500 to 56,800 cal per mole, respectively. The data may be described in terms of the a to ß transition temperature of 1136 °K and the absolute temperature of the diffusion anneals by the following eauations: SEVERAL studies on the diffusion of Zr95 in zirconium have been reported.1"5 The values of the constants contained in the usual Arrhenius-type equation for describing the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient, D = Do exp [- Q/(RT)], are summarized in Table I. The reported values of Do, the frequency factor, and Q, the activation energy, are seen to vary by factors of about 60 and 1.6, respectively. Examination of the data from any one study indicated reasonable consistency of measurements. The large discrepancies of over-all results, therefore, cannot be explained on the basis of experimental scatter. One possible explanation for the differences in results could be a varying impurity content of the zirconium. Another possibility is that the radioactive daughter, Cb95, influenced the values of some of the determined diffusion coefficients. Therefore, the first of the three purposes of this study was to reconcile the large differences in diffusion results that have been obtained. Several empirical relations have been proposed to relate the diffusion coefficients in solids with physical properties, such as the absolute melting point, the heat of fusion, and the heat of sublimation.

Jan 1, 1963

By George T. Motock

The author prepared the following report as the result of a trip to Germany in the summer of 1945 for the Technical Industrial Intelligence Commitee Subcommittee on Metals and Minerals. The purpose of this committee, which functions under the Joint Intelligence Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States Armed Forces and of which the Bureau of Mines

Jan 1, 1946

By L. O. Bacon, H. R. Joesting, J. H. Getz

"INTRODUCTION For a number of years manganiferous iron ore has been mined on a small scale at Boston Hill, in Grant County, N. Mex. Total production up to 1943 is estimated to be over 793,000 long tons, containing 8 to 35 percent manganese and 26 to 46 percent iron. 4/ During 1941 to 1943 production was estimated to be 206,000 long tons, containing about 13 percent manganese and 37 percent iron. During 1944 daily production was several hundred tons, mostly from a single open pit. Several moderately large deposits have been mined: and many smaller ones have been found.From February to April 1945 geophysical surveys were carried out on Boston Hill by the Division of Geophysical Exploration, in cooperation with District 5, Central Region, Bureau of Mines, to determine if hitherto undiscovered manganiferous iron deposits exist. Field work was interrupted for a total of about 1 month during this period by work on other projects in nearby areas. Previous to the geophysical surveys, a preliminary examination was made by H. R. Joesting to determine if geophysical methods could be utilized in exploring the area. 5/Field measurements were made by L. O. Bacon and J. H. Getz, project geo¬physicists of the Bureau of Mines, under the general supervision of H. R. Joesting. A grid survey of the area, to locate geophysical stations, was made by Paul Russell, Bureau of Mines engineer, who also collected specimens for laboratory tests. Most of the computations and the preliminary magnetic and resistivity maps were made by L. 0. Bacon."

Feb 1, 1948

By W. C. Holliman

This report is one of a series of reports on the characteristics of commercial aviation gasolines, It presents compilations of inspection test data on their products furnished by 16 manufacturers of commercial grades of aviation and special date obtained in Bureau of Mines laboratories on 66 samples of these gasolines, Data are presented for 19 samples of grade SO, 17 of grade 91/98, 22 of grade 100/130, and 8 of grade 115/145 aviation fuels. These gasolines are designated July 1948 production, although some of the samples may have been produced a month earlier or later.

Jan 1, 1948

By N. Paas

Diesel powered equipment has been operated in underground coal for more than 50 years. According to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), there are approximately 3,000 diesel units operating in underground coal mines in the United States. This number is expected to reach 5,000 diesel units in 250 coal mines by the year 2000. Also, there are approximately 5,000 diesel units operating in metal/nonmetal mines such as trona, potash and salt mines: and more than 3,000 diesel units operating in Canada. This increased popularity of diesel powered equipment over trolley wire, electric trailing cable or battery powered equipment is because of improved safety, greater mobility, higher productivity and increased power of diesel equipment.

Jan 1, 1997

By Raymond W. Hiteshue, Sam Friedman, Robert Madden

Experiments were made in a semicontinuous unit to provide engineering data for designing experimental continuous systems . These systems would be used to study the hydrogasification of hvab coal and char (from lowtemperature carbonization ) to high - Btu gas . In experiments at 800 ° C and with a coal residence time of several seconds , yields of hydrocarbon gases increased from about 2,000 scf / ton of maf coal at 250 psig to 7,000 scf at 1,000 psig . With 15 minutes residence time , yields increased from 8,000 scf/ton of maf coal at 250 psig to 17,500 cubic feet at 1,000 psig . In all cases , small quantities of heavy oils were produced along with the gaseous hydrocarbons . Production of oils could be minimized with a corresponding increase in gaseous hydrocarbons by increasing the retention time of the volatiles within the hot zone . Yields of gaseous hydrocarbons from char were slightly greater than from coal under similar conditions . Although the hydrogasification reaction is very pressure dependent , substantial quantities of coal (40 to 60 percent ) could be reacted to gaseous hydrocarbons at pressures as low as 50 psig provided reaction temperatures were increased to 1,200 ° C. It was also demonstrated that a hvab coal could be hydrogasified continuously without incurring agglomeration . This was achieved by dispersing coal in a relatively large reactor with concurrent flow of hydrogen . At 1,000 psig and 800 ° C , it was possible to react about 35 percent of the coal and to produce a gas containing up to 52 percent methane .

Jan 1, 1964

By R. Mishra

The validity of the concept of mine resistance in ventilation systems is examined. Mine resistance is the proportionality constant relating the head generated by a fan and the quantity flowing through it when the fan is connected to a mine circuit. It is the total effect of all branches in the mine ventilation circuit. Its importance lies in the fact that for new mine projections, and in the extensions of existing mines, ventilation calculations are usually based upon adjustments of the mine resistance. In ventilation circuits with regulation, and/or with multi-fans, simple adjustments of the mine resistance curve do not lead to correct solutions. A ventilation system consists of several interconnected subsystems where one subsystem behavior affects that of the others, and the total system. Through a series of simple but realistic examples, the authors will demonstrate the importance of the systems concept in mine ventilation, and its practical application to coal mine ventilation planning.

Jan 1, 1977

Of the twelve known ore zones on the Sunro property, acquired by Cowichan Copper Co., only the "B" and "C" orebodies of the "River Zone" had been explored sufficiently to indicate the grade and tonnage. The "B" zone was selected for initial production. The portion of this orebody above the main adit level was developed for horizontal-ring, longhole mining. Ore from the stope would be scraped directly to the coarse ore bin. The lack of a suitable mill site on surface, as well as the 8,000-ft. tramming distance, led naturally to the installation ground. I N November, 1960, a lease was obtained by Co-wichan Copper Co. Ltd. (N.P.L.) from Sunro Mines Ltd., covering the main ore (River) zone of the Sunro property. A total of twelve zones had been located on the property. Nine of these lay within the leased area. With the exception of the "B" and "C" orebodies of the River Zone, there had been insufficient exploration for tonnage and grade calculations. Exploration by previous companies had

Jan 1, 1965

By B. W. Gandrud

[The Bureau of Mines is conducting an extensive investigation of coal preparation in the Alabama coal fields in cooperation with the University of Alabama coal-mine operators. In this investigation the drainage characteristics of typical coals from the Warrior and Cahaba fields were studied]

Jan 1, 1941

The pile inspector is a critical element in the quality control process necessary for a successful pile installation project. This guide is intended to provide the inspector with a basic understanding of only one of the many components of this process - the pile driving hammer. Pile driving hammers are used to install both bearing piles for structure foundations and sheet piles (and soldier piles) as used in retaining structures. In a single document, this guide offers a general presentation of the operation of the more common types of hammers the inspector is likely to encounter. It should make the information in the contractor's hammer submittal for the project more understandable. It should also provide an appreciation for the importance of a properly operating pile hammer. Prior to the start of most pile driving operations, the contractor will normally furnish a submittal to the engineer giving the specific pile driving equipment that he intends to use on the job. This submittal should include the make, model, and type of the intended pile driving hammer or hammers and their operating characteristics such as ram weight, rated energy, operating speed, external power requirements and, other pertinent information. Frequently, the operating characteristics are provided in the form of the manufacturer's specification sheet. The engineer will review this information and when he is satisfied, approve it and pass it on to the inspector. The driving criteria will have been determined by the engineer or others (the geotechnical engineer, consulting engineer, contractor, etc.) from the results of static analysis (for minimum penetration), driving during a test pile installation, Wave Equation analysis, dynamic formula, pile instrumentation during driving, static load test, or a combination of these or other appropriate analyses. The driving criteria can be a minimum penetration of driven pile length (embedded length), or a minimum (or maximum) blow count per unit of penetration. The pile inspector should become familiar with this information prior to the start of the job and should understand or seek help to comprehend the terminology and intent of each specification.

Jan 1, 1995

By C. E. Augustine, B. A. Landry, P. Nicholls

"Wien bituminous coal is burned in a hand-fired up-draft boiler used for heating purposes it has a decided tendency to produce smoke. A design of furnace and a method of firing and attendance that are satisfactory for fuels low in volatile matter, as anthracite or coke, are not necessarily Satisfactory for bituminous coals. It is therefore becoming common practice to use a special design of furnace for bituminous coals, in order to facilitate the combustion of the volatile matter and soot. This is done by (1) providing a larger combustion space to give more time for the combustion, (2) construction that will produce a better mixing of the gases and secondary air supplied over the fuel bed, or (3) keeping the gases at a higher temperature by preheating the secondary air, as may be done by surrounding them with refractory surfaces, or causing them to pass through a fuel bed of hot coke. A furnace may be built to use any or all of these methods of smoke prevention.In Bureau of Mines Technical Paper 303, Blizard5 and others give tests on a large heating boiler when burning coke, anthracite, and bituminous coal. Certair alternative furnace arrangements were used, but there was no material change in the furnace design for the various fuels. Since that time the manufacturer has made modifications in design to adapt it for use of bituminous coal, and additional tests have been made to determine how this change affected the production of smoke and the efficiency of the boiler."

Jun 1, 1929

By A. C. Richardson

During the past two and a half years the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the University of Alabama, with the cooperation of the different coal operators, have been making an extensive study of coal preparation in the State of Alabama. Considerable time has been devoted to the study of the washing characteristics of the Mary Lee bed and the various methods used in preparing from it a low-ash coal suitable for the manufacture of metallurgical coke. One of the phases of this problem is the utilization of middlings products from the washing plants. This paper gives the results of treating jig middlings on a coal-washing table at the Bureau of Mines laboratory at Tuscaloosa, Ala. The sample used was secured from the Sayreton washery Of the Republic Steel Corporation, Sayreton, Ala.

Jan 1, 1931

By James V. Thompson

ENGINEERS from industrialized countries are frequently called upon to examine mining operations in primitive areas and make recommendations regarding mechanization and modernization. They often set forth with self-confidence, knowing full well that all that is needed is their experience and several shiploads of mining machinery, and at times they mentally provide the answers before the problems have been clearly stated. In primitive areas it is absolutely essential that the examining engineer spend enough time at the site to acquire a thorough understanding of what is being done now and why it is done the way it is. The objective here is to state in simple terms some of the problems that may be encountered, in- as much as solutions, if they can be found at all, will differ with each experience.

Jan 8, 1958

By L. R. Wilkinson, W. J. Howarth, G. J. Wenk

Over a period of three years, a cooperative program in Australia has resulted in the development of radioisotope immersion probes for the on-stream analysis of mineral slurries. Two basic probe types are now available on a commercial basis - fluorescence and absorption probes - and within each type there are a number of variations so that optimum sensitivities can be obtained for elements with atomic number greater than titanium (22), thus covering most metals of interest to modern metallurgy.

Jan 1, 1973

By C. Hudson, D. Tremblay, A. Frey

"A discussion of the design, challenges and successes associated with the commissioning of the gravity recovery circuit at Canada’s newest open pit gold mine - Atlantic Gold’s Moose River Consolidated Project in Nova Scotia, Canada is presented. An overview of the project, its historical significance and overall flowsheet is provided with special focus given to the design and selection of the gravity circuit equipment including the scalping screen, gravity concentrators and the novel intensive leaching technology selected for the project. The performance of the gravity circuit is benchmarked against the feasibility study process design specifications and the outcomes are discussed. Challenges encountered during commissioning are also presented, including the use of third-party automation and the effects of screen sizing on overall gravity circuit performance. Mechanical modifications made to the Sepro Leach Reactor for the Moose River project are also discussed. A detailed technical review of the mechanical and operational aspects of the Sepro Leach Reactor is provided with key operational data on leach times, recoveries, reagent usage, solid-liquid separation, pregnant solution quality and its influence on bullion purity.INTRODUCTION Atlantic Gold Corporation’s Moose River Touquoy Mill in Nova Scotia, Canada was commissioned in the fourth quarter of 2017 with commercial production declared in March of 2018. The 2 Mtpa process plant uses a conventional, gravity-CIL process. This site was previously mined in the 1870s. Interest waned in the early 1900s but resumed in the 1930s and the mine was brought back into production in 1935 until an underground mine collapse in 1936. This mining district became famous after CRBC radio commenced a ground breaking, around the clock, broadcast of the rescue operations. Over 100 million people listened to the broadcast from Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. These broadcasts changed radio, transforming it from a medium for music to on the spot, breaking news reporting. The mill was constructed by Ausenco on a fixed price EPC contract in the historic Moose River gold mining district, 95 km north-east of Halifax by road. The mill will process ore from the adjacent Touquoy pit for the first 5+ years of operation; after the Touquoy reserves are exhausted, the mill will process ore trucked 37 km from the Beaver Dam deposit for an additional 5 years."

Jan 1, 2019