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By J. E. Miller

Primary standard gas mixtures were developed for more accurate calibration of analytical instruments at the Bureau of Mines Helium Research Center and for calibration of analytical instruments used in the helium conservation program. A 10-kg-capacity balance is used to weigh a 4-kg metal cylinder filled to high pressure (1,800 psi maximum) with the component gases of the desired mixture. At 1,800 psi, a cylinder contains about 60 g of helium, or 420 g of nitrogen. An accuracy of ±0.05 mole-percent or better is claimed for each component in the mixtures.

Jan 1, 1965

By AIME AIME

EVEN though most of the program of the joint meeting at Easton, Pa., on Oct. 30 to Nov. 1. was devoted to the interests of combustion engineers rather than to coal-mining engineers, nevertheless the A.I.M.E. Coal Division was well represented, with 83, or close to one third of those in attendance giving this as their affiliation. The fuels division of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers had 108 representatives, and an equal number reported no society affiliation. Added to the men's total registration was that of some twenty ladies so the total attendance was in the neighborhood of 325, exceeding that of the last two joint meetings, at Birmingham and Columbus, and equaling the 1938 crowd at Chicago.

Jan 1, 1941

By D. Harrington, C. W. Owings

The mining industry is gradually realizing that safety education and safety inspection are economic factors that may not be overlooked as a means of reducing operating costs . Many mine operators , however , have failed to realize the benefits of safety , and the efforts of the more progressive mining companies are offset by the carelessness of neighboring companies when the accident records of a community or a State or the nation as a whole are considered . This tendency is indicated by the data collected by the safety division of the United States Bureau of Mines . During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1930 , relatively definite information: was secureä concerning 34 mine explosions , 24 mine fires , and 29 miscellaneous accidents ; these accidents are by no means all of the explosions , fires , and miscellaneous accidents which occurred in the mines of the United States during the period; but the data on the fires and explosions constitute a record of all of those types of accidents that were called specifically to the attention of the safety division , and the miscellaneous accidents include those on which definite , detailed data were obtained by the safety division .

Jan 1, 1931

By A. M. Beebee

IN the present century the coal and manufactured gas industries have been eclipsed in public interest by oil, natural gas, and hydro- electric energy, which have had the benefit of rapid development and novelty. I sometimes wish that our social- order were such that hydro power had been developed first, that the use of gas from coal had never been seriously considered, and that our domestic energy requirements were supplied by other fuels. Sup- pose the manufacture of gas from coal should then come on the scene at the present time with the current plight of the railroads, coal regions, and labor generally, presenting the fact that it could increase the amount of coal mined and shipped by the railroads by some 16,000,000 tons, and increase the coal used at existing u plants five times. Imagine the great public interest that would be manifested; it would supply the cooking and water-heating requirements of a community with a superior character of service at a cost to the customer approximately half that which had obtained previously. Would not such a situation be heralded as the salvation of our country and all help be given it?

Jan 1, 1940

By Peter Waggitt

Northern Australia has been home to uranium mining for over 70 years, more or less continuously. In the early days, post World War 2, there was little effort made to remediate workings at the end of operations. The three “campaigns” of uranium mining (1951-55; 1960-70; and 1979-present) are all now in various stages of remediation. This includes not only the large legacy site at Rum Jungle but also smaller fields like the South Alligator Valley, as well as contemporary works at Nabarlek and the ongoing closure at Ranger– Australia’s longest operating uranium mine. This paper briefly describes some of the past remediation activities before providing an update on the Ranger closure programme and future timetable.

Jan 1, 2020

By J. F. Adams, V. G. Papangelakis

Chemical modelling is becoming increasingly useful in the development, analysis, design, and control of hydrometallurgical processes. The paper presents the development of reliable databases for chemical modelling of selected hydrometallurgical systems using state-of-the-art software, such as OLI. The modelling strategies are also demonstrated. The high pressure acid leaching (HP AL) of laterites, oxygen solubility in the oxidative leaching process of zinc sulfide, gypsum solubility and lead chemistry in mixed sulfate-chloride solutions are presented as case studies. This on-going work attempts to bridge the gap between theoretical research and industry needs. Computational Analysis in Hydrometallurgy 35th Annual Hydrometallurgy Meeting held in conjunction with the 44th Annual Conference of Metallurgists ofCIM Calgary, Alberta, Canada Edited by

Jan 1, 2005

By P. Lafleur

All indications point to a growing market for thermal coal in Japan as part of the country's current energy policy formulation process. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry forecasts imports of 16 million tons a year in 1985 and 40 million tons in 1990-a twenty-fold and forty-fold increase over the present level. This potential reflects Japan's over-all serious and increasing concern for security of energy supplies and its resultant need to seek alternative sources. Nuclear power will be the main alternative source, but, because it is expected that its development will be slow, imported thermal coal will assume greater importance. Canada, with large resources of all types of coal, could fill a portion of this market. Thermal coal could come from specific thermal coal developments or from metallurgical coal mines, which usually produce a certain amount of coal not amenable to coking, but suitable for power purposes. However, penetration of this Japanese market by Canadian thermal coal will depend on the resolution of a number of problems. On the demand side, siting, environmental aspects, the need for a coal unloading and trans-shipment centre, and the added cost of installing coal-fired stations could be major constraints. Although Canada has ample high-quality resources, any new development tied to the Japanese market will require improvement in prices to cover the high costs associated with transportation, the construction of new mines and the provision of new infrastructure.

Jan 1, 1979

By Bruce Watzman

"Few issues are more important to the National Mining Association (NMA), the U.S. mining industry and NMA’s MINExpo International 2016 exhibitors than safety.Global mining safety and health is a journey necessitating continuous improvement, collaboration and innovation on the part of both mining operators and their suppliers.MINExpo 2016, which takes place Sept. 26- 28, 2016, in Las Vegas, provides attendees with the opportunity to view technologies to help refine management of mining safety and health, utilizing NMA’s CORESafety system. CORESafety ‘One of the best’Launched by NMA in 2011 and moving forward ever since, CORESafety is driving continuous improvement in safety and health performance among participating industry companies by shifting from a command-andcontrol regulatory approach to a risk-based systems approach built on the Plan-Do-Check-Act model (Fig. 1).Considered an exemplary safety and health management system, NMA’s CORESafety system helps mining operators change their approach to safety and health management by enhancing the safety and health culture throughout their organizations. Although it is challenging to consistently and completely control all the factors and variables occurring in daily mining operations, experience has shown that applying systematic controls to as many variables as possible is the most successful approach for improvement in mining safety and health.When embarking upon the development of the CORESafety framework, NMA’s leadership set an ambitious goal to eliminate fatalities and reduce the injury rate 50 percent in five years, or the “0-50-5” goal. While the goal has not been met yet, the steady progress has been extraordinary with fatalities among participating companies dropping 45 percent during the period 2011-2015 (Fig. 2). Data also demonstrate that, as participating companies increase their level of implementation, total injury rates have also declined (Fig. 3).In a September 2015 interview with NMA, Penn State University mining engineering Professor Jeffrey Kohler praised CORESafety as “an inspired and timely program that brings together key elements to achieve safety and health goals.”"

Sep 1, 2016

By Paul Hatmaker

Pumice and pumicite are siliceous volcanic substances quite similar in chemical composition , but somewhat different in physical properties , manner of formation , and mode of occurrence . Production in the United States has increased from 23,271 tons valued at $ 94,943 in 1910 , to 56,843 tons valued at $336,099 in 1930. Both pumice and pumicite are included in these figures as it has been impractical to collect statistical data on the separate commodities .

Mar 1, 1932

By David A. Benjamin

In 1986, at the request of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Bureau of Mines studied part of the 24,600-acre Orejana Canyon Wilderness Study Area (OR-001-078), in order to evaluate its identified mineral resources. The study area, located in Harney County, 76 mi northeast of Lakeview, OR, is underlain by Miocene basalt, rhyolite flows, tuffs, and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks. No mines, prospects, or claims were found within the study area. According to the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, the tuffaceous rocks have a moderate favorability for the occurrence of diatomite and a low favorability for zeolite resources. Also, the rhyolite flows have a low favorability for the occurrence of perlite resources. However, U.S. Bureau of Mines' studies indicate that no metallic or nonmetallic resources are present in the study area.

Jan 1, 1987

By S. Vardy

The paper notes that the extraction of 22% of the remaining workable reserves in the north western area involves a risk of spontaneous combustion higher than is normal in Britain. Mining systems have been tailor made in order to minimize the risk of spontaneous heatings, and these systems are described. Well-proved methods of combating spontaneous combustion are referred to, as well as the limitations which now apply to them as the result of the introduction of modern mining techniques. A substantial part of the paper is devoted to the circumstances in which spontaneous combustion occurs underground in the north western area. Several actual incidents which have occurred in the last few years, along with the practical application of the lessons learned, are described. Of particular note are: a) the procedure adopted in the north western area to equalize pressure differences across stoppings using pressure chambers, and b) a retreat mining system, primarily designed to deal with high methane emission and steep gradients, which also affords some protection against spontaneous combustion.

May 23, 1905

By K. E. Robinson

This study provides an initial indication that mill tailings produced in the Coeur d'Alene Mining District of Idaho can be placed on floodplain areas in a technically acceptable manner without artificial liners and without seriously contaminating the surrounding area. Tests have shown that landfills on these unused areas can result in returning these areas to productive use. The engineering properties of mill tailings permit construction of stable embankments. Designed slope protection inhibits water erosion. Among the environmental considerations in using tailings for landfill construction are the acid and other contamination produced by tailings and wind erosion of exposed tailings surfaces. The initial results indicate that adverse impacts are not as severe as previously thought, and mitigative measures are feasible. Based on the preliminary data, and in accord with existing Federal and State waste management regulations, a conceptual design has been developed for 23 potential landfill sites in the District, which could reclaim 750 acres of floodplain. A cost analysis of landfill construction with mill tailings indicates that the method would be an economically viable means for increasing the valleywide tailings storage capacity, provided construction with slurried tailings is feasible. A Stage H study is proposed to evaluate slurried tailings as a foundation material, as opposed to hauled tailings used in this present study.

Jan 1, 1981

By T E. Tibbetts

This paper deals with coal sampling in general and with mechanical coal sampling in particular. The necessity of obtaining representative samples is emphasized. Other sections of the paper are devoted to the design and selection of automatic samplers, with a consideration of the three main types, and the testing, operation and maintenance of these samplers. The cost of the installation of an automated sampling system must be related to the value of the material to be sampled, to the volume of coal involved, and to the savings in labour and economy which can be achieved. Introduction T HE Committee?:; on Coal Sampling of the Coal Study Subsection, Thermal Power Section (Eastern Zone), Canadian Electrical Association, was established in November, 1963, to "study the various problem areas of coal sampling." The first undertaking of the Committee was to at-tempt to survey the problem areas of coal sampling through an evaluation of coal sampling difficulties as experienced at both the plant design and operational levels within the electric utilities represented on the Committee. The results of this enquiry indicated that satisfactory answers to almost any conceivable

Jan 1, 1965

Automation Defined ?Using self-operating equipment to reduce human exposure to the mining environment and routine or repetitive work.?-Atlas Copco Terminology: ?Manual Operation ?A vehicle being operated by a person ?in the cab?. ?Radio Remote Control (RRC) ?A vehicle being physically operated by a person through a Line Of Sight (LOS) or Video-Remote equipment. ?Tele-Remote Control ?A vehicle being physically operated by a person at an operator station which is not necessarily located near the vehicle?s working area. ?Autonomous Operation ?A vehicle under self control with the possibility of human supervision and override.

Oct 1, 2010

By G. E. Viens

The electric arc furnace has characteristics which make it attractive for a number of metallurgical applications. Some of these characteristics are: high thermal efficiency, the possibility of attaining very high temperatures, low off-gas volume compared to fuel-fired furnaces, no impurities are introduced by the heat source, and impurities in only minor amounts are introduced by the electrodes. It also has disadvantages, the chief ones being the relatively high cost of electrical energy compared to fossil-fuel energy and the fact that, when oxide ores are smelted using carbon as reductant, the off-gases emitted are rich in carbon monoxide. As in many other pyrometallurgical processes, fumes and dust are emitted from melting or smelting operations. In many installations, some or all of the off-gases are flared, thereby wasting their energy and contributing to atmospheric pollution. During the last eight years, a shaft-electric furnace has been under development at the Mines Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa, Canada. This project was initiated to try to overcome, or at least minimize, the disadvantages of the electric furnace. Experience on other projects, prior to the beginning of this program, had indicated that preparation of the charge materials, for example by sizing raw ore, sintering concentrates and crushing and sizing the sinter, or agglomerating concentrates into uniform-sized pellets, could make a substantial contribution towards achieving success in arc-furnace smelting projects; This entire

Jan 1, 1971

By J. Lindström, J. Hamuyuni, M. Lundström, J. Aromaa

"The rising demand for metals today, coupled with the scarcity of primary sources for raw materials threatens both technological advancements and industrial manufacturing. In order to meet the demand, metals and other resources trapped in waste streams, have to be harnessed. This philosophy supports circular economy, where metals and other resources are kept in a closed loop. The pickling acid recovery system of most stainless steel production is one such example where the dissolved metals such as iron, nickel and chromium are currently not completely recovered due to the limitations of the current technologies. The aim of this study was to assess the available metals recovery methods from extremely concentrated acids. The main aim is to simultaneously recover metals and keep sulphuric acid reusable in acid circulation process. From the available literature, the most promising methods were chosen for laboratory experiments. Based on experimental work, the results and observations of electrodeposition, solvent extraction, and freeze crystallization are provided. KEYWORDS Pickling acid, metal recovery, solvent extraction, cathodic polarization, Freeze crystallization. INTRODUCTION Pickling in stainless steel production is an essential surface treatment process (Regel-Rosocka, M. (2010); Agrawal and Sahu, 2009). It is applied for removing surface films such as oxides and chromium-depleted layers to improve the corrosion resistance and surface finish of steel (Regel-Rosocka, 2010). Whilst the process greatly improves the surface finish of the stainless steel, it generates large amount of used acid, containing dissolved metals including chromium, iron, and nickel (Agrawal and Sahu, 2009). Recovery of acid is common practice for most steel producing industries (Nyman and Koivunen, 1986). In this work, acid regeneration process is investigated so as to simultaneously reusing sulfuric acid and recovering the dissolved metals. Recovery of valuable metals even in very small amounts would also bring additional revenue to the steel production industry. At a time when metal production has also been challenged by lack of natural resources for raw materials, secondary sources for metals such as the acid pickling process therefore, have greater potential as supplements. From earlier studies, electrodeposition (Giovanardi and Orlando, 2011; Kuznetsov et al., 200; Rögener et al., 2012; Surviliene et al., 2006), solvent extraction (Alguacil and López 1996; Haghshenas et al., 2009; Kesieme et al., 2013) and freeze crystallization (Beyer et al.,2003; Hasan et al.,2017; Van der Ham et al., 1999) are some of the most established potential methods. Earlier studies have also shown that simultaneous recovery of acid and metals would require combination of different methods. This is primarily due to the nature of very stable metal containing complex compounds formed during pickling. These complexes must be broken down to free the metals for further recovery processes."

Jan 1, 2018

By Z. Yang, M. J. Collins, N. E. Tuffrey, R. J. Kalanchey, I. M. Masters

The high elevation of China Western Mining Company (WMC)' s Ganhe refinery, and the high iron content of concentrates produced by the WMC mines, were key factors in the selection of pressure leaching by WMC for their new zinc refinery. This paper describes the results of pressure leaching test work conducted by Sherritt in Fort Saskatchewan with a sample of WMC concentrate from Qinghai Province in China. Results from batch pressure leach tests and a four-day pilot plant campaign are reported. The pilot plant campaign included continuous operation of a two-stage pressure leach circuit, as well as neutralization and iron removal steps, resulting in the production of iron-free zinc sulphate solution. Greater than 98% zinc extraction was achieved in pressure leaching, while producing solution containing about 9 g/L H2SO4 and 2 g/L Fe. Following neutralization and iron removal, the solution contained about 170 g/L Zn and less than 10 mg/L Fe. Overall recovery of sulphur in the zinc concentrate feed to elemental sulphur byproduct was about 85%, while 75 to 80% of the indium in the feed was recoverable from the neutralization residue. The test results highlighted the technical and economic advantages offered by the Sherritt Zinc Pressure Leach Process and provided the required data for the engineering design.

Jan 1, 2008

By W. C. McBee

Technology for the preparation of densifiable sulfur concrete (sulfapave) materials has been devised by the Bureau of Mines. The materials are intended as new construction materials for use in corrosive areas where conventional materials fail. A series of modified sulfur cements were developed, which can be used in combination with dense-graded aggregates to prepare sulfapave materials with excellent corrosion-resistant properties. The materials can be mixed, laid, and compacted into place with conventional hot-mix asphalt pavi.ng equipment. Mixture designs utilizing 5-to 30-pct-modified sulfur cements and dense-graded aggregates gave material properties ranging from rigid to flexible. Laboratory corrosion tests in sulfuric acid showed no material loss or deterioration of physical properties over a 1-year test period in concentrations ranging from 0 to 60 pct at ambient temperatures. Preliminary results on field testing the materials for durability to weathering, corrosion, and traffic have been excellent, with no evidence of failure in the materials.

Jan 1, 1985

In the absence of. J. B. Marks, President, the meeting was called to order by George B. Pryde, Past President. After organization, the meeting was turned over to W. J. Reid, Vice-President for Utah. A moving picture, "The Story of Dynamite," was shown by the courtesy of the E. I. DuPont de Nemours Company. This provoked a great deal of discussion and many questions were asked A. E. Anderson, who described the paper. John M. Jennings read a description of the United States Fuel Company's new Hiawatha tipple, after which the meeting adjourned to Hiawatha for lunch and a visit to the tipple and outside workings of the Hiawatha mine. Thursday, August 27, 1925 Meeting called to order at 9:30 by Vice-President W. J. Reid. Papers were read on the subject of "Mechanical Loading," by A. W. Dickinson, 0. G. Sharrer, and the paper of Glen A. Knox was read by the Secretary. General Superintendent George A. Murphy, of the Spring Canyon Coal Company, read a description of their newly completed tipple. The meeting then adjourned for Spring Canyon where lunch was served, and the afternoon spent in viewing the new. tipple. At 8:00 p. m., D. Harrington read a paper on "Rock Dusting," L. C. Clare read a paper on "Mudite's Relation to Nature," and at 11 p. m. the meeting adjourned. Friday, August 28, 1925 Meeting called to order at 9:30 a. m. by Vice-President W. J. Reid. The discussion of preceding papers continued. Paper by Joseph Harrington on "Domestic Fuel Stokers" was read by the Secretary. The expected paper by Mayne Read was not presented as Mr. Read was unable to get to Price on account of railroad conditions. The papers on the "Theory of Spontaneous Combustion," by C. P. Crawford, were also omitted through an error of the Secretary, and particular attention is called to the publication of these two articles. The new tipple of the Columbia Steel Company was described by T. C. Harvey, after which the meeting adjourned for Columbia, where luncheon was served and the nine visited. After the visit to Columbia, the delegates were taken to the Sunnyside mine of the Utah Fuel Company, where an hour was spent. Upon motion, unanimously adopted, the Secretary was instructed to express the sincere appreciation of the delegates to the Price Chamber of Commerce, the Civic Association, the Price News-Advocate, Harry Keene, Harry Duberstein, John M. Jennings, Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements, and Geo. A. Murphy of the Financial Committee, for the complete success in handling the meeting of the Institute. The report of the Membership Committee on the following was accepted: R. E. Birchard, Standardville, Utah. Dave Brown, Spring Canyon, Utah. William Burt, Hiawatha, Utah. A. J. Coats, Fort Collins, Colo. R. P. Fitch, Rains, Utah.

Jan 1, 1925

By William W. Adams

A new record in accident prevention was made by the metal-mining a industry of the United States in 1938, as signalized by a lower fatality rate than in any previous year. The rate was less than half as high as in 1911, the earliest year for which figures are available. A good safety record was also established in the prevention of nonfatal injuries, as the injury rate was lower than in any other years except 1931 to 1935, a 5-year period notable for its unusually low injury rates. Employment was more limited in 1938 than in 1937, both in number of men employed and total number of man-hours worked. The number of workdays per man also was smaller than in 1937. Operating companies reported that 7,233 mines were active in 1938 or some part of the year and that the total number of men employed was 103,027. This figure represents the summation of the average number of men employed as reported by the companies, the average for each mine being that for the period during which the mine was active. The number of employees at all mines in 1938 was 15,402 less than in 1937. Reports covering all mines indicated a total of 188 million man-hours worked during the year, or 21 percent less than the nearly 240 million man-hours worked in 1937. In the performance of this work accidents occurred that resulted in the death of 156 employees and the injury of 1.2,722, each injured employee being disabled for more than the remainder of the clay on which he was hurt.. The fatality rate for 1938 was 0.83 per million man-hours worked, which was 9 percent more favorable than the rate of 0.91 for 1937. Nonfatal injuries occurred at the rate of 67.61 per million man-hours worked, an improvement of 10 percent compared with the injury rate of 75.37 for 1937.

Jan 1, 1941