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By C. H. Riggs

THIS REPORT give's the results of a study of the central and south parts of the Cushing oilfield, including a description of the geology, a review of the production history, and estimates of oil reserves available by secondary-recovery methods. Each of the major producing zones of the field is treated separately. The report, which is one of a long series of field studies the Bureau of Mines has conducted over the past 40 years, was prepared to aid operators to increase oil recovery and to help prevent underground waste in the Cushing field, in the State of Oklahoma, and in the United States. The geology and production history are presented not as a review of past behavior of the Cushing field but rather to interpret the possibilities for increased oil recovery by future development of this and similar areas. The field, which is in the northwest corner of Creek County, Okla., was discovered in 1912 and developed during 1913 and 1914. For several years it, was one of the most important areas producing high-grade crude oil in Oklahoma. Although some oil has been recovered from each of 10 separate reservoirs, nearly 98 percent of the total recovery of oil in the area studied was from 4 major producing formations (table 1). Of these, only the Bartlesville [ ]

Jan 1, 1958

By Gerardo Soto M.

El presente texto señala el potencial mineralógica del proyecto minero Cotonga, situada en la provincia de Huari, departamento de Ancash. La investigación comprende la historia del yacimiento, fisiografía, las exploraciones geológicas y geofísicas, el desarrollo en el stock Cotonga, la geología del yacimiento de Contonga, geología estructural, económica, paragénesis y zoneamiento, el sistema de explotación y el funcionamiento de la planta concentradora.

Nov 8, 1984

By Hara Y, Arino S, Nakamura M, Tachimori M

The theoretical and experimental studies have been done to clarify the hearth flow of iron and slag. The results of dissections show that the hearth can be treated as a packed bed of coke hav- ing good permeability with a coke-free layer at the bottom of the hearth. 3-dimensional numerical calculations of hearth flow with and without a coke-free layer are carried out, and the results are assured by a water model simulation. The influences of a coke-free layer on the iron flow and the discharge route of iron and slag are examined. The 3-dimensional flow pattern can be represented simply by the travelling time, which depends on characteristically the profile of coke-free layer and the quantity of iron in the hearth. Those flow parameters could be obtained by the results of radioisotope tracer test ( Co for iron flow, and Sc for slag flow) at several furnaces. As a result, it is found that the coke-free layer repeats the cycle of appearance and disappearance at several-month intervals. This cycle corres- ponds to large temperature fluctuation at the bottom of hearth. The relation between iron flow and skull (solidified iron, coke and deposited graphite mixed layer) on the hearth brick was studied by the model experiment and the thermal analysis based on the indications of thermocouples installed in the bottom of the hearth. If a thin coke-free layer is formed on the skull, a fast iron flow is generated in the layer, and melts away the skull. The growth and melting of skull produces the fluctuation of thermal load on a bottom brick, causing brick Damage.

Jan 1, 1981

By K. A. Pauly

(Wilkes-Barre Meeting, June, 1911.) COMPRESSED air has been and is still very extensively used in connection with mining-operations, but its application in the past has been almost entirely confined to supplying power to underground machinery. Its introduction was due to the difficulty of taking care of the steam which is exhausted underground, rather than to any advantage in efficiency to be gained by its use. The ease with which electric power may be carried to the remotest parts of the mine and the high efficiency of the electric motor have long been appreciated by mine-operators, and electric power is now extensively used underground in the more recent developments, while many of the compressed-air engines in the older workings are being rapidly replaced by electric motors. Recently, however, it has been suggested to use compressed air for driving the large shaft-hoists, the air for the engines being supplied by electrically-driven compressors, and an installation of this character is being erected at Butte; Mont. It is the object of this paper to compare the compressed-air system of hoisting with the various electrical systems, from the stand-points of first-cost and cost of operation. However, before entering into a discussion of the various systems, it will be well to consider briefly the conditions affecting the choice of a system of hoisting in which electricity is the ultimate source of power. The power required by a mine-hoist is extremely intermittent and fluctuates between very wide limits, the all-day average consumption of power not exceeding from 5 to 15 per cent. of the maximum demand during hoisting. The cost of supplying power for such a fluctuating load is necessarily higher than that for supplying an equal amount of

Dec 1, 1911

By Lloyd Robert Nelson

The historical progression in installed electric furnace smelting capacity of some 1650 calcium, chromium, manganese, nickel and silicon ferro-alloys furnaces is reviewed. Key increases in the inherent installed electrical capacity, often achieved through uprating furnaces, are identified. Possible factors facilitating such advances are explored, including: specific process engineering and pyrometallurgical enhancements (e.g., improved control over the consistency, size and chemical form of raw materials, extents of preheating and pre-reduction delivered into the furnace; and patterns of feed distribution); furnace electrical configuration (AC or DC; immersed, submerged-, shielded- or open-arc); form of electrode (graphite, self-baking or composite); furnace configuration (circular or rectangular; closed or open and 1-, 3- or 6- electrodes); better engineering and equipment designs (e.g., high-intensity cooling) and state of furnace electrical and metallurgical control systems. A view is presented on the prevailing state of evolution of the Mega-scale in ferro-alloy smelting and opportunities for still further improvements.

Jan 1, 2014

By N. A. Karl, D. R. Wilburn

"This summary of international mineral exploration activities during 2017 draws upon information from industry sources, published literature, SNL Metals & Mining (SNL), an offering of S&P Global Market Intelligence (New York, NY) and specialists in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Minerals Information Center. Three types of information are reported and analyzed in this annual review of international exploration: 1) budgetary statistics expressed in U.S. dollars provided by SNL; 2) regional and site-specific exploration activities that took place in 2017 as compiled by the USGS and 3) regional events and legislation that affected exploration activities including economic, social and political conditions, which were derived from published sources and discussions with USGS and industry specialists. Commodity and regional compilations are presented in this summary. Because multiple sources were used to develop commodity and regional compilations, statistics may vary depending on the source and type of data that are being reported.The SNL data summarize budget estimates for worldwide exploration activities in 2017 for 30 nonfuel mineral commodities and metal alloys, based on company surveys. Surveys focused on precious metals (gold, platinumgroup metals (PGMs) and silver), base metals (cobalt, copper, lead, molybdenum, nickel, tin and zinc), bulk commodities (bauxite, chromite, iron ore, manganese, phosphate and potash), and other commodities (aluminum, antimony, diamond, graphite, heavy-mineral sands, lithium, niobium, rare-earth elements (REEs), scandium, tantalum, tungsten, uranium, vanadium and yttrium). Information on uranium exploration activities was included in SNL’s survey for the first time in 2007. Data on lithium, niobium, phosphate, potash, REE and tungsten were compiled for the first time in 2010, and scandium, vanadium and yttrium were added in 2014 because of their increased topical significance. Since 1999, companies with exploration budgets of $100,000 and greater were included in the SNL surveys. SNL budget estimates exclude coal, and oil and gas. The 2017 SNL mining company survey compilation was reported by SNL to include an estimated 95 percent of the world’s nonfuel mineral exploration budgets. The 5 percent that was not covered was accounted for by companies that chose not to participate in the SNL survey, private companies that do not publish their budget data, and government-funded exploration activities."

Jan 5, 2018

By Arthur P. Sanda

Thank you Clark, for that extraordinary introduction, but Paul Harvey would be disappointed if I didn't tell you ... the rest of the story. It's true that I began my career at the Boston Traveler newspaper, one of the last of the breed that started as an office boy and eventually advanced to staff reporter. However, what the biography doesn't tell you is that after that stellar rise to prominence in the Boston financial community, the afternoon Traveler was merged into the morning Boston Herald, and I was out of a job. Between the Traveler - which I closed - and the Brockton Enterprise - where I helped bring about the first labor strike in the newspaper's 100 year history - for a short period I worked double shifts at a bomb factory where we made beanbag mines for use in Vietnam. That is until the plant blew up one morning between my shifts - my last shift, as you can guess. Incidentally, my job was quality control. Before accepting my first public relations job with Boston Gas Company - and handling the media during that companies longest strike in history - I worked part time as a police officer in the small Massachusetts town of Halifax, during which time I wrecked the town's only patrol car - twice. Having contributed all I could to Boston Gas Company, I moved on to the parent company - Eastern Gas and Fuel Associates - where I was instrumental in closing down the last remaining coke plant in the Northeast in the Bridesburg section of Philadelphia - and got my first exposure to the coal industry - a visit to Eastern's last two coal mines in western Pennsylvania, Culver and Delmont - which were closed a month later. With the coal boom at its apex in the late '70s, the bosses thought it would be safe - and safer for the other subsidiary companies - for me to be given the opportunity to establish a formal public relations department at Eastern Associated Coal Corp. In my 10 years with Eastern Associated, I was able to help take the company from 17 operating mines down to 6, from 8 longwall sections down to 5, and eventually have the entire company sold to Peabody, While at the same time, bringing an end to the coal boom. It was at this point that journalism again beckoned, which coincided with COAL magazine purchasing Coal Age from McGraw Hill Publishing. In my l l years with the magazine, we've taken it from Coal Mining and Processing, to Coal Mining, to just COAL, and back to Coal Age - which is the best thing we ever did - and we've had the company sold ... twice.

Jan 1, 1999

By Worthen Bradley

A BETTER understanding of what is happening in the domestic quicksilver industry, and what is likely to happen, can be had after reviewing some of the highlights of the past four years. Hitting the high spots in chronological order, they are: February 1939-Army and Navy Munitions Board starts investigation on civilian and war needs of certain "strategic materials," including quicksilver, with a view to recommending stock piles. Every known producer is canvassed by the end of the year.

Jan 1, 1942

By Amos Bryant, Jesse Davis

This paper compares the predictions of the latest Institute of Makers of Explosives Safety Analysis for Risk (IMESAFR) model versus physical test data recovered from ISO-1 and ISO-2 tests in Woomera, SA. ISO-1 testing included placing 1054 kg (2324 lbs) of ANFO (ammonium nitrate-fuel oil) inside an ISO container on a flat bed truck. ISO-2 testing was identical except the NEW was 4000 kg (8818 lbs). The IMESAFR predictions are based on model runs using the best match available to the actual donor type involved in the test. This type of debris analysis is not the standard output of IMESAFR, as the program is designed to assess the probability of human fatality. However, all of the IMESAFR predictions presented were obtained from the use of the actual model equations and algorithms without adjustment. Test results from ISO-1 and ISO-2 will be presented as well as findings from the comparison between model results and actual explosive results from the ISO testing efforts.

Jan 1, 2010

By William C. Cooley

A review was made of two Russian books and a chapter from a third book dealing with pipeline transport of coal. Emphasis was placed on hydrotransport of coarse coal in underground mines or surface pipelines. The books reviewed were: "Means of Increasing the Effectiveness of Hydrotransport," by V. N. Pokrovskaya (1972), "Parameters and Modes of Hydraulic Transport of Coal" by V. V. Traynis (1970), and the chapter "Calculations of Hydrotransport of Useful Minerals and Waste Rock" from the book "Hydromechanization of Opencast Workings" by G. A. Nurok (1970). All three are unique and useful additions to the world literature on hydrotransport. The Traynis book reveals the development and results of circular wheel stand tests to simulate hydrotransport in horizontal pipes, which is a potentially outstanding contribution to slurry pipeline technology. Graphical data and equations are presented which suggest that headlosses for coarse coal can be predicted with good accuracy for pipe sizes up to 14 inches in diameter. Wheel stands permit tests for pipe wear and lump degradation without recycling coal through pumps. Recommendations are made for wheel stand tests and for correlation of existing data.

Jan 1, 1976

By Zsuzsanna Zborovszky

Investigation of the discharge duration power and current relation required for ignition. The current and power amplitude-discharge time curve was found to flatten out over 3 ms. It is concluded that discharges having at least 3 ms power maximum are required for reliable testing of the ignition limit for resistive circuits. Investigation of the effect of molten cathode on the discharge duration and igniting ability of the discharge. The surface tension of the liquid metal causes a very fast separation and consequently a much shorter discharge duration than the solid electrode would have. The minimum discharge voltage effect overrides the effects of the temperature of electrode, material, or atmosphere. Investigation of the effect of different surface layers on the discharge duration. Oxides and sulfates were found to give significantly longer duration than the "clean" metal itself in most cases. The lowest ignition current was obtained with CdS04 coatings. Ignition was obtained with 0.7A at 30V, which is below the corresponding minimum igniting current obtained from the BASEEFA curve for circuits containing Cd, Zn or Mg.

Jan 1, 1977

Systemic process mineralogy study on Baerbulawu refractory hematite ore in Kazakhstan has been carried out. The ore contains Fe 41.34%, and 87.26 % of which exists in hematite. Most hema-tite occurs as fine or ultrafine grains and its average size is only 0.015mm. The gangue is mainly composed of quartz, mica, chlorite, kaolinite and other clay minerals. The liberation of hematite is only 66% when the ore is grinded to 75% ?0.074mm, while part of gangue is already liberated from hematite under this grinding condition, so these gangue can be cast away by magnetic separation in advance. Hematite will not liberate completely from gangue untill grinding fineness reaches 86% ?0.038mm, at the same time, free particles of ultrafine hematite tend to coagulate randomly with quartz and clay minerals, so appropriate dispersant is necessary to pre-vent hematite and clay minerals from coagulation. Based on the process mineralogy research, final technology flowsheet is high-intensity magnetic separation by coarse grinding?rough magnetic concentrate regrinding?inverse flotation, and an ideal index is achieved. The yield of final iron concentrate is 43.46%, and its grade and recovery are 66.76% and 70.55% respectively. The research result is also useful to other similar iron ores.

Jan 1, 2014

By L. F. Mondolfo, B. E. Sundquist

The undercooling associated with the nucleation of the secondary phase from the liquid by the solid primary phase was studied in sixty binary alloys by means of a hot-stage microscope. It was found that in a system of a and ß, a usually nucleates ß at low undercoolings, but ß does not nucleate a, except possibly at undercoolings approaching homogeneous nucleation. This behavior can be explained in terms of relative interfacial energies and shows that crystallographic disregistry is only a minor factor in heterogeneous nucleation from metallic liquids. PREVIOUS experimental work1-6 on nucleation of solids from liquids has shown that normally nucleation is heterogeneous, and that small solid particles present in the liquid are responsible for the nucleation. These experiments and the theory that has evolved from them have made apparent that there is a "characteristic undercooling" associated with the nucleation of the solid from a given liquid by a given impurity. Little is known, however, about the chemical and structural relationships between the nucleating agent and nucleated solid that control the effectiveness of the nucleating agent in catalyzing the nucleation, as measured by the required undercooling. A review of the literature has yielded seventeen undercoolingsL-6 for the nucleation of solid from liquid metals by "known" nucleating agents. All values come from experiments in which the metal studied was divided into a number of particles (10 to 300 pin diam.) much larger than the number of extraneous impurity particles so as to obtain a large number of particles free of foreign nucleating catalysts. Known nucleating agents are then introduced by coating the droplets with particles or a thin film of the catalyst. Six of the seventeen undercooling values referred to cases where, for various reasons, the identity of the nucleating species was not at all certain. Another six cases involved nucleating agents with a crystal structure that was not known. Four other cases involved undercoolings listed as greater than or equal to undercoolings which were very likely those for homogeneous nucleation. One investigation3 involved adding to droplets powdered oxides, carbides, and so forth that were doubtlessly covered with adsorbed oxide or nitride films. The highly variable nature of these films resulted in highly variable undercooling (as was also found in preliminary work in this investigation). It is apparent that the information on heterogeneous nucleation in liquid metals is too limited to give rise to any definite conclusions on the nature of the catalytic process. With these problems in mind a new method was

Jan 1, 1962

By Arthur F. Hagner

The titaniferous magnetite deposit at Iron Mountain, Wyoming, is in Precambrian anorthosite. Individual ore bodies are lenses, commonly arranged en echelon, conformable to the platy crystal structure and compositional layering of the anorthosite; a few transect these features at various angles. The ore bodies are on the east flank of the principal anticline in the anorthosite mass. Magnetite and ilmenite, accompanied by spine!, are the ore minerals. The principal gangue minerals are olivine, which was introduced with the ore, and plagioclase, the chief constituent of the anorthosite. The anticlinal region appears to have been a structurally weak zone, and westward-bowing curves of the axis were especially favorable sites for localization of the two largest massive ore bodies. These bodies are synclinal and plunge southeast. The proportion of magnetite-ilmenite to olivine and to anorthosite appears to be related to structural features. Where magnetite-ilmenite is present with olivine, the magnetite-ilmenite is encountered along the most pronounced parts of a fold where anorthite content is highest, whereas olivine is associated principally with more gently folded portions. During granulation and recrystallization of the anorthosite mass, temperature and pressure changes furnished the energy required to release and mobilize iron and other elements that migrated to areas of low pressure, the ore zone. Some iron and magnesium may have combined with silica from partly dissociated plagioclase to form olivine. The ore formed by replacement of anorthosite as indicated by: (1) the marked changes in mineralogy along strike, dip, and plunge of an ore body; (2) the concentration of massive ore in folds and olivine on limbs; ( 3) the halo of low-grade mineralized rock that transects the structure of the anorthosite in the hanging wall; and ( 4) the layering in the large southern ore body, that strikes more easterly than the trend of the body.

Jan 1, 1968

By D Morgan, K Jones

"In March 2015 Northparkes Mines (NPM) installed a process mineralogy facility on-site. The laboratory included a TESCAN TIMA scanning electron microscope (SEM) and was the first SEM facility to be commissioned on a mine site in Australia. While the initial intent of the quantitative mineralogy laboratory was to provide information to drive processing plant improvements, in practice, it has been utilised for so much more and is now serving as an integral link between departments on-site. This multidisciplinary approach to orebody knowledge is a new strategy for NPM whereby all parts of the value chain are aligned towards the common goal of achieving process efficiency and stability while still maintaining high throughputs. The NPM experience is presented as a case study to illustrate how on-site process mineralogy can drive a realignment in business strategy with a common goal of mill optimisation, stability and more realistic forecasting through orebody knowledge and information sharing between disciplines.Citation:Jones, K and Morgan, D, 2016. On-site Process Mineralogy - Linking Departments and Disciplines with the Common Goal of Increasing Plant Performance, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2016, pp 149–156 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Oct 10, 2016

By A. C. Richardson, G. D. Coe, B. M. Bird

"The Hull mine of the De'Bardeleben Coal Corporation is located in the Warrior field, in Walker County, Ala., about 25 miles northwest of Birmingham. The Mary Lee bed at this point is coking coal and has been used in the manufacture of by-product coke, but at present it is sold exclusively as a domestic and locomotive fuel.The data in this paper, which is the third in a series on the washability of Alabama coals,5 have been obtained in connection with an exhaustive study of coal preparation in Alabama now being conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the University of Alabama with the cooperation of the different coal operators. The paper contains screen-sizing and float-and.-sink tests of a representative sample of run-of-mine coal, and flakiness tests and crushing tests of certain sizes.In addition, complete analyses of the ¾-inch to 3/16-inch size, raw coal, together with ash fusibility tests of the float-and-sink fractions have been made; those results are given in Tables 1 and 2. Since they indicate that the pr ration problem, like that at Lewisburg, Ala., is one of ash reduction, the further tests and the discussion have been restricted to that subject."

Apr 1, 1931

By Walter Kawa

Bureau of Mines research on the hydrogenation of coal has been concerned with developing processes that could be used to supplement the Nation's petroleum and natural gas resources. Motor fuel was produced in a subsidized coal hydrogenation industry in Europe prior to 1945, but the process used is still not economical and other methods of producing liquid and gaseous fuels from coal are being investigated. As an aid to the planning of coal hydrogenation research, a literature survey was made of processes or methods of hydrogenating coal that differ from the subsidized or conventional process. This report contains a bibliography of unconventional methods of hydrogenating coal and a brief discussion of the economics of the conventional method. A general discussion of unconventional methods is included, and the advantages and disadvantages are pointed out where possible. The survey supplements a previous Bureau of Mines survey3 and a comprehensive review published in 1930.4

Jan 1, 1964

By R. P. Bhagat

The paper reports results on sinterability of iron ores from the mines of Tata Steel Limited. The objective was to improve tumbler index (TI) of sinter and its reduction parameters, reduction degradation index (RDI) and reducibility (RI) while maintaining strand productivity same or to improve. Pot sintering experiments were carried out with Joda and Noamundi mines having LOI 3.8% and 2.9% respectively. Sinter basicity (CaO/SiO2) was varied in the 2.1 to 2.5 range and its MgO content was kept in the 1.4% to 1.8% range according to the blast furnace requirement. The ignition condition and vacuum was maintained according to the plant practice. The effect of variables namely, granulometric composition of ores vis-à-vis that of sinter mix, bed height, solid fuel, moisture content of green mix on the sintering indices was studied. The productivity with Noamundi ore (26 %+6.3 mm) was lower than that with Joda ore (45% +6.3 mm) at 4% coke in the mix and sinter basicity (CaO/SiO2) 2.1. However, with 4% coke (ash 22%) the RDI value was significantly high in case of Noamundi Ore, which decreased significantly to 29% with 5% coke. The size parameter of ore fines and its LOI content do influence the sintering speed and the sinter properties significantly. At 2.1 basicity ratio, the sinter with the Joda ore having coarsergranulometry had highest TI (=70.2%). The RDI (27%) in this case was inferior to that (23.2%) when Joda ores with finer size was sintered. Better RDI with finer sized ore could be attributed to better assimilation of CaO/ MgO with more balanced and uniformly distributed hematite minerals. The size parameter has been inter-influenced by the coke requirement. With the lower mean sized Joda ore the sinter RDI decreased significantly to 23% and the productivity improved to 42.9 T/(sq m*d) when the coke in the mix increased from 4% to 5%. An attempt to reduce the coke in the mix from 5% to 4% with respect to both the ores was not successful as it resulted higher RDI and lower strand productivity. The present study has revealed that sinter RDI improves (decreases) with decrease in the sintering time, while such correlation was absent between TI of sinter and speed of sintering. Corollary to this observation, one can take advantage of other stronger parameters to increase the sintering speed (and hence sinter productivity) without affecting the sinter strength. In the present study higher FeO sinters has displayed excellent RDI, however cold strength of sinter was not correlated with its FeO content. The TI and RI parameters of sinter improves marginally with increase in its MgO content while RDI got worsened. Keywords: LOI content, iron ore, reduction properties, sinter, noamundi, joda

Sep 1, 2012

By L. J. Kane

Applications are described of various methods for determining the weight concentration and physical properties of solid and liquid impurities of gases in connection with problems encountered in synthesis-gas production. Of special interest among these methods may be listed: 1. A method developed for determining, the weight concentration of solid and liquid impurities in. hot, crude synthesis gas containing a high concentration of moisture. 2. A method developed for the same purpose but for highly purified synthesis gas or atmospheric air. 3. A method for obtaining a uniform dispersion of dry duet or, a microscope slide for particle-size determination or other purposes.

Jan 1, 1954

By B Y. Luan, Y Tian, W Zhou, X Lu, Q X. Cai

The unmanned driving technology in open pit coalmines is an important technology that relies on innovation to drive the development of the open pit coal mining industry in China’s transformation of growth drivers and industrial structure upgrading. It is an important path to solve the shortage of mine truck drivers in the future mining, an important way to improve the working environment of open pit mining personnel, and an important foundation for achieving flexible production capacity in open pit mining to cooperate with the coordinated development of new energy. The communication rules at intersections are key to ensuring the safety and efficiency of unmanned driving in open pit coalmines. This paper proposes a collaborative traffic strategy between unmanned trucks for the single bucket unmanned truck intermittent process system in open pit coalmines. Based on the gap theory, this paper analyses the conflict characteristics and establishes a coordinated traffic strategy for the common intersection and merging conflicts of unmanned truck trucks in open pit coalmines, A multi-agent system simulation platform was built to evaluate the coordinated traffic efficiency under different initial average gap sizes of vehicles, with intersection traffic density, vehicle speed, and gap changes as key indicators. The results show that under the simulation conditions of this article, when the initial average gap of vehicles reaches three (four) times or more of the safe distance, the coordinated traffic performance of intersection conflicts (merging conflicts) is better, and the traffic capacity of intersections is close to the traffic capacity without conflicts.

Sep 1, 2024