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By R. Alford

In the modern world of demolition safety is paramount and unnecessary or unquantifiable risks are not accepted (FasterCapital, 2024) and all risks must be kept As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) (BSI, 2017). This principle has led to a huge reduction in deaths in the last 50 years and the statistics continue to improve although this is starting to plateau (Beal, 2007). Under normal circumstances, this is now simply part of the normal way work is done and systems are in place to ensure both safety and economic profits are assured. What happens when the environment is less controlled and risks are unknown, such as after a natural disaster, war, an accident or a stand-up from a failed demolition attempt? A dangerous structure cannot responsibly be left alone with a fence around it so some action must be taken, but how can this be done safely and responsibly? An incident in Didcot, England in which half of a power station’s boiler house being prepared for an explosive demolition collapsed suddenly, killing four men in 2016 provides a useful case study of how technology, creativity and planning can be used to conduct complex demolition fully remotely to avoid any further risk to life.

Jan 21, 2025

By Satish Kate

Indian limestone mines which are highly mechanized in operation and supply limestone to the cement plants have been quite successful in devising ways and means to optimize blasting parameters, so as to have best fragmentation, powder factor, and cost of excavation. In primary blasting mechanized or manually mixed ammonium nitrate Fuel Oil is quite popular in dry holes, and in case of watery holes conventional packaged slurry/emulsions are being used. In order to avail the low density characteristics of the ANFO, some limestone mines have also used Saw Dust and Rice Husk along with ANFO. A number of field trials have been undertaken to explore the suitability of mixing rice-husk and saw dust with ANFO. Presently, about 10% of rice husk/saw dust is being used only to expand the explosive column. The main technical consideration for the use of saw dust/rice husk, has been to reduce the final density and increase the occupancy of explosive in the blast-hole. This not only lowers the detonation pressure in the blast holes, but also reduces cost of explosive without compromising on the fragmentation quality. Besides, with sleeping of the charge there is no substantial fall in the blast quality.

Jan 1, 2006

I attended a funeral in West Monroe, Louisiana, for one of the best powder peddlers I’ve ever known. He started work in 1948 for Dixie Dynamite, a seismograph explosive distributor. His first job was as a truck driver, then magazine keeper and then sales re p re s e n t a t i v e . When Dixie Dynamite quit, he acted as an explosives sales agent for sometime before moving on to Kansas to be a sales rep for a distributor there. We called him the “ragin cajun” long before James Carville came on the national scene messing up things. While he was born in G e o rgia, he was a Cajun at heart. I don’t believe the old saying, “Build a better mousetrap and the world will beat a path to your door.” To me, the best products in the world need to be sold. Two examples of this are the Beta system for TV and the Apple Macintosh computers. Beta is the best system but VHS took over because the Beta people fell down on the selling job. Windows 98 is Macintosh ‘86 but again the engineers were not salesmen. Marion “Johnny” Johnson who was buried only about a half mile from his first magazine site proved that good selling is good citizenship. He could have sold any firstclass product, for he wouldn’t tolerate inferior items, and made a successful career of it, but he chose dynamite and the industry benefited from his talents.

Jan 1, 2004

In the office, on the wall to the right of my desk is a large map of the world. Some people stick pins in maps like this to show where they’ve been. If I did that my map would be a mess and look like a pin cushion. I was so fortunate to have been able to see how people live and blast in other parts of this beautiful planet. We l l , maybe some parts weren’t so beautiful and maybe some parts that were beautiful were hell holes for those living t h e re . Every time I re t u rn to the good old US of A, I say a small prayer in thanks for having been born and raised in a land of freedom and plenty. So many places and people have not been so blessed.

Jan 1, 2004

By Paula Pereira

The better the capability of accurately predicting the results of any process the less laborious and costly is the optimization or improvement of that process. Rock blasting is a process that one intends to optimize for productivity and cost. Cast or throw blasting is a particular type of rock blasting which is widely used in surface coal mines, where draglines are used to remove the overburden from the top of the coal seam, in preparation for coal mining. Usually, the more rock that is thrown by the blast to the spoil side of the cut or pit, so that the dragline does not have to handle it, the more cost-effective is the cast blasting operation. As such, from an operating cost standpoint, it is crucial to better understand and predict the performance of cast blasting. The Distinct Motion Code or DMC is a Discrete Element Model which has been under development since 1987 and has been used to predict rock motion in several types of mining operations, particularly in surface coal and gold operations.

Jan 1, 2001

By Roger Scarr, Richard A. Walker

Interactive video is the combination of computer and laser disc -technologies that allows for the storing of 54,000 single images or 30 minutes of video with the ability to access any segment or single image within a half a second. This capability combined with the use of a graphics overlay on the video and accessed through a keyboard or touchscreen creates a very powerful and versatile marketing or training tool.

Jan 1, 1990

By O. Rielo, P. Katsabanis

Traditionally fine aluminum is not used in dry commercial explosives due to the hazard associated with aluminum dust explosions during mixing. An industrial process has been developed which enables the safe use of paint grade Aluminum with ANFO. The addition of fine aluminum particles resulted in increased velocity of detonation of ANFO compositions. Velocities of detonation, in 52mm (2 1/16 in.) diameter confined charges were 20% higher than velocities of detonation of straight ANFO. The detonation performance of fine grained ANFO was not benefited by Al at the diameter tested. Furthermore use of larger Al flakes resulted in decreased velocities of detonation. The results are compatible with the experience of Al addition to high explosives. Tests were also conducted using bio-diesel, finding no substantial difference in the performance of AN fuel explosive compositions which used bio-diesel.

Jan 1, 2009

By Billy J. Thorne

The damage model in PRONTO simulates the dynamic fracture behavior of brittle rock. It is based on work started by Kipp and Grady, [lg] continued by Taylor, Chcn and Kuszmaul [I91 [20] and recently.modified by B. J. Thorne (first documented here). The essential feature of this model is the treatment of the dynamic fracture process in rock as a continuous accrual of damage in tension, where the damage mechanism is attributed to microcracking in the rock medium. The fundamental assumption of the damage model is that the material is permeated by an array of randomly distributed microcracks which grow and interact with one another under tensile loading.

Jan 1, 1989

By John Brennan

OK, I’ll admit it: I’ve always been a big Monty Atwater fan. Not only is the man credited with being the father of modern avalanche forecasting and safety in the United States, but he is also responsible for developing the avalauncher. Through its more than 40-year history, the avalauncher has gone through many changes yet continues to prove its worth in avalanche mitigation work.

Jan 1, 2007

By John Brown

Let’s talk about things that you, the driIl boss, the pit boss and the driller can do to eliminate the trend in drilling related accidents that have come to plague our industry in recent years. My paper will focus on reaI issues, problems and solutions that will affect our everyday outlook and attitudes about our jobs and lives. There are some real hard facts we must address if we are going to reverse this terrible killing trend.

Jan 1, 2000

By L D. Lawrence

Certain blasting applications are more prone to the generation of significant levels of nitrogen dioxide post blast fumes, more commonly referred to as after blast smoke, generally ranging in color from dark yellow to bright red. This paper reviews basic background chemistry defining the observed fumes and attempts to correlate geology, blast design, and explosive composition effects on the level of nitrogen dioxide that can be observed in various blasting conditions. Additionally, a test setting for evaluating the generation of post blast fumes is presented with pertinent test data detailing generic explosive formulation modifications which effect the overall level of post detonation generation of nitrogen dioxide.

Jan 1, 1996

By Marcello Crispi, Valdir Silva, Juarez Moraes

Companhia Vale do Rio Dote - CVRD is the largest mining company in Brazil and the largest iron ore producer in the world. Serra Geral Mine (SGM) is located at Iron Quadrangle of the State of Minas Gerais, approximately 80 kilometers from Belo Horizonte. Hematite and Itabirite are the two main minerals. A blasting with a spherical charge has been introduced at Serra Geral Mine, an iron ore producer in Brazil, belongs to the CVRD (51%) Kawasaki Steel Corporation (24.5%) others (24.5%), in order to improve fragmentation, as well, load, transportation and crushing productivity. This paper will present the results of a successful blast design with a spherical charge carried out by Serra Geral Mine, the Department of Mining Engineering at Escola de Minas - Federal University of Ouro Preto-UFOP associated to a Blasting Engineering Consultant. The results obtained in the field tests and how it was possible to increase the blast pattern in 53%, which allowed one reduction around 31% in the cost of blasting operation in the Serra Geral Mine, will be discussed in details.

Jan 1, 2002

By Robert Hopler

It is the nature of the initial detonation to the powder around the cap which governs the greater or less effect of the explosion of the whole charge. The cap communicates to the first particles of powder a disruptive impulse, which, according to the nature and strength of the cap, more or less completely overthrows their equilibrium and decomposes the powder with great energy, setting up sympathetic vibrations that explode the particles of powder in turn by the violent disturbances or friction between them in a regular succession of impulses and decompositions, which, if started with sufficient energy, are of such intense heat and velocity that the rupturing force of the explosive is developed practically instantaneously. This detonation has already been shown to be not only the result of mechanical force, but a combination of extremely sudden chemical and dynamical reactions which set up vibrations to which different powders are more or less susceptible, and these explosive reactions will be propagated through the mass of the powder according to the intensity of the vibrations and the resistance with which their motion is opposed by the nature and consistency of the powder, whether it be difficult or easy to oxidize, soft and plastic like dynamite, or hard. If the initial detonation of the powder surrounding the cap is of the highest degree, the vibrations will be most intense and will be propagated further through the mass than by a poorer detonation. Hence the different degrees of detonation. Unless the first particles of powder are so thoroughly decomposed by a detonation of high order, or first degree, as to convey the necessary heat and energy to detonate the whole charge, the greatest force of the powder will not be developed. There will frequently be unbottomed holes or pieces of unexploded powder scattered about, or both, and the air in the mine will be contaminated with some obnoxious gases that have not been completely oxidized.

Jan 1, 2007

By Robert Hopler

Earthquakes, ground vibrations, seisms, or whatever you want to call the shaking of the earth, have been a fact of life throughout time. In spite of this, most people (except those unfortunate enough to live in seismicallyactive areas) have probably never felt this phenomenon, or if they have, only a very few times in their entire lifetime. However, when it does happen, nothing is more frightening than the sudden shaking of the earth beneath us - after all, we think of the ground we walk on as the unyielding, solid underpinning of our existence.

Jan 1, 2006

By A. Karadogan, G. Tuncer, A. Kahriman, S. Gorgun

This paper presents the results of ground vibration measurements induced by blasting operations at five different sites located close to the residential areas. Within the scope of this study, ground vibration components were measured for all blast events over a long period of time in order to predict peak particle velocity and determine the slope of the attenuation curve for five sites. During the study, while the parameters of scaled distance were being recorded carefully, suitable monitors for all blast events of five blasting sites measured the ground vibration components. At the end of evaluation of the data pairs, an empirical relation, which gives an average line at 95% confidence level, and upper bound 95% prediction line with a good correlation coefficient was established and suggested for each site

Jan 1, 2003

By James Rowland, Isaac Zlochower, Richard Mainiero, Michael Sapko

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) carried out exploratory laboratoryscale studies to identify factors that may contribute to nitrogen oxides (NOx) production associated with non-ideal detonation of blasting agents. Explosive admixture with drill cuttings, loss of fuel oil in ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO) from wicking, ammonium nitrate dissolution with water, degree of explosive confinement, ANFO density, and critical diameter were identified as contributing factors to increased NOx production under the laboratory test conditions. Experiments were also conducted to examine the effectiveness of various additives in reducing the NOx production from ANFO, emulsion, and ANFO/emulsion blends. Aluminum powder, coal dust, urea, and excess fuel oil in ANFO formulations were tested and were found to reduce both the nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) production. Fumes measurements were obtained in the NIOSH underground closed chamber from the detonation of 4.5-kg (10 lbs) charges in schedule 80 seamless steel pipe and from detonations in light weight galvanized steel stove pipe. Some exploratory tests were also conducted with 0.8-kg (1.8 lbs) charges of pulverized ANFO initiated with 0.08-kg (0.18 lbs), 50/50 (Pentolite) boosters (in the NIOSH 12-ft (3.7-m) diameter steel sphere) to measure the degree of fumes production associated with post-detonation oxidation. Ammonium nitrate, emulsion and Pentolite boosters were also detonated in an oxygen-poor environment.

Jan 1, 2002

By Jerry Wallace

Construction of a new grammar school required blasting within three meters of the existing school. Due to changes not anticipated at time of bid opening, blasting had to take place while approximately 200 children were in attendance inside the building. Blasting with children in such close proximity forced the blaster to review and revise a systematic approach to construction blasting and make changes to previous Rules of Thumb guidelines. The revised rules of thumb place Blaster-in-Charge at the top of the List. Other changes specific to the project included putting in place a blasting safety plan that included communicating the serious job hazards to teachers and students. The plan included stringent lockdown guidelines establishing school procedures for accounting for each student prior to the countdown-to-blast being implemented. Emergency communications channels were kept open so that any scheduled blast could be aborted at the last instance.

Jan 1, 2001

By Ray Patterson

A planned modification to a cement kiln at the Holnam Portland Cement Plant near Florence, Colorado required the removal of a ring of cast-in-place (CIP) refractory lining. The CIP lining was approximately 14 inches wide, 12 inches thick and 38 feet in circumference.

Jan 1, 1999

By Aloke Verma, R. Singh, S. Jana, C. Sawmliana, P. Pal Roy

On July 21, 2004, a trial blast using electronic detonators was conducted in India for the first time in an opencast mine at Pundi-E Quarry of TISCO, West Bokaro. Orica-IEL conducted the test using electronic detonators. To provide necessary technical feedback on wider applicability, CMRI scientists also participated in the trial blast.

Jan 1, 2006

By Jerald E. Harris

"Often taken for granted, drill accuracy plays a major role in the relative success or failure of a blast.Expensive technological advances in equipment capabilities, drilling tools, communications, explosives, and timing can quickly be nullified by poor drilling."

Jan 1, 1999