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By C. S. Gundewar

Indian National Steel Policy envisages ambitious three fold rise in steel production by the year 2020. This paper covers the iron ore industry in India which cater to the need of iron ore requirement of Indian iron and steel sector as well as export commitment in addition to addressing the industry?s key concern to attain the same. The main contents are (i) resources and its exploitation; covering status of exploration, reserves and resources, province wise occurrences, distribution, nature of mineralization and generation of fines, etc ; (ii) use of iron ore in iron and steel making, covering physical and chemical requirements for pig iron and sponge iron production; (iii) ore characteristics and beneficiation practice in vogue; (iv) projected steel demand and requirement of quality iron ore and provision thereof; (v) recovery of iron values from in situ low-grade ores and stacked fine rejects (-10/-6 mm) inclusive of slimes (-0.15 mm) from tailing ponds; (vi) agglomeration of fine concentrates preferably by pelletization; (vii) measures to augment iron ore availability for future requirements.

Sep 1, 2012

By Matveyeva Tamara

The main deposits of gold-sulfide ores of Russia are characterized as refractory raw material with the non-uniform finely-interspersed sulfide mineralization, submicron gold, the low gold content (3-5 ppm) and non-uniform distribution of the gold associated with pyrite and arsenopyrite. These ores show low indicators of extraction of gold and silver at cyanidation. Flotation is one of the basic technological procedures of processing of gold sulfide ores however simultaneous presence of pyrite and arsenopyrite and lack of effective methods of their selection constrains application possibility of flotation schemes because of rigid requirements to flotation concentrates under the arsenic content and practically excludes smelting of pyrite concentrate. The main losses of precious metals at flotation technologically are concentrated in thin classes (up to 15 %) demonstrating an inefficiency of standard reagent modes. For an estimation of expediency and possibility of application of selective flotation of pyrite and arsenopyrite a scientific substantiation of the mechanism and criteria of selection of gold-bearing ferrous sulfides of various material structure is developed and for difficultly divided pairs of sulfides with close technological properties the new selective reagents providing effective extraction of gold from hard-to-beneficiate ores are designed. The original technique for modifying surface composition of natural sulfides by nano-sized Au is worked out and the mechanism of selective adsorption of new reagents ? oxypropyl ester of diethyl-dithiocarbamatic acid (OPDTC) and oak bark extract (OBE) on Au-bearing sulfide minerals is revealed. Formation of almost insoluble OPDTC-Au compounds is defined by methods of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and UV-spectroscopy. Application of developed reagent modes using new reagents have been tested in laboratory conditions at flotation gold-sulfide ores samples and collective concentrate probes providing high extraction of gold and improved quality of the concentrate (less than 2 % As). Keywords: pyrite, arsenopyrite, selective flotation, flotation reagents adsorption, complex-forming, gold recovery.

Sep 1, 2012

By Christopher Tucker, Marcello Veiga

Social issues are increasingly recognized as significant inhibitors to mineral development projects. Increasingly social risk is being recognized as a key factor determining the success of a mineral investment. Groups opposed to a mine for social or political reasons often use environmental impacts, real or perceived, to prevent mine development. These risk factors depend largely on cultural perceptions of mining activities and must be understood as such in order to be appropriately managed. A first step to addressing social issues is inclusive, transparent and meaningful engagement of stakeholders. This process allows stakeholders to understand what the other parties value in order to collectively establish a common currency for development and the creation of mutual value. Expanding the scope of benefits and values a mine can bring is of increasing importance to mining companies who typically consult outside specialists remote from the mine site and late in the development timeline for this purpose. Training technical staff, engineers and geologists, who make initial and ongoing contact with local interests, in a holistic approach to mine development is crucial to successful and economic mineral development projects. Further extending this conversation to the general public, media governments and non-governmental organizations is a necessary step in developing a meaningful discourse on the benefit of mining activities.

Jan 1, 2014

By N. Pradhan

In the Sukinda valley, Orissa, India, a large quantity of overburden material is generated during the mining of chromite mineral (on average 10 tons for every ton of ore). The overburden hereby depicted as ?lateritic nickel ore? contains on an average 0.5% Ni. IMMT Bhubaneswar is working on this material for extraction of nickel and cobalt. But for better recovery of metal values, thermal activation or thermal reduction of ore is required. An alternative biotechnological route for reduction of ore is hereby attempted. An anaerobic dissimilatory Iron (III) reducing bacterial consortium (here denoted as IRB), capable of imparting iron phase changes in the lateritic nickel ore was established which improves the subsequent extraction of co-precipitated Co (III) and Ni (II) from the ore. In this study, properties of thermally and microbially reduced lateritic nickel ore are compared vis-à-vis original ore. Due to the phase changes, original light brown color of the lateritic nickel ore changes to dark brown on IRB treatment. This dissimilatory reduction of ore leads to formation of some magnetic particles, which were separable by hand held magnet. Roasting and IRB treated ore on acid leaching with H2SO4 show about 45 % and 36 % leaching of nickel ore compared to about 18 % leaching from the original lateritic ore. If bacterial reduction method is successful, cost intensive method of ore roasting process can be eliminated. Thus, it is possible to make use of dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria for recovery of valuable metals from off grade iron ore/ laterites. Keywords: lateritic nickel ore, bacterial reduction, thermal reduction, dissimilatory fe (iii) reducing bacteria

Sep 1, 2012

By Ashish Kumar

High grade ore deposits in the world are fast depleting and the valuables in the low-grade ores are finely disseminated. The feed grade to flotation circuit is also declining. Attainment of suitable grind is preferred, which inevitably creates more fines of the gangue minerals to interfere with the flotation process because of the undue competition between the fines and the valuables for the collector ion adsorption. Besides the use of polymeric or long chain hydrocarbon depressants for the gangue mineral, microbial induced flotation also has potential to float minerals selectively. Thiobacillus ferroxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans adhere on the minerals to modify its surface properties and affect the minerals flotation acting as depressants. Hindustan Zinc has conducted laboratory studies to understand the adhesion of microorganism on the mineral surfaces and its impact on the selective flotation. The experiments were further designed to reduce consumption of depressing reagents for graphitic carbon, pyrite, and galena. Preliminary studies reveal that desired quality of concentrate can be achieved with reasonable recovery. Keywords: thiobacillus thioxidans, thiobacillus ferroxidans, bioflotation, microbial induced flotation

Sep 1, 2012

By V. V. Morozov, I. S. Barmin, A. V. Tugolukov, V. V. Polivanskaya

"It was presents the results of research on improving reagent regime and scheme of enrichment of slime classes of Apatite-Staffelite ores and tailings stockpile of Kovdorsky enrichment plant. It was investigated the regularities of flocculation in the processes of thickening and selective flotation apatite-bearing ores. It was established character of the influence of flotation reagents on the flocculation process. It was shown that the sodium silicate and soda ash have a stabilizing effect by thickening of sludges. Neonol and oleic acid have a coagulating or flocculating effect. It was tested the new regime flotation, involving an initial conditioning with using of reagent - dispersants before feeding the pulp into the flotation and subsequent conditioning with reagents having a coagulating effect. The flowsheet and reagent regime for enrichment of fine-grained tailings stockpiled was developed, which providing production of standard apatite concentrate and increasing the recovery of valuable components. There are presented results of the research of activities of strong organic surfactant on solubility of colloidal form fatty acid collector and aggregate stability of fine minerals in the process of thickening and flotation. Surfactants such as Neonol have been investigated for increasing the activity of the collectors. When using the process of thickening sludge fraction with flocculant Praestol 2540 and stadial conditioning of sludge were obtained concentrates containing up to 38.1% P2O5 at recovery. INTRODUCTION A feature of the Apatite-Staffelite ores of the Kovdorsky deposit is the presence of a large number of fine mineral particles and a reduced hardness of phosphate minerals (Beloborodov et al., 2010, Tugolukov et al., 2012). Formed in the ore-preparation process, sludges are lost with a discharge in the thickening operation. Sludge is characterized by an increased content of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). Losses of P2O5 at enrichment of the stale tailings of Kovdorsky GOK reach 14.0%. The high losses of P2O5 caused a profound study of the behavior of thin apatite classes under conditions of thickening and flotation."

Jan 1, 2018

Dielectrophoresis is a separation technique that uses a non-uniform electrical field to separate particles on the basis of their permittivity. There are many areas of mineral processing that might benefit from the application of dielectrophoresis. These include: coarse removal of gangue, recovery of ultrafine particles, upgrading of flotation concentrates or simply as a laboratory analysis technique. In order to determine the potential value of dielectrophoresis to the mineral processing industry, the response of composite particles was investigated. The electrical properties of composites involve complex relationships between the shape, distribution and permittivity of the individual grains within the rock. The relationship between mineral composition and dielectrophoretic force was measured on single particles from two ore types. The results were used to populate a model that could predict the separation characteristics of the ore. The insights gained from this model separator allowed potential applications of the technology to be examined and their performance evaluated.

Sep 1, 2012

By V. E. Vigdergauz

The work presented shows results of electrochemical study of pyrite hydrophobicity evaluated by air bubble induction time (IT) measurements. On the basis of measured IT?s an average thickness of the thin liquid film prior to its rupture has been evaluated, which confirms long-range character of the interactions between air bubbles and hydrophobic surfaces. Obtained data are discussed in the frame of recent studies of structures of solid-liquid interface based on molecular dynamics simulations and results of surface force measurements.

Jan 1, 2014

By Zhou Junwu, Han Long, Song Zhenguo, Sun Chuanyao

The deposit genesis, the ore property, and the mineral characteristics, which has a close relationship with the beneficiablity, could be regarded as the “Genetic Properties”, actually are the determining factors for beneficiation process development. However, in conventional concentrator’s process development and engineering, there have been lack of systematic research and test on those genetic properties, also lack of well-established collecting, statistics and analysis system for those huge amount of data such as the historical mineral processing technique research, process mineralogy study, practical operating and engineering data. Obviously it is far less than enough for profound integration combining modern IT together with traditional mineral processing technology, as a result there are a number of disadvantages in mineral processing R&D and engineering, such as long term, high cost, low efficiency as well as repetitive testwork not making full advantage of previous experiences. Aiming to make utmost of those Genetic Properties and overcome above disadvantages in mineral processing R&D and engineering, the concept of “Genetic Mineral Processing Engineering (GMPE)” is put forwarded, and the strategical study has been conducted on this regard, with the main focus on following aspects: a) Testing and extraction of the “Genetic Properties”; b) Establishment of data base and data warehouse of GMPE; c) Intelligent decision making system for beneficiation process; d) Verification testwork; e) Virtual concentrator. The technical route proposed is to firstly conduct research and test on those Genetic Properties mentioned above, based on that the specific data base will be set up and applied for intelligent process recommendation and simulation with a few verification testwork conducted in the meantime, finally achieve a fast, high efficiency and precise determination of technology and process for ore beneficiation. The systematic study on the three-in-one GMPE would make an innovative breakthrough in conventional mineral process testwork research and engineering methodology, and provide technical support for the concentrator’s design and upgrading.

Jan 1, 2018

In this paper High Pressure Grinding Rolls(HPGR) was utilized to pretreat CVRD southern specular hematite for enhancing the pelletization of the refractory hematite. The process parameters of HPGR, balling and firing were optimized, and the mechanism of HPGR was demonstrated by determining the surface activity by means of Blaine specific surface area tester, laser size analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM),X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro calorimeter and pelletability index. It is shown that the pelletization of the refractory hematite was greatly improved. The drop strength of green balls increases from 3.4 times to 13.6 times from 0.5m height while the bentonite dosage decreases from 2.2% to 1.3%.The compressive strength of roasted pellets also reaches 2500N/pellet. The mechanism of the pretreatment of CVRD southern specular hematite concentrates by HPGR is revealed that the surface activity is improved by an increases in specific surface area and the amount of micron size fractions, and higher lattice deformation and defects due to the fractures occurring inside particles during static pressure comminution, resulting in more wetting enthalpy, higher pelletability index and good property of roasting.

Jan 1, 2014

By Cesar Gomez, Jaime Álvarez, Lisette Wen

Laboratory mechanical flotation cells are extensively used in mineral processing for running batch flotation tests with a variety of purposes, for example assessing feed characteristics, determining flotation kinetics, or testing of new reagents and procedures. It is known that the results obtained depend on the operation mode, self-aerated or forced-air, and on the operating conditions selected for the test, in particular impeller speed and gas flow rate. These different results are a consequence of changes in size distribution of the generated bubble population and its remarkable evolution when frother is added; variations in bubble size affect the bubble surface area flux (BSAF), a variable which correlates with particle collection. Results of a two-phase (air-water) test program designed to measure bubble size for a variety of combinations of impeller type and speed, gas flow rate, frother type and concentration, and cell volume, demonstrated the wide range of BSAF with which the cell can be operated. The results obtained in this work demonstrated that gas dispersion in a forced-air lab flotation machine is significantly affected by the characteristics of the impeller/cell geometry combination in use, and the operating conditions selected. Operating conditions must be carefully selected and maintained during the test to ensure consistent results, in particular when frother concentrations below 20 ppm are used, because frother concentration in the cell will decrease as flotation progresses as a consequence of frother partitioning to the concentrate.

Jan 1, 2014

By E. Lee

Cone crushers are widely used within the mining and aggregate industries for the size reduction of minerals, ores, and rock materials. In mining applications for example, the product from cone crushers is often fed to HPGRs or directly to mills in the subsequent grinding circuit. An improved cone crusher performance can therefore result in an overall improved and more efficient comminution process. The objective of this paper is to systematically study a number of different ways of applying compressive crushing. By mathematically modelling these different crushing concepts and then theoretically optimizing crushing sequences accordingly, each concept can be studied and evaluated. In addition, aspects concerning whether or not the results are mechanically or practically achievable are considered. This study thus explores the advantages and disadvantages of different crushing concepts. In this paper, four different theoretical crushing concepts are presented and studied. The results show that in terms of interparticle crushing, optimal crushing sequences with varying compression ratios can be replaced by easier implemented series of constant compressions without significant deterioration. It is also shown that that considerably better performance is obtained for crushing sequences with both breakage modes. The subsequent comparison between such concepts indicates that different approaches can achieve the same results, and that the different concepts are comparable. It is further concluded that interparticle crushing should be kept to a minimum if fines generation or energy consumption is to be minimized, and that each of the studied concepts presents different challenges for implementation. Keywords: compressive crushing, cone crusher, optimization, modeling, crushing concept

Sep 1, 2012

By Arun Appadurai

Pneumatic transport systems play a vital role in conveying discrete particles over a sizable distance with minimal energy consumption. However if such a system is not designed keeping particle physics in mind, it leads to intractable problems which could possibly assume dangerous proportions, including but not limited to expensive redesign of the entire system. This paper describes a novel method, which harnesses the powerful technique of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to investigate a problem occurring in rotary kilns using coal as a major fuel source. In some of the sites, a unique phenomenon of abnormally high CO emission was observed and owing to the highly random nature of occurrence, it was difficult to scientifically investigate the problem and its cause. Most of the published solutions for the high CO problem tend to concentrate on the incomplete combustion aspect of the kiln and resolve the situation by increasing the air supply thereby improving the stoichiometric ratio of combustion. This paper offers an alternate correlation that relates high CO emissions to the phenomenon of coal delivery fluctuations caused by the sub-standard operation of the coal transport system. A CFD model for the coal delivery pipe is validated by utilizing the actual process data sourced from the measurements taken from a functioning plant. The results of the model are used to derive correlative conditions that point to the unstable operating conditions of the coal delivery pipe prevalent in the industry. The conclusions are summarized into a series of recommendations for optimized design of coal delivery systems which are implemented in a pilot plant. The results irrevocably prove a statistically significant reduction in CO emissions without resorting to increased air supply and power consumption. Keywords:CFD, Pneumatic Conveying, Saltation Velocity, Particle Flow

Sep 1, 2012

By John A. Herbst, Ming Song, Xiangjun Qiu

"It has been known for sometime that as wear occurs in tumbling mills there is an associated change in mill throughput. These changes have traditionally been simplistically, attributed to “mill volume effects”. New high fidelity simulation (HFS) tools (involving DEM, CFD and Breakage models) are now giving new “microscale” insights into the complex interactions that occur between evolving lifter/liner profiles and breakage. An illustration of this analysis is shown in Figure 1 below.Here we see that after a new lining is installed (Region I) the wearing process reduces the liner thickness resulting in a larger power draw and an associated higher throughput until Region II is reached. By this point the lifter height is reduced significantly changing charge motion (less cataracting) the power begins to decline, but the comminution efficiency increases with this type of “calmer” breakage environment therefore the throughput continues to increase. In Region III the lifter is no longer providing the minimum required charge lifting action, the power and the throughput both drop off significantly. In the last two stages the behavior is especially complex because throughput is not linearly related to power since grinding efficiency is changing.The study described here shows that these new HFS tools allow the design of wear part profiles which will maximize mill productivity over the entire life of liner/lifter systems. A simple example of such a design procedure is shown involving the selection of a sinusoidal profile for a 34 ft diameter SAG mill.The paper discusses how the principles exposed in this simple example can be applied to search for an optimal profile in which non-standard modifications are allowed to compensate for throughput or wear shortcomings of standard profiles."

Jan 1, 2003

By C. A. C. Sequeira, G. N. Anastassakis

"The separation of fine or even smaller size mineral particles with conventional methods is inefficient due to the specific properties of fines (small mass, high specific surface area, and high surface energy per unit area). Hence, the production of high-grade concentrate with high recovery is very difficult to impossible and a significant share of mineral values is lost to the tailings. The aim of the current research is to investigate the possibility to efficiently separate value minerals from gangue of fine particle size. The objective of the current work is to develop separation schemes of fine mineral particles by combining an initial stage of particles agglomeration with the use of collectors (hydrophobic agglomeration) with a subsequent conventional separation method. In the current research, magnesite was used as mineral value to be separated: a) from quartz, and b) from mineral mixture (serpentine, ilmenite, and olivine). In each case, tests on single minerals and artificial mixtures were carried out. After hydrophobic agglomeration, the separation of magnesite from quartz was achieved by settling; in the second case (gangue: serpentine, ilmenite, and olivine), magnetic separation of the co-agglomerated gangue was applied. In both cases, the results of the preliminary tests on single minerals suggest that the separation of mineral value is feasible and efficient. These findings were also confirmed from the results of the tests on artificial mixtures of magnesite and gangue, either quartz only or mineral mixture. Both separation schemes provided with magnesite concentrates of commercial grade (95% magnesite) with high recovery. INTRODUCTION The generation of fine particles is inevitable in many operations of mineral commodities processing. Especially in the case of low-grade ores, the mineral value is finely disseminated in the ore, and considerable liberation occurs at a fine size range. Although there is not a uniform classification system with respect to mineral particles size, fines are usually characterized the particles with a size range of -100µm+20µm, very fines those of -20µm+5µm, ultra fines of -5µm+1µm, and colloids smaller than 1µm (Sivamohan, 1990)."

Jan 1, 2018

By Sanja Miskovic, Manjunath Basavarajappa

In this study, a coupled CFD-DEM (Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method) approach is used to simulate two-phase, solid-liquid flow within the flotation cell. Turbulence plays a key role in flotation cells and level of turbulence is affected locally by the presence of particles. Turbulence in the flow is modelled using Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) based k-e model. Using particle transport and spatial distribution, mixing mechanism for differed sized particles are analysed. By including the effects of particle-particle collision, particle rotation, and particle translation, as well as the volume occupied by the particles in the fluid, CFD-DEM approach can be used to accurately predict the motion of particles in the turbulent solid-liquid flows with strong coupling. Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) is used to investigate the effect of impeller size, shape, off-bottom clearance and impeller speed on mixing and suspension behaviour inside flotation cell. The effect of flotation impeller design, impeller size, and off-bottom clearance on flow hydrodynamics is investigated. In the case of moderate and high solids loading (> 10 %w/w), energy is dissipated through inter-particle interactions and four-way coupling becomes important (Derksen 2003). The main goal of this study is to understand the effect of particle size and concentration on flow dynamics at high Re in highly turbulent systems using advanced modelling and measurement techniques. Experimental measurements obtained by ERT) system allowed detailed mapping of temporal hold-up profiles of the dispersed phase. Impeller size and off-bottom clearance are found have significant effect on the particle suspension characteristics.

Jan 1, 2014

By I. Grigoryeva, G. Voiloshnikov, V. Dementyev, N. Moskaeva, N. Voiloshnikova

"Adsorption processes with use of anion exchange resins are widely applied in the gold mining industry of Russia and the former Soviet Union. Anion exchange resin AM-2B and its analogs (with mixed basicity) are used as adsorbents. This paper focuses on the study of weak base anion exchange resin and its comparison with AM-2B resin. Different nature of the ion exchange groups of the adsorbents mentioned above provides essential differences in their properties both during adsorption and elution of gold and silver. Multistage gold elution and resin regeneration procedure is used for AM-2B resin whereas alkaline cyanide solution is used for weak base resin and allows for the reduction Capex and Opex in comparison with AM-2B resin. Anion exchange resins AM-2B and PuroGold S-992 were tested. Weak base resin is sensitive to pH of adsorption medium. Optimal pH value is 10.1-10.3 (at ?? >10.5 gold loading onto resin decreases dramatically). Adsorption isotherms for gold, silver, nonferrous metals, cyanide and thiocyanate ions from synthetic individual metal cyanide solutions were defined. Adsorption of all components onto PuroGold resin was lower than for ??-2? resin. Adsorption of metals from the solution with equal molar metal concentration (0.1 mg-equivalent/L of each metal) was also studied. The affinity of resins to cyanide metals complexes was established. Weak base resin has higher selectivity to gold in comparison with ??-2B resin and is less sensitive to ion composition of cyanide solution or pulp treated. Weak base resin was tested for gold recovery from gold ores. On the base of test results it was recommended to introduce this resin at some new plants in Russia. Commissioning and operation performance of gold plants confirmed efficiency of weak base resin use."

Jan 1, 2014

By Sergey Ulianov, Arkady Senchenko, Alexey Shvets, Arkady Bakotin

"This paper is devoted to ultrafine grinding of processing products. This process allows one to include into operation complex ores which earlier were considered as inefficient and economically inadvisable to treat. Fine dissemination of valuable component often does not allow its liberation via standard grinding in ball mills, and therefore requires modern methods of ultrafine grinding (UFG). An example of successful ultrafine grinding usage is its application for crude flotation concentrates regrinding before cleaner flotation stages. A problem often arises with a commercial copper concentrate production in the course of copper ore flotation. Crude flotation concentrate regrinding in a ball mill does not provide for good liberation of the material before cleaner stages. UFG application allows one to get commercial copper concentrate with copper grade of 20% and higher. Another example of ultrafine grinding application is its usage for highly refractory pyrite product received after gold-lead scavenger flotation of polymetallic ore. Earlier this product treatment was economically inefficient. At current application of ultrafine grinding down to 85% minus 20 µm and subsequent gravity processing it is possible to pass major part of gold (73.4%) into concentrate. The constraining factor for UFG application in processing may be the chemical activation of minerals. In the result of this, flotation selectivity may decrease. Therefore ultrafine grinding application extends the areas of efficient usage of metallurgical processes. New technologies allow increasing the level of valuable metals recovery."

Jan 1, 2014

By Skinner. W.

"Introducing cutting-edge development work, which aims to simplify mineral processing flow-sheets, reduce costs and address environmental issues. Over the past four years Innovative Mineral Processing Technologies Pty. Ltd (IMPTEC) Australia have developed a Super-fine Crusher and a Planar Magnetic Separator which offer low cost, wet or dry alternatives to conventional grinding and conventional magnetic separation. Each of these machines has been successfully trialed at pilot scale and are now in the process of transitioning to commercial scale. This paper reports on the progress made in each of these fields. The potential scope for application of super-fine crushing technology as an alternative to grinding is potentially expansive and could include beneficiation of metalliferous ores, precious metal ore processing, hydrometallurgical processing, industrial minerals and coal processing, plastic fillers and ceramics processing as well as processing of cementitious slags and fly-ash. IMPTEC have recently achieved outstanding results at pilot scale with a dry combination of super-fine crushing and planar magnetic separation, which offers an alternative to the wet processing of magnetic iron ores. The dry combination has set new laboratory performance benchmarks when compared with the industry standard wet Davis Tube Tester. The test results have also established a strong evidence base showing that super-fine crushing achieves liberation of value minerals at coarser sizes when compared with grinding. The dry combination of super-fine crushing and planar magnetic separation also addresses environmental issues and completely eliminates grinding. An IMPTEC super-fine crusher is currently undergoing commercial trials, generating ultra-fine products from granulated lead blast furnace slag for use as cement substitutes. The performance of the super-fine crusher on this extreme duty highlights the potential benefits of super-fine crushing over the wide range of industries and applications where conventional grinding is employed.INTRODUCTION Present day mineral processing practices can become anchored in convention, where, inefficient methodologies are recognized and accepted as “best practice” or “industry standard”. Motivated by this challenge, IMPTEC has undertaken the development of radically different and improved methodologies in the fields of fine comminution and magnetic separation. Whilst, crushing is much less energy intensive and generally less capital and maintenance intensive than grinding, the technology has stalled due to the lack of crushing devices, which have the capacity to adapt to fine and ultra-fine duties. Grinding practice advances have been achieved through major increases in machine size and power. However, these advances are also accompanied by major escalations in capital, operating and maintenance costs. The economics of this strategy has become increasingly questionable. A typical example is the viability of low-grade magnetite beneficiation, which can hinge largely on the cost of grinding to fine and ultra-fine liberation sizes."

Jan 1, 2018

The energy dispersion X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis technique is a rapid and accurate method for describing sample?s element component and percentage composition. On the base of profound research for the national and international development and research condition, the author researched the EDXRF analyze technique and the EDXRF analyzer?s principle in depth, the difficulties and the key points for research and development of EDXRF analyzer; gave a scheme for re-search of bench EDXRF analyzer; researched some algorithms used in energy spectrum analysis; developed the energy spectrum analysis software based on the Visual C++ 6.0; together with the energy spectrum analysis software, the author designed and processed the structural of the bench XRF analyzer and integrated the import X-ray tube, thermoelectrically cooled Si-PIN photodiode X-ray detector and pulse amplitude analyzer as a model machine. The result shows: The model machine can be used in multi-element analysis at the same time for different types of dry mineral samples, with fast analysis speed, accurate model and high stability.

Jan 1, 2014