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PRESIDENT ROBERT E. TALLY, JEROME, ARIZ. PAST PRESIDENTS FREDERICK W. BRADLEY, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. WILLIAM H. BASSETT, WATERBURY, CONN. TREASURER KARL EILERS, NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 1, 1923

By Robert Glass Cleland

[NEW YORK OFFICE James Douglas President Chairman of Board Walter Douglas Vice-president President Louis S. Cates President Cleveland H. Dodge Vice-President Chairman of Board]

Jan 1, 1952

By C. R. Dale

The need for instruments to measure the movement of fluids and gas in wells has been recognized by engineers for many years. Information regarding flow in the producing interval has a direct bearing on completion practices in new wells and also provides information on the production characteristics of the well. Many hours of engineering time are spent in planning and completing wells but knowledge as to whether or not the original planning has produced the desired results has not always been complete. Many questions such as the following often arise: Why is it that two wells are completed under supposedly identical conditions, yet one well is a good one and the other is a poor one? Are the sands that look the best on the electric log contributing to the production? These and many other conditions in the producing well need to be under- stood in order to develop more efficient production practices and to improve on methods of completing new wells. It is the purpose of this paper to briefly describe one type of instrument, outline the methods of running the equipment and show the results of surveys made under various conditions. With an understanding of the use of this type of survey its importance can be evaluated in relation to the problems encountered by the operator. DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENT The instrument is a velocity recorder employing a clock-controlled 16mm film for recording the rpm of an extremely sensitive rotor which is rotated by the flow of fluids or gas in a well. The helical-vaned rotor and shaft, weighing one-half of one ounce are an integral unit exposed to the well fluids and are the only moving parts not enclosed in the fluid-tight housing. No packing or fluid seal of these parts is necessary and the shaft is mounted top and bottom on special jeweled bearings. Fig. A is the lower part of the instrument showing rotor and shaft with the protecting housing sleeve removed. The rpm of the rotor is recorded on the moving film by a combination electrical and optical system. The record is a series of dashes on the film, each dash and space representing twenty (20) revolutions of the rotor. (Film record of survey made in California well showing station recordings at various depths.) As the movement of the film is controlled by the clock the number of dashes and spaces in one minute of film travel represents the rpm of the rotor. The range of the instrument is from 0 to 2,500 rprn. The barrel or housing is 1-11/16 in. OD and seven feet long. Various types of expanding fluid traps are attached to the lower end of the instrument to direct the flow through the 1 in. orifice containing the rotor. The fluid trap for upward flow is shown in Figs. B and C. This assembly consists of eight arms with light spring

Jan 1, 1949

By C. R. Dale

The need for instruments to measure the movement of fluids and gas in wells has been recognized by engineers for many years. Information regarding flow in the producing interval has a direct bearing on completion practices in new wells and also provides information on the production characteristics of the well. Many hours of engineering time are spent in planning and completing wells but knowledge as to whether or not the original planning has produced the desired results has not always been complete. Many questions such as the following often arise: Why is it that two wells are completed under supposedly identical conditions, yet one well is a good one and the other is a poor one? Are the sands that look the best on the electric log contributing to the production? These and many other conditions in the producing well need to be under- stood in order to develop more efficient production practices and to improve on methods of completing new wells. It is the purpose of this paper to briefly describe one type of instrument, outline the methods of running the equipment and show the results of surveys made under various conditions. With an understanding of the use of this type of survey its importance can be evaluated in relation to the problems encountered by the operator. DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENT The instrument is a velocity recorder employing a clock-controlled 16mm film for recording the rpm of an extremely sensitive rotor which is rotated by the flow of fluids or gas in a well. The helical-vaned rotor and shaft, weighing one-half of one ounce are an integral unit exposed to the well fluids and are the only moving parts not enclosed in the fluid-tight housing. No packing or fluid seal of these parts is necessary and the shaft is mounted top and bottom on special jeweled bearings. Fig. A is the lower part of the instrument showing rotor and shaft with the protecting housing sleeve removed. The rpm of the rotor is recorded on the moving film by a combination electrical and optical system. The record is a series of dashes on the film, each dash and space representing twenty (20) revolutions of the rotor. (Film record of survey made in California well showing station recordings at various depths.) As the movement of the film is controlled by the clock the number of dashes and spaces in one minute of film travel represents the rpm of the rotor. The range of the instrument is from 0 to 2,500 rprn. The barrel or housing is 1-11/16 in. OD and seven feet long. Various types of expanding fluid traps are attached to the lower end of the instrument to direct the flow through the 1 in. orifice containing the rotor. The fluid trap for upward flow is shown in Figs. B and C. This assembly consists of eight arms with light spring

Jan 1, 1949

By D. F. Botkin, B. H. Sage, W. N. Lacey

Joule-THomson coefficients for two natural gases were determined at pressures up to 600 lb. per sq. in. throughout the temperature interval between 70" and 310°F. From these primary data and available information relating to the isobaric heat capacities of the components at infinite volume, the heat capacities of these gases were computed throughout the above-mentioned range of pressures and temperatures. The enthalpies of the gases were computed as a function of state and the results compared with values obtained by several methods of prediction currently available. Table i .—Composition of Gas Samples Components Gas A Gas B Carbon dioxide................ 0.0090a 0 .042 0 Methane...................... 0.8255 0.8385 Ethane.......................0.0901 0 .0637 Propane....................... 0.0462 0.0374 Isobutane..................... 0.0074 0.0039 n-butane................ ...... 0. 0126 0 .0095 Isopentane.................... 0.0032 0.0016 n-pentane..................... 0.0022 0.0011 Hexanes and Heavier........... 0.003& 0.0023 Experimentally determined Joule-Thom. son coefficients for natural gases afford a satisfactory means of checking the accuracy of prediction of their thermodynamic properties from the behavior of the components in the pure state and in binary mixtures. Relatively small samples of these natural gases were available, together with their analyses, and the Joule-Thomson coeffi- The Joule-Thomson coefficients were determined by measuring the change in temperature resulting from the passage of the gas through a porous thimble with a known pressure difference and under such conditions that the process was substantially isonthalpic. The details of the apparatus employed for this purpose have been described.' It is believed that the changes in temperature and pressure were ascertained with an uncertainty of not more than 0.3 per cent. However, as a result of deviations from steady flow, it is probable that uncertainties as large as 2 per cent may exist in the measured Joule-Thomson coefficient. The gases utilized in this work were taken from high-pressure separators and were dried prior to use by passage over calcium chloride at pressures in excess of 300 lb. per sq. in. The gases were subjected to the conventional fractionation and Orsat analyses. The results are recorded in Table I. The composition is typical of gases from such sources, with the possible exception of the presence of significant quantities of carbon dioxide in each of the samples. The experimental results obtained for the two natural gases are graphically Portrayed in Figs. I and 2. The experimental

Jan 1, 1943

By W. N. Lacey, D. F. Botkin, B. H. Sage

Joule-THomson coefficients for two natural gases were determined at pressures up to 600 lb. per sq. in. throughout the temperature interval between 70" and 310°F. From these primary data and available information relating to the isobaric heat capacities of the components at infinite volume, the heat capacities of these gases were computed throughout the above-mentioned range of pressures and temperatures. The enthalpies of the gases were computed as a function of state and the results compared with values obtained by several methods of prediction currently available. Table i .—Composition of Gas Samples Components Gas A Gas B Carbon dioxide................ 0.0090a 0 .042 0 Methane...................... 0.8255 0.8385 Ethane.......................0.0901 0 .0637 Propane....................... 0.0462 0.0374 Isobutane..................... 0.0074 0.0039 n-butane................ ...... 0. 0126 0 .0095 Isopentane.................... 0.0032 0.0016 n-pentane..................... 0.0022 0.0011 Hexanes and Heavier........... 0.003& 0.0023 Experimentally determined Joule-Thom. son coefficients for natural gases afford a satisfactory means of checking the accuracy of prediction of their thermodynamic properties from the behavior of the components in the pure state and in binary mixtures. Relatively small samples of these natural gases were available, together with their analyses, and the Joule-Thomson coeffi- The Joule-Thomson coefficients were determined by measuring the change in temperature resulting from the passage of the gas through a porous thimble with a known pressure difference and under such conditions that the process was substantially isonthalpic. The details of the apparatus employed for this purpose have been described.' It is believed that the changes in temperature and pressure were ascertained with an uncertainty of not more than 0.3 per cent. However, as a result of deviations from steady flow, it is probable that uncertainties as large as 2 per cent may exist in the measured Joule-Thomson coefficient. The gases utilized in this work were taken from high-pressure separators and were dried prior to use by passage over calcium chloride at pressures in excess of 300 lb. per sq. in. The gases were subjected to the conventional fractionation and Orsat analyses. The results are recorded in Table I. The composition is typical of gases from such sources, with the possible exception of the presence of significant quantities of carbon dioxide in each of the samples. The experimental results obtained for the two natural gases are graphically Portrayed in Figs. I and 2. The experimental

Jan 1, 1943

By S. R. Krom

IN Mr. Hoffman's papers, and in the discussions attending them, the claim is apparently made for the Sturtevant mill that it produces

Jan 1, 1893

By Arthur S. Dwight

The profeseional career of Thomas Septimus Austin, who died at El Paso, Tex., Aug. 23, 1906, was contemporaneous with the growth of the silver-lead smelting-industry of the Far West, to which his talents and zeal contributed in no small degree. Born at Stratford, Conn., Dec. 7, 1853, he was the seventh son in a family of thirteen. His parents were well-to-do; and he received a thorough preliminary training at the Hopkins Grammar School, New Haven, Colin., passing thence to the Columbia School of Mines, in New York, where he was graduated in 1876. His first professional work was that of analytical chemist with a Cuban sugar company. In this position he spent a year, and, whatever else of benefit he may have acquired during that year in Cuba, he gained a facility of speech in the Spanish language which was of inestimable value in his subsequent work in Mexico and the southwestern United States. In 1877, he went to the Rocky Mountains, and, under the firm name of Murphy & Austin, opened an assay-ofice in Lead-ville, Colo., which was just then coming into public notice as a rich silver-lead camp. The next year, however, he entered the service of the Germania Smelting & Refining Co. at Salt Lake City, Utah, where he remained until 1882, first as assayer and chemist, and later as Assistant Superintendent. The Germa-nia bears the honorable distinction of being one of the first of the large " custom" lead-smelters erected in the West. Its founders may be called the pioneers of the modern lead-smeltr ing practice, and the Germania served, to a large extent, as a model for the many plants that sprang into existence during the next few years in Utah, southern Idaho, Colorado and other lead-producing districts. The formulation, for the first

Jan 1, 1908

To assist the taxpayer of the oil and gas industry in correctly and expeditiously preparing his Federal tax returns, the Bureau of Internal Revenue has prepared a "Manual for the Oil and Gas Industry Under the Revenue Act of 1918." Although the endeavor has been made to anticipate all questions that may be asked, it is recognized that such a manual is only general and cannot cover all cases that may exist. The Manual is based largely upon information gathered during the fall of the year 1918 by a corps of geologists, technologists, and engineers. The investigation was undertaken primarily to furnish a basis for arriving at valuations, and depletion and depreciation deductions in connection with oil and gas properties. All fields in the United States were canvassed. Records of production of thousands of properties were collected and tabulated. These were carefully classified and studied by the most competent and experienced men in the country and the average future production curves and tables of valuation data were produced as a result of this study. Be American! Work and Save. Buy W. S. S.

Jan 7, 1919

By P. Martignan

THE year 1923 has seen new developments in the only French wells, i.e., those of Pechelbronn, Alsace. The output of the two pits now in operation totaled more than 75,000 tons, although there was a two months' strike. It is expected that 1924 will see an output of 85,000 tons; and 1925, 100,000 tons. A new pit has just been put in operation (fourth pit; the third not being in operation). The oil and the oil sands are extracted at a depth of 350 meters. Special attention has been given to the development of the distillation and refinery plants, particularly the manufacturing of lubricating oils. The present output of the lubricating-oil factories is approximately 20,000 tons neutral oils; 20,000 tons spindle oils, together with 2000 tons of paraffin. Engineers are introducing the most modern American processes of refinery and distillation. The company has 3000 employees. The capital of the company has just been increased from 45,000,000 francs to 81,000,000 francs. Some other drilling has been done in the Auvergne and Landes districts, and some oil has been found, but in too small quantities for commercial operation. Great hopes, however, are entertained of finding large quantities of oil, and the French Chambers have voted a special fund of 20,000,000 francs for investigating oil in France. Much work has also been done in the Colonies but without much success; oil is found in different districts of Tunis, but in relatively small quantities. In Morocco, drillings have not been successful. A prospecting mission recently returned from Madagascar gave an optimistic report concerning the oil conditions on the Island. Prospectings are being made also in French Indo-China. The present domestic yearly consumption is about: Gasoline 750,000 metric tons, kerosene 70,000 metric tons, automobile lubricating oil 75,000 metric tons.

Jan 3, 1924

By C. Goldberg, R. H. Wynne

WHEN using an optical goniometer to determine crystal orientation' it is advantageous to use a preferential etchant so that the etch pits have plane faces which are parallel to crystallographic planes, all of which are of the same "form." "Westinghouse Silver Etch" (WAg), a preferential etch for germanium, is made up as follows: 40 ml of 49.7 pct hydrofluoric acid, 20 ml of 70.7 pct nitric acid, and 40 ml of distilled water containing 2.0 g of silver nitrate. Examination of metallographs of WAg etched surfaces (Fig. 1, for example) indicates that, regardless of crystal orientation, the faces of the etch pits are (111) surfaces. Optical goniometer examination of these WAg etched surfaces also indicates that the faces of the etch pits are (111) surfaces, i.e., all bright reflections are from (111) planes. When using an optical goniometer of the type described by Barrett,' not only (111) reflections from a WAg etched germanium surface but also other reflections of lower intensity will be observed. These latter reflections can cause confusion. We have used an optical goniometer made from a war surplus astrocompass and a galvanometer lamp. The reflections are observed by using the goniometer in a darkened room and letting the reflected light be in- cident upon a piece of white paper. The resulting decrease of goniometer sensitivity enables (111) reflections only to be observed. This in turn permits the crystal orientation to be determined in a matter of minutes, since only two measurements are necessary. The authors wish to acknowledge the help received from R. E. Davis who assisted in making the metallographs and aided the authors in the interpretation of the metallographs.

Jan 1, 1954

By E. Marburg

Most ingots complete solidification vertically rather than transversely. This conclusion is based on complete solidification patterns of big-end-up and big-end-down ingots developed from dumped and split ingots. New mechanisms for segregation in ingots are proposed. Internal soundness in ingots is found to depend upon adequate width of vertical core. A LTHOUGH it has long been recognized that the A internal soundness of ingots is principally been recognizedthatthedependent on the process of solidification, knowledge of this process is still only fragmentary. The mechanisms causing the several types of segregation in ingots, which mechanisms are necessarily related to the solidification process, are not well understood. In absence of a better conception of the solidification process, it seems hardly surprising that mold design varies widely. Guiding principles for mold design are needed. At stake in the improvement of ingot quality are not only improved properties of steel but also appreciably higher yields of sound steel, which would considerably decrease manufacturing costs. In the present study, following a general description of the several types of segregation in ingots, Fig. 1, complete solidification patterns of a big-endup and a big-end-down ingot, including the zones of accelerated solidification, have been reconstructed. In both ingots, a core of vertical solidification extends from the base cone to the hot-top junction. Based on the finding that ingots complete solidification vertically rather than transversely, as has been previously assumed, new mechanisms for segregation in ingots are proposed. Internal soundness in ingots is found to depend upon the width of the vertical core, which in turn depends principally upon the width to height (w/h) ratio of the ingot. Solidification patterns of ingots are of three general types: 1—those in which vertical solidification does not reach the top, 2—those in which vertical solidification just reaches the top of the ingot, and 3—those in which vertical solidification reaches the top some time before transverse solidification would reach the middle of the ingot, so that a vertical core of definite width at the top of the ingot is developed. Axial defects vary characteristically with the solidification pattern. Examples of ingots of each type are presented. Dumped ingot data reported by Nelson' have been used in developing families of curves of transverse and vertical solidification, and in deriving the effect of the w/h ratio upon the solidification pattern. Photographs of many ingots split at Homestead and at Duquesne Works, United States Steel CO., as well as those published by the British Iron and Steel Institute,' have been studied and analyzed. In the interest of brevity, only typical ingots of each type or classification from the above sources have been reproduced. Segregation in Ingots Segregation in ingots falls into three principal classifications: 1—lamellar segregation, as revealed in sulphur prints (Figs. 2 and 3); 2—zone segregation, or broad variations in composition; and 3— interdendritic, or microsegregation. The last class, of minor importance, is not considered here. When liquid metal cools, according to the theory of differential or selective solidification,2 metal of relatively high purity selectively solidifies first. Liquid segregates (principally carbon, phosphorus,

Jan 1, 1954

By AIME AIME

THOUGH Frank Wardlaw was born in the East- at Schroon Lake, N. Y., on July 14, 1887-and was educated in New York City-Columbia, E.M., 1916 he has spent his entire professional life in the West, and is still there, as assistant general manager of the Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co., in Arizona. His first jobs were as miner and surveyor for the Utah Consolidated Mining Co., at Bingham, where he worked under A. S. Winther, now general manager of Inspiration's adjoining big neighbor, the Miami Copper Co. After rising to the position of chief engineer and geologist, Mr. Ward- law left Utah Consolidated to go to Chile for two years with the Braden Copper Co. Then he returned to his

Jan 1, 1940

By J. H. Wernick

IN a study of the rate of decomposition of %-in. cubes of limestone, dolomitic limestone, and dolomite in a sweeping nitrogen atmosphere, Joseph, Beatty, and Bitsianes' found that the zone of calcination advanced at substantially a constant rate at a given temperature. The purpose of this paper is to show that their data indicate at least two processes occurring when the above carbonates decompose. It is suggested that there are two processes occurring consecutively, one the limiting process in a given temperature range and the other the limiting process over another temperature range. The data of Joseph and co-workers have been extended by use of the Arrhenius equation, Eq. 1, a relation beween the velocity constant k of a reaction and the absolute temperature T. d In k A ' dT Rr2 A is the activation energy in calories per mol (additional energy that must be added for an average molecule to react), and R is equal to 1.986 cal

Jan 1, 1955

By M. T. Hepworth, R. Schuhmann

Hydrogen solubility measurements were made on a series of Ti-O alloys, and a portion of the 800°C isotherm for the Ti-O-H system was determined. Activities of oxygen and titanium were calculated from the experimentally measured activities of hydrogen, using ternary Gibbs-Duhem integrations. The data were extrapolated to obtain thermo-dynamic properties of binary Ti-O solutions. The thermodynamic properties of a Ti-0 solid solutions thus determined were compared with properties predicted from interstitial models. The Gibbs-Duhem equation, long used to calculate activities in binary systems, has been extended. recently to ternary systems.1"3 When the activity of one component in a ternary system is known as a function of composition, the activities of the other two components can be calculated from that of the first by an integration procedure, provided certain restrictions are observed on the path of integration. Often the activity of one component in a ternary system can be measured readily, while the activities of the other two components are difficult to measure. Gibbs-Duhem calculations are especially applicable to such systems. The further possibility arises of developing a new and indirect approach to activity measurement in binary systems. The proposed new method for binary systems consists of adding varying amounts of a third component whose thermodynamic behavior is easily measured. The activity of this added component is determined experimentally as a function of composition. Then the activities of the two components of the original binary system are calculated by Gibbs-Duhem integrations and extrapolations. For the work to be described in this paper, the Ti-0-H system was selected as a promising system for evaluating this approach. Investigations of the Ti-H system have shown that the activity of hydrogen can be measured precisely with little difficulty. Pure titanium transforms from a low-temperature a form (hcp) to a higher-temperature /3 firm (bcc) at 882.5"~ The phase transformation occurs in a temperature range where hydrogen pressures are easily measured. Also, the diffusivity of hydrogen at temperatures above 600" or 700"~ is large enough that equilibrium can be reached within a reasonable time.

Jan 1, 1962

By Tell Ertl

TODAY'S mining industry is witnessing a transition in labor utilization. The drill-jumbo operator, the mucking-machine operator, the blasting crew, the scaling and timbering crew are all specialists. The all-around miner is rapidly disappearing. As mechanization has resulted in a higher order of underground skills; specialization of labor has been a natural consequence, as has the need for more supervision and engineering. Mines now are cleaner, neater, safer, and have a greater productivity per man-shift than ever before. Nothing spectacular like the continuous miner has yet come to the underground metal mines, but t a gradual improvement in methods, equipment, and technical knowledge is achieving the increased efficiency. With the exhaustion of the rich ores and large profits and who-cares-about-the-costs, mining has become a business; that of producing low value ores at costs below selling price. Charles A. Chase, patriarch of Colorado mountain mining men, manager of the Shenandoah-Dives, was one of the first to preach and prove his preachings that mining is a business. He has been mining a lead-copper-zinc-gold-silver ore, much from elevations above 1.3,000 ft, for a quarter century without a shutdown.-The ore is of such low value that most engineers and investors still would consider it foolhardy. Yet he has kept Silverton, Colo., alive, has paid wages without a lapse, has produced $25 million of new wealth and maintained a steady return to the investors. This type of responsibility is increasingly apparent in the mining business and is one feather that can be worn proudly. .Much emphasis is being placed on improving, the productive mining operations-breaking, loading and transportation. Breaking in underground metal mining is done by drilling and blasting. To the writer's knowledge, no chain or rotary-type machine has been developed for mining strong, abrasive rock. Drilling Percussion drills are still the standard drilling machines underground. Diamond drills, that: were the rage a decade ago for drilling long holes, are being superseded by the rock drill. The development of the hard abrasion-resistant carbide bit permits full-gage long holes to be drilled by percussion drills at a lower cost than diamonds. The change in the use of percussion drills is chiefly in the method of mounting. The column and arm are disappearing and the jackleg and rubber-tired or track-layer jumbo mountings are taking its place. At the Homestake mine .lightweight jackhammers mounted• on pneumatic legs using 7/8-in. hexagonal drill. rods and 1 1/2-in, tungsten-carbide detachable bits have been found more portable and maneuverable. They have less air consumption, lowered, dynamite consumption, and more footage and tonnage per man-shift than with 3 1/2-in. drifters on a column mounting. Drills now are mounted on longer feed carriages, drilling up to 20 ft without changing steel. These mountings result in great savings because the driller can set up quickly, drill the entire depth of the hole without changing the drill rod or bit using carbide and one-use bits, and can move his machine quickly to the next hole. One man to the machine is becoming general practice. The result is longer rounds rounds drilled at a lower cost than the previously used short rounds. A jumbo developed in the Tri-State can be extended to mine ore left in the roof up to 65 ft above the floor. Drill-rod life was formerly considered to be about 250 min of actual use. The increase in the drilling time per rod per day has gone up considerably with the development of the jumbo and the long-feed carriage, resulting in which is apparently more rod breakage., Consequently, a great deal of research is being done in the attempt to develop an alloy-steel rod with longer service life to offset the greater cost. Some reports indicate that alloy steel or Swedish steel results in cheaper drilling than conventional drill rod. However, several tests have shown only slightly increased life for alloy drill rod. Undoubtedly, the blow of the rock drill, the length of the drill rod, and the resiliency of the rock being drilled are important factors in the life of drill rod, so it follows that alloy steel might work well in some mines and result in no savings in others. The bit forged on the drill rod is seldom encountered and steel detachable bits are not as common as in the recent past. The one-use bit is gaining popularity because of. the difficulty in rehardening reconditioned steel bits satisfactorily. It is thought that the, carbie-insert bit is most applicable to drilling hard 'rock' where the steel bit is unable to drill out a full change, for instance, in extremely abrasive

Jan 1, 1952

By Henry A. Ley

Kansas ranked fourth on the list of oil-producing states during the year 1930. Progressive statistics show that total production for the year will approximate 42,729,085 bbl. When final figures are compiled for Kansas the production may exceed this estimate, and thereby threaten the all-time record of 43,253,470 bbl. in 1918. Throughout the year the cumulative volume of potential drilled-up production has been increased by new discoveries and by extensions to proven areas in the territory west of the Nemaha (granite ridge) Range. Scattered drilling and leasing operations of a constructive nature occurred, but completions declined to the lowest levels in more than 11 years. Average initial production of current completions climbed to a new all-time high of 512 bbl. to the well. Proration measures were applied to the flush pools. The resulting shut-in potential production, as of December 15, is estimated at 110,000 bbl. This estimate is a wild guess. If all wells of the state were permitted to flow wide open for a period of six months production would not exceed 150,000 bbl. a day. The outstanding development of the year was an intensive drilling campaign in southwestern Kansas, which contributed at least 1,000,000 acres of contiguous natural-gas lands to the natural-gas resources of the United States. Production and Development Prospecting for oil in Kansas began shortly after the initial prospecting at Titusville. Operations and interest in the potentialities became active about 1870. This development was restricted to the shallow districts of northeastern Kansas. By 1895 operations had extended southward to the Oklahoma state line and sufficient prospecting had taken place to prove the potentialities of the state. Active prospecting was extended westward by the discovery of oil on the Nemaha Range in Butler County about 1916. The discovery of oil in Russell County added an extensive borderland province in 1923. The important discoveries of oil in Sedgwick County revived interests and operations throughout this territory in 1928. The development of widespread natural-gas lands in extreme southwestern Kansas during 1930 carried active exploration to the western boundary of the state.

Jan 1, 1931

By AIME AIME

WHEN a local man has attained high position in business and civic affairs at home, his fellow citizens feel elated if his attainments are given recognition in the form of election to office in an organization of national scope. Eugene Ainsworth White, a new Director of the Institute, is one of the must prominent citizens of Tacoma, where for the past thirteen years he has managed the Tacoma Smelter of the American Smelting and Refining Co. A list of the civic duties he has carried with distinction would be a long one; for recent years it would show that he has been chairman of the Community Chest, vice-president of the Chamber of Commerce. and a member of the Pierce County Taxation Bureau.

Jan 1, 1945

By AIME AIME

For the convenience of persons who desire to file, or otherwise use separately, the technical papers in Section II of the Bulletin, each of these papers has been paged and wired by itself; the whole collection being held together by a single, heavy wire, upon the removal of which it will fall apart into individual pamphlets, substantially like those formerly issued. A small stock of separate pamphlets, duplicating the technical papers given in Section II of this Bulletin, is reserved for those who desire extra copies of any single paper. All communications concerning the contents of this Bulletin should be addressed to Dr. Joseph Struthers, Assistant Secretary and Editor, 29 W. 39th St., New York City (Telephone number 4600 Bryant).

Jan 1, 1907

By AIME AIME

For the convenience of persons who desire to file, or otherwise use separately, the technical papers in Section II of the Bulletin, each of these papers has been paged and wired by itself; the whole collection being held together by a single, heavy wire, upon the removal of which it will fall apart into individual pamphlets, substantially like those formerly issued. A small stock of separate pamphlets, duplicating the technical papers given in Section II. of this Bulletin, is reserved for those who desire extra copies of any single paper. All communications concerning the contents of this Bulletin should be addressed to Dr. Joseph Struthers, Assistant Secretary and Editor, 99 John St., New York City (P. 0. Box 223; Telephone number 5477 John).

Mar 1, 1906