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By P. V. Roundy

PUBLIC lands in Florida were first withdrawn from entry by President Taft on July 2, 1910, as a conservation measure because of their possible phosphate content. The reserve thus established was subsequently modified by further withdrawals and by restorations, so that on Jan. 1, 1934,' it contained 66,796 acres, of which only a small part had been defi-nitely classified. The reserved land was in scattered parcels, ranging from less than 40 acres to 320 or more, distributed in many counties. For administrative purposes and for final disposal of any of the numerous parcels, mineral classification of the land is legally necessary. In 1934 and 1935 the United States Geological Survey, under two successive grants from the Public Works Administration, prospected some 83 tracts of these lands in Polk County, comprising in all about 3300 acres, and six tracts comprising 240 acres in Citrus and Marion Counties. The tracts in Polk County were all in the so-called land-pebble field and the others in the hard-rock field. The Survey field party was under the direction of P. V. Roundy, from whose unpublished report the material in this paper is largely taken. The foreman of the prospecting crew was J. H. Wingate of Zephyrhills, Fla. The individual tracts were identified through the cooperation of the General Land Office, by transitman Hugh B. Crawford. This prospecting work fitted well the classification adopted for Public Works projects in general: it could not he done on any considerable scale under the Survey's usual appropriations; it gave employment to unem-ployed labor; and it may be expected ultimately to repay the Government in royalties more than the cost of the exploration.

Jan 1, 1937

By Joseph Pogue

OVER a period of years the writer has presented a number of studies1 on various aspects of proration, in a progressive attempt to analyze critically and constructively the economic complexities of this interesting institu-tion, which in a decade has revolutionized the economics of oil production in the United States. In the course of the investigations leading to these papers, the changing nature of proration and the principles under-lying its evolution have gradually become clear, so that it is now possible to depart from the analytical method and to construct a synthesis of the steps that, if furthered by the industry, should carry proration past the economic hazards that still surround it to the goal of maximizing the value of the petroleum resource to the industry and the public alike. NATURE OF PRORATION Proration literally means the allocation of demand among competing producers on a pro rata basis, but the term now carries a much broader significance for it is employed to describe the entire process by which the production of crude oil in the United States is regulated. There is naturally much confusion of thought on the subject, for proration is an evolving system of control based upon principles of conservation and equity and embracing a body of practices that are tending to adjust themselves to the needs of the situation but are subjected to varying and divergent influences in the process. As it is now constituted, proration is a planned production measure designed to prevent waste, insure ratable takings, and balance supply and demand. The procedure is administered by State regulatory bodies through use of the police power of the States under authority of State conservation laws; the practice is supported by a considerable degree of voluntary conformance on the part of operators; and the Federal Government has accorded its cooperation by providing advisory quotas, circumscribing imports, checking movements of hot

Jan 1, 1939

By Catherine T. Aimone

Specimens of copper-bearing quartz monzonite were subjected to a plane shock wave simulating high compressional stresses in the proximity of a borehole wall. Fragmentation was studied as a function of stress levels between 1.6 GPa (23 x 104 psi) and 7.3 GPa(105.8x104 psi) and pulse durations ranging from 1.1 µs to 6.9 us. Both explosive pressure and pulse duration were shown to have a strong effect on particle size distribution. While the effect of pressure is well recognized, the effect of pulse duration indicates that ultimate fragmentation increases with the time of application of a plane wave pulse. At high pulse durations, degree of fragmentation is more sensitive to changes in pressure than at low pulse durations.

Jan 1, 1984

By Charles E. Packard

Many coal producers have been faced recently with the problem of arranging their production facilities to accommodate recent trends in the transportation of their product. Each operator is normally faced with a different problem requiring a system to meet his specific needs. It may be that he would be required to load a seven or eight thousand ton integral train each day which would naturally call for a large storage pile, high loading rate, accomplished in a minimum of time On the other hand, it may be that he is faced with furnishing coal to make up one-half of a unit train that is to be assembled twice a week. Whether the problem is large or small, many considerations must be given to each specific problem to be certain that the proper scheme is applied. The operator actually has several choices as to what type of storage and loading facilities he may consider. The storage pile, for instance, may be open type, conical in shape, kidney-shaped, or long and wedge-shaped. It may also be enclosed by steel or concrete

Jan 8, 1964

By Karl Cohen

The question of attainment of competitive nuclear electric power is of interest to uranium producers because the rate of attainment of this goal determines the date when there will be a solid, non-political, domestic uranium market. It is a burning question to those of us in the civilian nuclear power business, because our entire business future hinges on how well, and how soon, we can make electricity from nuclear reactions at prices comparable to electricity from coal. For an idea of the magnitudes involved, consider that the first fuel load of the Dresden (Illinois) nuclear power station, plus spares, will be about 90 tons of 1.5 pct UO2. This requires about two-and- a-half times as much natural uranium oxide feed to the diffusion plant, or 225 tons. This, in turn, represents about a month's production from the nearby Uranium Reduction Co. mill. Note also that the 180,000 kw electric output of the Dresden station will be about 0.1 pct of the national electric generating capacity in 1960.

Jan 12, 1958

By Giovanni Barla

In engineering analyses, rock is frequently treated as a homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic medium. However, rock material exhibits, in most cases, physical nonlinearity, time-dependency, and anisotropy. In some instances, anelasticity due to nonmechanical effects, such as density and temperature changes, must also be taken into account. The influence of these different anomalies in the physical behavior of a rock material is often neglected. An estimate of the discrepancies which are introduced when classical theory of elasticity is used is consequently required. The easiest theoretical path by which these discrepancies can be analyzed is to vary the constitutive equations of the rock material. The constitutive equations, representing various physical experiences with different types of media, define a class of ideal substances. Assuming different constitutive equations for the description of the rock physical behavior, one can establish a sensitivity analysis to determine how much information is contained in elastic theory for reliable design purposes. The method may be applied also using numerical techniques (e.g., finite element or finite differences) which, because of the nature of the formulation, require one to assume in each case the rock constitutive equations. Theoretical and experimental work is needed to be able to perform such analyses with confidence. Adequate and practical procedures for the determination of the material functions which enter the various constitutive equations must be established. This paper presents such an attempt with respect to the simulation of some behavior patterns of rock material. It is felt worthwhile to stimulate activity in this field and it is hoped to contribute to this objective.

Jan 1, 1970

In accordance with the requirements of our By-Laws I beg leave to submit herewith the report of the Library Committee for the year 1915. The activity shown by the sale of the institute publications during the year continues satisfactory, although not as large as last year. The total sales amount to $6,666.81, distributed as follows: Sale of Transactions...:: :. $4,585.42 Sale of Special Editions 553.17 Sale of Pamphlets and Bulletins 2,028.22 It should-be borne in mind that the sale of special editions was only begun last year,, and most of the members who did not have the special editions immediately bought them for their libraries. This year only a little less than half of the same number have been disposed of, and it is more than probable that from now-on the number will be considerably lessened.

Jan 2, 1916

By G. J. Benard

In the 1970’s, several plants have been built and others are in the design stage which use solvent extraction for recovery of copper from acid leach solutions. Other plants are presently being built for the recovery of nickel and cobalt from laterite ores by prereduction and ammonia leaching. A review will be given on the materials of construction for these leaching and solvent extraction processes. Many plants have factors in common which permit selection with a greater degree of accuracy. Based on pilot plant corrosion data, effective use of materials of construction includes proper selection of materials, substitution of lower cost plastics for alloys, and selection of materials resistant against chloride stress corrosion cracking.

Jan 1, 1974

By W. F. Holbrook, C. E. Wood, E. P. Barrett

THE high-frequency laboratory induction furnace with a rotating liquid crucible enables research workers to conduct certain investigations heretofore very difficult or impossible to realize because vessels are not obtainable that are capable of resisting the physical conditions or the chemical actions to which they are subjected. Applications for patents covering commercial uses of centrifugal liquid crucibles were filed in the United States in 1919,1 in France in 1925, in the United States and Germany in 1926,2 and in France in 1927.3 In 1928, Schuette and Maier,4 of the Bureau of Mines, reported the construction of a whirling table beneath a high-frequency induction furnace. SHAPE AND SIZE OF CENTRIFUGAL LIQUID CRUCIBLES When a vessel containing a liquid is rotated, the inner surface of the liquid takes the shape of a paraboloid under the simultaneous action of centrifugal force and gravity. The internal dimensions of the paraboloid rotating liquid crucible are governed by the diameter of the container and .its speed of rotation. Melted Wood's metal was poured into cylinders 2 1/2 in. in diameter, which were rotated at 180, 300, and 468 r.p.m. When the metal was solid, a slurry of plaster of Paris was added, and rotation continued until the plaster had set. Fig. 1, a photograph of sections of the cylinders, shows the effect of speed of rotation of the containers upon the shape of the inner surface of the rotating liquid crucibles. TYPES OF FURNACES Three types of high-frequency induction laboratory furnaces using liquid-metal crucibles were designed and constructed by the Blast

Jan 1, 1938

On July 25, the first copper ore From American Smelting & Refining Co.'s Mission open pit nine was sent into the new 15,000-tpd concentrator : three clays later, the first rail cars containing the Mission concentrate were sent north to the smelter at Hayden, Ariz. Thus two y,ears after stripping was started, Asarco's new mine, located south of Tucson. went on stream several months ahead of schedule. The plant, designed and constructed by Western Knapp Engineering Co., is expected to be operating at full capacity about September 1. with present plans calling for the copper concentrate from Mission to be shipped to Asarco's smelters at Hayden and El Paso.

Jan 9, 1961

By J. C. Allen, E. V. Herring

CHILE EXPLORATION CO's. oxide plant at Chuquicamata, the largest of its kind, started in 1915 with initial operations at the rate of 10,000 tons of ore per day. Anaconda Copper Mining Co. acquired the controlling interest in 1923 and in the next few years modernized the plant and mine, extending operations to a nominal capacity of 490 million lb of electrolytic copper yearly by 1942. Plant production averaging 495.7 million lb of copper per year was maintained for the eight-year period extending from 1941 to 1948 inclusive. During the World War II production reached its highest level when in 1944 the output was 531.8 million lb. The maximum production for any one month was 49.6 million lb, achieved in May 1947. E. A. Cappelen Smith, consulting metallurgist for M. Guggenheim's Sons, worked out the first process for the treatment of Chuquicamata copper oxide ore about 1913, and directed a staff of 20 young engineers operating a pilot plant at Perth Amboy, N. J., on three shifts for an entire year. The copper is extracted from the oxide ore by a hydro-metallurgical treatment described in detail by T. A. Campbell in AIME Transactions, Vol. 106, Copper Metallurgy, 1933. The Oxide Plant is divided into five main operations as follows: (1) Crushing, (2) Leaching, including dechloridizing and sulphur dioxide treatment, (3) Tailing disposal, (4) Electrolytic precipitation, (5) Smelting and melting. Crushing The present Primary Crushing Plant has been in operation 25 years, during which time 4,342,112 cars of 70 tons net capacity have passed through the dumpers. The ore as received from the mine is frequently blocky and up to 5 feet in section. It is reduced to 9-in. size by two 60-in. gyratory crushers, and transported to the east and west ore bins by 60-in. conveyors. In the secondary crushing operation the ore is first reduced to 2 to 3-in. size by five standard 7-ft cone crushers and two No. 10 gyratories. This product is then reduced to 3/8-in. size by fifty-two 48-in. vertical Symons disc crushers and is transported by belt conveyors to the loading bridges from which it is charged° into the leaching vats. Conveyor belt No. 14 which serves the eight vats in the east section of the leaching plant has transported over 125 million tons of ore, which is a record for any type of conveyor. This 60-in. belt travels at a speed of 600 fpm and carries loads up to 5500 tons per hr. Leaching The ore is leached in 14 vats, averaging 13,500 short tons net capacity each. These vats are lined with a natural mastic which adequately resists the sulphuric acid leaching solutions. The leaching process as presently conducted comprises soaking the ore with successive volumes of leaching solution and spent electrolyte and withdrawing successive volumes of enriched solution from the vat to a total of approximately 3.2 million gal. The first 1.6 million gal of this volume withdrawn is called strong solution and contains about 35 parts of copper per 1000. The balance of 1.6 million gal subsequently withdrawn is stored in a

Jan 1, 1952

By C. Richard Tinsley

SUMMARY A detailed analysis of nickel, copper, and cobalt recovery from manganese nodules shows simple rates of return of 9-15% in 1985. A sulfur dioxide roast process yields a slightly better return than an ammonia leach technique. Nodule tonnage predictions tend to be over-optimistic and more conservative forecasts show that market penetrations are only significant for cobalt and manganese. However, cobalt prices are unlikely to fall to the level of nickel. Between now and 1985, cobalt is expected to be in balanced to tight availability. INTRODUCTION Deep-ocean manganese nodules are one- to two-inch concretions which cover 2040% of large areas of the ocean bottom. Commercial targets far these black, potato-like nodules are located in the North Pacific at water depths of 5,000-6,000 m. in a belt roughly midway between Hawaii and Mexico. However, good grade nodules are not solely limited to this belt as areas southwest and northwest of Hawaii, as well as in the Indian Ocean, contain concentrations of acceptable grade manganese nodules. Some 90% of the nodules are found half-buried on the deep ocean bottom. A siliceous-ooze host soil combined with low sedimentation rates, certain ocean currents, and possible geo- thermal effects are favorable factors far nodule formation. The viewpoints and analyses in this paper are the author's own and should not be attributed in any way to Amoco Minerals Co.

Jan 1, 1976

By M. T. Hepworth, A. K. Stewart

Iron containing 0.1 pct A1 and -0.9 pct P by weight was internally oxidized in the temperature range 900° to 1300° C, where the bcc structure is stabilized by phosphorous. By measuring the depth of penetration of oxygen with time in an internally oxidized zone for an imposed surface oxygen potential, oxygen permeability was determined. The dgfusion coefficient of oxygen in iron was then calculated using known solubility data, yielding the expression: where Do is the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in bcc iron in sq cm per sec and T is temperature in OK. RECENTLY Hepworth, Smith, and Turkdoganl measured the diffusivity of oxygen in bcc iron and reported the temperature dependence of diffusivity from data determined in the a, and 6 temperature ranges. Subsequently Swisher and Turkdogan' have measured the diffusivity of oxygen in fcc iron. Internal oxidation techniques were employed by these investigators and in this current study. The analysis of this technique is developed by wagner3 (presented in English by Hauffe4 and Rapp 5). In this present study bcc iron stabilized by phosphorous was used to determine oxygen diffusivity in the temperature range 900° to 1300°C. Meijerin 6 has studied oxygen permeability in this temperature range using bcc iron stabilized with 5 pct Sn. Other inves- tigators who have studied oxygen permeability in bcc iron at other temperatures are Schenck et al., 7 Bohen-kamp and Engell, 8 and Bradford. EXPERIMENTAL Electrolytic iron of 99.99 pct purity was alloyed to contain 0.897 pct P and 0.093 pct Al. The maximum weight percent phosphorous required to stabilize bcc iron between 910" and 1392°C is 0.51 pct as determined by Haughton,10 0.42 pct by Roquet and jegaden," and 0.58 pct by vogel,12 with the latter value preferred by Hansen.13 Microprobe analysis indicated that there was no segregation of the phosphorous either before or after permeability studies; therefore, the quantity of phosphorous added was assumed to be sufficient to stabilize the bcc structure. Furthermore, the permeability results of studies on this alloy agreed substantially with interpolated values from previous data on bcc iron.' An ingot of the Fe-P-A1 alloy was hot-rolled to a l-in.-thick slab. Specimens were machined to dimensions: 13/8 by $ by 1/4 in. The experimental apparatus and procedure used have been described before.' A constant oxygen potential was established by passing argon and hydrogen through a column of oxalic acid dihydrate, which has a water vapor pressure which is well-known as a function of temperature. Slab specimens were exposed to a gas mixture sufficiently lean in oxygen to prevent the formation of a surface oxide for predetermined temperature for selected times. The specimens were then quenched, sectioned, and examined metallo-graphically. All quenched specimens were iron-plated to provide protection from the outside sample edge during polishing. Fig. 1 shows a typical microstruc-ture for a specimen oxidized at 953°C for 48.00 hr at a water vapor-to-hydrogen pressure ratio of 0.20. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS The following equation was derived by Hepworth et al.' from Wagner's kinetic expressions for internal oxidation:

Jan 1, 1969

By M. R. Geer, H. F. Yancey, P. S. Jacobsen

Two growing problems confront the preparation engineer-still further restrictions on stream pollution and a greater proportion of fine coal as more and more continuous miners come into use. The dewatering screens, centrifuges, and settling ponds that sufficed a few years ago must often be supplemented by more effective equipment, and in some instances the finest solids are now being recovered by vacuum filtration, once considered too costly in many coal washeries. Unfortunately not all slurries can be readily filtered. Some are virtually unfilterable, and others do not permit the high cake rates needed to hold costs within reason. Often, however, these difficult slurries can be rendered filterable by flocculation. Starch and lime have long increased settling rate in thickeners and can also aid filtration. More recently there have been other flocculants, primarily synthetic polymers or gums. Reports of their great effectiveness prompted the U. S. Bureau of Mines to test their use in filtration as part of its program on recovering and cleaning fine coal. The object of the present work was to compare some of the newer flocculants with starch and lime and to test the reaction of different types of slurries to flocculation. Three natural slurries, three synthetic coal-clay mixtures, and five flocculants were tested, all with a laboratory filter leaf.

Jan 7, 1959

By Clement K. Chase

The ammonia leach for copper recovery is discussed from historical and current practice standpoints. The chemistry of the system is presented together with Eh-pH and copper-ammonia solubility curves. A list of metals forming ammine complexes is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of the ammonia leach as applied to copper recovery in conjuction with modern liquid ion exchange techniques are compared.

Jan 1, 1980

By Garfield Schnee

MACHINERY has not taken the place of manual labor in steep pitch coal in the anthracite field and there is a shortage of miners experienced in this type of work. To overcome these difficulties several coal companies have resorted to different types of mining such as the diamond or zig-zag method, the slant method, long hole drilling, and several other variations. For the past 5 years the diamond shape method has been used extensively in the heavy pitching beds of both the Knickerbocker and Yatesville basins at Knickerbocker colliery of the Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co.

Jan 10, 1950

The following rules, upon approval by the Board of Directors, shall serve as guides in the practical applications of the Bylaws for the operation of the Institute and have the full power and effect of Bylaws, however, these rules may be changed, modified, re¬pealed or amended when deemed necessary by the Board of Directors Any change or alteration of these Rules shall be published in the Journals of the Institute within three months after such alteration is adopted ARTICLE I-ORGANIZATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Section 1-Societies Rule 1-Governing Body Each Society shall form its own governing body composed of an Executive Committee, or similarly designated executive body, duly elected officers, and a Nominating Committee for the nomination of Institute officers as provided by the Bylaws of AIME and of each Society approved by the Board In all correspondence and printed matter the Society Boards of Directors shall be specifically identified For ex¬ample, the Mining Board of Directors or the Board of Directors of the Society of Mining Engineers Using simply the "Board of Directors" could cause confusion

Jan 1, 1960

REGULATIONS (proposed) for the location, drill-ing, casing, protection, operation, plugging and filling, and abandonment of natural gas and petroleum wells; having for their objectives. the protec-tion of life and property by prevention of intrusions of oil and gas into workable coal beds, and the conserva-tion of oil and gas resources in territory not underlain with workable coal beds. ARTICLE I Definitions Section 1.-For the purpose of these regulations (proposed), definitions are as follows: Well.-A bore-hole drilled for the purpose of developing natural gas or petroleum, or a bore-hole producing natural gas or petroleum. Well Operator.-Any person, persons, firm, partnership, corporation, company or association that proposes to, or does drill, operate, or abandon a well as herein defined. Coal Operator.-Any person, persons, firm, partnership, corporation, company or association that proposes to, or does operate, a coal mine in territory known or reputed to be underlain with oil or gas-bearing strata. State Mining Department.-The duly constituted authorities of a state having jurisdiction over coal-mining operations. Plat.-A map, drawing, or print made in accordance with the pro-visions of these regulations (proposed). Casing.-The pipe greater than 3 in. in diameter commonly used in wells drilled for natural gas and petroleum. Oil and Gas.-Synonyms, respectively, for petroleum and natural gas. Cement.-Hydraulic cement properly nixed with water only. Workable Coal Bed.-A coal bed in which, in the united judgment of the coal operator, the well operator and the State Mining Department, protection for life or property will be required when wells are drilled through it.

Jan 7, 1927

By R. P. Agarwala, M. S. Anand

Using residual activity technique, the diffusion of palladium, silver, cadmium, indium, and tin in alunzinum has been studied in the temperature range of 400" to 630°C. The diffusivities (in units of square centimeters per second) have been expressed as: IMPURITY diffusion in aluminum,1-9 silverand lead5 for cases of low solid solubility of the impurity in the host metal has yielded frequency factors in the range of l0-6 to l0-9 sq cm per sec whereas the activation energy is practically half the self-diffusion activation energy value. From the observed values of frequency factor, activation energy, and entropy of activation, it has been suggested' that these solutes are not diffusing by vacancy or interstitial mechanisms but by a mechanism which should be consistent with such low values of the diffusion parameters (Do and Q). However in spite of extensive work on these types of systems, the mechanism of diffusion is still not well understood. The present investigation on the diffusion of palladium, silver, cadmium, indium, and tin in aluminum has been carried out to throw further light on the diffusion mechanism in systems, where the solid solubility is very low (except for the case of silver). The results are discussed on the basis of solid solubility and the structural changes involved owing to the presence of the solutes in aluminum solid solution. An attempt has also been made to apply the existing theories of charge5-8 and size8 difference between the solute and the solvent. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Specimens (1/2 in. diam by 3/8 in. high) were machined out of pure aluminum (99.995 wt pct) rod obtained from Johnson Mattheys. They were sealed under vacuum in quartz tubes and annealed at 620° C for several hours; the grains thus developed were sufficiently large to eliminate the possibility of diffusion along the grain boundaries. The flat ends were prepared carefully after polishing as described previously,10 Radioactive nitrates of cadmium, indium, and tin and chloride of palladium containing, respectively, cd115, 1n114, sn113, and pd103 were dissolved in distilled water and mixed with 30 pct acetone. By means of a micropipet a drop of this solution was placed on a smoothly polished and lightly etched surface of the specimen. Due care was taken to see that the solution spread uniformly on the surface of specimen without trickling down its sides. Radioactive silver was elec-trodeposited using a AgCN-KCN bath. The amount of sample deposited in all the cases was not more than 0.1 µ thick. The samples were then sealed in quartz tubes in vacuum. The cadmium samples were sealed in a purified argon atmosphere to avoid evaporation. The samples were then diffusion-annealed. The temperature of annealing varied between 400° and 630°C and was controlled to ±5°C. On heating to -400°C,the deposits of cadmium, indium, and tin, which were of the order of 0.1 p in thickness, were converted to their respective oxides. The contribution of oxygen present in the lattice of aluminum due to these oxides has been calculated and found to be less than 10 ppm in all cases. Oxide method has already been used by other workers11'12 in diffusion studies without any controversy on the issue. However, in some of these investigations, metallic deposition was also tried. The diffusivities calculated from these measurements were found to agree very well with the diffusivities obtained by using the oxide method. Thus it is assumed that the measured diffusivities represent true diffusion coefficients. Since palladous chloride decomposes at about 500°C, the deposited samples which were to be diffusion-annealed below 500°C were heated in vacuum for a very short time at 500°C to allow the decomposition of palladous chloride to palladium metal. Time taken in decomposition of nitrates to oxides and chloride to metal was negligibly small as compared to the period of the diffusion anneals. The residual activity technique13 was used to study the diffusion profiles where thin layers from the specimen surface were removed by grinding it parallel to a flat surface on a 600-grade carborundum paper. The specimen was washed, dried, and weighed, the differ -ence of the weight being the measure of the thickness of the layer removed. After each such abrasion and weighing, the total residual activity on the surface of the specimens was measured by counting 0.656, 0.94,

Jan 1, 1968

By Charles F. Manness

In the great increase of product which has been accomplished in the American Bessemer plant, through improvements in machinery and refractories, and by more perfect skills in their manipulation

Jan 1, 1881