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By Trevor R. Ellis

"The valuation of mineral properties in the U.S. is only partially regulated. The regulations which have jurisdiction or impact appear to have such mainly as a consequence of unintended fallout, since the regulations were designed for other purposes. Court case history can also be important. The combined results are a mixture of bad and good, with important lessons to be learned.Since 1981, the Securities and Exchange Commission has prohibited U.S. listed companies from reporting quantitative estimates of mineralization and the value of mineralization, other than proven and probable reserves. This results in the minerals appraiser (valuator) working with a shortage of data in his everyday work, both on the subject property and in sales analysis.Between 1989 and 1995, all 50 states and essentially all Federal agencies adopted the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) for real property appraisals (valuations). The major national appraisal societies also require their members to abide by USPAP. A significant portion of minerals appraisals must now follow these standards. This paper will discuss the content of USPAP. It provides a very good framework for the valuation of a minerals property or a mine, both as real property and as a business. However, the credentialing standards for real property appraisers are now prohibitive for minerals appraisers."

Jan 1, 2003

By S. M. Runke

The pegmatite investigations at the Rapid City, S. Dak., Experiment Station during; the pact 3 years have been primarily a study of recovering beryl from nonlithium-bearing pegmatite rock by continuous-testing methods. Beryl concentrates containing 25 to 88 percent beryl were produced from rock that ranged in beryl content from 0.1 to 2.5 percent. The beryl recovery ranged upward from 70 percent but averaged better than 80 percent. Although promising results have been obtained with flotation methods for upgrading these concentrates to standard specifications, additional work is needed to improve and simplify the procedure. In addition, it was demonstrated that several potentially useful coproducts could also be recovered from pegmatite rock. The principal coproducts were mica, feldspar, and quartz. A heavy-mineral product also was made from pegmatites containing tin, tantalum, and columbium. The recovery if these minerals in products meeting the specifications of the commercial users has been reserved for future study. The investigations also included studies on extraction of beryllium from both high-grade beryl and flotation concentrates of medium beryllium content. The procedure investigated consisted of sintering beryl or beryl flotation concentrates with limestone, acid curing the resulting sinter with sulfuric acid to dissolve the beryllium, and water leaching to extract the beryllium. Over 90 percent of the beryllium was extracted by this procedure. Most of the optimum conditions and quantities of reagents were determined for dissolving the beryllium. As aluminum and iron also were taken into solution by the acid, further research is needed on methods of recovering high-grade beryllium salts from the solutions containing these elements.

Jan 1, 1957

By G. W. Elger

The Bureau of Mines conducted laboratory and larger scale studies on samples of domestic perovskite and ilmenite ore concentrates to devise a procedure for recovering TiC from these ores. From the concentrates, mixtures of titanium and calcium carbides were produced. The carbides were then ground and reacted with water. This reaction decomposed the CaC2 to acetylene and hydrated lime and simultaneously liberated the TiC. Using a combination of elutriation and gravity-separation techniques to separate the hydrated lime, approximately 93 pct of the titanium was subsequently recovered as purified carbide containing 54 to 70 pct titanium with CaO content as low as 0,6 pct. This combination of techniques can be used to separate more than 90 pct of the CaO from the TiC. Therefore, this carbiding procedure is a viable method for treating titaniferous materials, including perovskite, that contain more than 20 pct CaO. Tests made in a static-bed reactor showed that for the reaction of TiC with elemental chlorine to produce titanium tetrachloride (TiCI4), a temperature of at least 940° F is desirable to achieve a suitable extraction of titanium in a laboratory chlorination reactor. In fluidized-bed tests at 840° F, 98 pct of the titanium contained in TiC was extracted.

Jan 1, 1980

By Bernhard Blumenthal

A melting process was developed by which high purity electrolytic uranium crystals can be converted into sound ingots without serious contamination. Careful preparation of the crystals, melting in a high vacuum, and directional solidification led to a metal of better than 99.993 wt pct purity. The metallographic examination showed a substantially clean metal with only residual amounts of a second phase which responded to heat treatment. The density of high purity uranium is 19.05 g per cu cm. FOR the study of the fundamental properties of uranium and its alloys, a base metal of high purity is needed, and an investigation was started at Argonne several years ago to examine various methods of preparing high purity uranium. Early success was achieved by the fused salt electrolysis process in preparing high purity metal in crystal form,' and the problem became that of melting the crystals into ingots without contamination. The electrolytic crystals contained a few ppm of heavy metals, less than 15 ppm C, and large quantities of potassium and lithium in the form of trapped fused salt electrolyte. On melting in vacuo in magnesia or urania crucibles, the metal picked up considerable quantities of carbon and some iron, copper, and silicon but lost most of the potassium and lithium. It was not metallographically clean, and much research work was necessary to determine the optimum melting conditions for minimum contamination. This work has resulted in the development of a melting procedure by which sound ingots can be prepared with only a limited contamination by carbon. In the section entitled "Melting of the Electrolytic Metal," the equipment and processes that have been developed for melting the electrolytic crystals are described in detail. The "Metallography" section is devoted to the metallography of high purity uranium, and the section "Density of High Purity Uranium" contains the first property measurement on high purity uranium—a density determination. Melting of the Electrolytic Metal Apparatus—Melting and Vacuum Equipment: Uranium may be melted in either resistance or induction-type electric furnaces. Resistance heating was found to be preferable to induction heating for melting down the electrolytic crystals, for several reasons: Although induction heating permits fast heating, this advantage cannot be utilized when crucibles with limited thermal shock resistance are used. Temperature control of induction-heated melts is poor, and the stirring effect increases the rate of contamination of the melt from the crucible, slag, or the furnace atmosphere; liquation and controlled solidification are difficult to carry out. Because of these objections, resistance heating was chosen. A 10 kw Globar resistance furnace of low heat capacity permitted uniform heating of a uranium charge to its melting point in 45 min. The furnace was insulated with a removable aluminum shield so that, after melting and removal of the shield, the furnace could be quickly cooled to room temperature. The furnace was equipped with an apparatus for directional solidification; see Fig. la. The crucible was suspended in the center of the furnace; and when the melting was complete, the crucible was slowly lowered into the cold end of the furnace tube. Solidification took place upward from the bottom; and when the rate of lowering was small, a sound ingot free from sink holes and shrinkage cavities was produced. To remove the large quantities of gas contained in the electrolytic crystals, melting in a high vacuum is mandatory. While, from the standpoint of contamination, melting in a highly purified argon atmosphere appeared feasible, lithium and potassium removal proved less efficient under such conditions. Also, a vacuum-melted ingot has a cleaner surface than one melted in an inert atmosphere. The vacuum system must be of very high pumping speed and leak tight so that a vacuum of less than 2x10-7 mm Hg is attainable when the system is pumped down cold. The system must have a high pumping speed, so that the pressure maximum which may rise to 1x10-4 mm during heating can be quickly reduced

Jan 1, 1956

By Guy L. Fredrickson

A modified transpiration reactor was used to measure the composition of the equilibrium gas phase formed above compounds in the Hg-O-S system at high temperatures (600 to 900K). A thermodynamic database {(AGo°f AH°t. AS°t)} for-HgO, HgS, HgSO4, Hg2SO4, HgSO4?HgO, and HgSO4?2HgO was developed based on the experimental results. Prior to this study, only estimated data were available in the literature for the sulfates and oxysulfates at temperatures above 298K. A series of vapor pressure' stability diagrams were constructed from 473 to 973K with isobars of Hg(g), HgO(g), S2(g), and SO3(g). These diagrams were found to be significantly different than those available previously and do provide insight to the phase relations of importance during the thermal processing of Hg-containing wastes. The thermodynamic results were used to conduct a series of Gibbs energy minimization calculations for a thermal processor' afterburner system for the treatment of HgS-containing wastes. The retention of Hg in the discharge calcine was examined as a function of temperature and excess air. Hg was found to report to the calcine as HgSO4, Hg2SO4, or HgSO4 HgO depending on the process conditions, and Hg retention occurs at temperatures as high as 930K. The precipitation of Hg-containing phases from cooled afterburner discharge gas starts at approximately 900K and the cooling of the gas an additional 30K (to 870K) results in over 50% of the Hg being preCipitated as HgS04?HgO. It was also determined that for small amounts of Hg present in sulfide concentrates during roasting, the Hg will be retained as HgSO4 or HgSO4?HgO at temperatures as high as 870K.

Jan 1, 1996

By F K. R Klose

Malmberget is a sublevel caving mine owned and operated by Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag (LKAB), a Swedish state-owned iron ore mining company, in northern Sweden. The mine has an annual iron ore production of approximately 15 Mtpa. The current strategy foresees an expansion which will increase the mine’s depth considerably. Ventilation and air conditioning modelling for the planned expansion is ongoing. One of the most influential parameters for ventilation planning anddesign for a deep mine is geothermal gradient, which is crucial for the design of the refrigeration system. It is determined through virgin rock temperature (VRT) measurements carried out at various depth below the surface. This paper details these measurements and the determination of geothermal gradient for Malmberget Mine for the expansion study, which were necessitated by thelack of information for the focus depth and area.

Oct 12, 2022

By Dhawan AK

On 8 July 1993, a landslide of about one million cubic metres of rock blocked the river Satluj near Sanjay Vidyut Pariyojana - Bhaba project and caused flooding into the Bhaba Power House (120 MW) resulting in suspension of power generation. The concerned authorities desired an early removal of the blockade by an underwater blasting operation into the over topping water to reduce the water level at the blockade and resume power generation in the power house. In the absence of underwater drilling, it was essential for the blasting technique to be used where no cavity to confine the explosive was required. For this reason mud capping and plaster shooting with directional throw were used and additional specially fabricated mild steel pipe charges were used under high current for an underwater trenching operation. By employing these techniques the river blockade was removed up to the required depth and on 8 September 1993 the Power House resumed the power generation.

Jan 1, 1995

By H. C. Gunning

In spite of the fact that mining has been more or less active in the northern part of Vancouver island since the late 'nineties', there seems to be a remarkable lack of information regarding the nature and development of the region. Recently the operations at the Old Sport mine of the Coast Copper Company, Limited, and spectacular copper discoveries in the vicinity of Nimpkish lake, have directed the attention of the mining fraternity to the district. The writer spent the summer of 1929 making a reconnaissance examination of the general geology and mining properties of the area between Quatsino sound and Nimpkish lake, and he feels that a short paper describing the nature and mining possibilities of the region should be of interest at this time. A more detailed account of the ?geology and of the mining properties will be published in the forth- coming Summary Report of the Geological Survey. A short paper dealing with the Nimpkish Lake district was presented at the Annual Meeting of the British Columbia Division, held recently in Vancouver.

Jan 1, 1930

By E. J. Kloos, R. H. Schutz, B. I. Ferber

To Assist users in the selection of reliable and satisfactory respiratory protective devices, the Bureau of Mines has established five schedules of minimum performance requirements for the approval of respirators . The current revisions of these schedules include 13D for self-contained breathing apparatus, 14F for gas masks , 19B and the amendments to 19B for suppliedair respirators , 21B for dust , fume, and mist respirators , and 23B for chemical cartridge respirators . Copies of these schedules may be obtained from the Bureau of Mines, Publications Distribution Section, 4800 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh , Pa . , 15213 . Approval tests on respirators are performed only at the request of the manufacturer of the respirator and at his expense. If the device meets the approval requirements , a certificate of approval is granted on the complete respirator. This certificate states that as long as the respirator is manufactured as originally approved, or in accordance with any changes covered by an extension of the original approval, the manufacturer may advertise and sell his respirator as being approved by the Bureau of Mines. Many industries and regulatory agencies require that respirators approved by the Bureau of Mines be used where respiratory protection is needed. The Bureau of Mines, however, has no regulatory power over the use of the respirators that it approves. It acts as an impartial testing agency to insure the availability of suitable and safe respirators. At frequent intervals, the Bureau of Mines purchases approved respirators and replacement parts on the open market. These are examined for conformity to the approved status, and are checked to insure that the manufacturer's production facilities are maintaining a satisfactory quality control .

Jan 1, 1966

By E. J. Kloos, R. H. Schutz, B. I. Ferber

To protective devices, the Bureau of Mines has established five schedules of minimum performance requirements for the approval of respirators. The current revisions of these schedules include 13D for self-contained breathing apparatus, 14F for gas masks, 19B and the amendments to 19B for supplied- air respirators, 21B for dust, fume, and mist respirators, and 23B for chemical cartridge respirators. Copies of these schedules may be obtained from the Bureau of Mines, Publications Distribution Section, 4800 Forbes Avenue, Pitts- burgh, Pa., 15213. Approval tests on respirators are performed only at the request of the manufacturer of the respirator and at his expense. If the device meets the approval requirements, a certificate of approval is granted on the complete respirator. This certificate states that as long as the respirator is manufactured as originally approved, or in accordance with any changes covered by an exten- sion of the original approval, the manufacturer may advertise and sell his respirator as being approved by the Bureau of Mines. Many industries and regulatory agencies require that respirators approved by the Bureau of Mines be used where respiratory protection is needed. The Bureau of Mines, how- ever, has no regulatory power over the use of the respirators that it approves. It acts as an impartial testing agency to insure the availability of suitable and safe respirators. At frequent intervals, the Bureau of Mines purchases approved respirators and replacement parts on the open market. These are examined for conformity to the approved status, and are checked to insure that the manufacturer's pro- duction facilities are maintaining a satisfactory quality control.

Oct 1, 1965

By Petr Sulovsky, Jaroslava Ledererova, Miroslav Svoboda, Michaela Suchardova

"The thinning resources of natural raw materials necessitate an increased degree of waste material recycling. The building industry offers a range of technologies enabling incorporation of industrial wastes into building materials for construction purposes in an economically acceptable way. Our research is focused on finding the appropriate technologies for specific groups of industrial waste materials (IWM). The studied IWM involve coal combustion residues (CCR), desulphurization products, sludges, metallurgical slags, and various other wastes. Many of them contain increased amounts of toxic elements that can under certain conditions get released. In order to prevent this, each specific IWM requires finding the technology that best ensures the binding of toxic elements in the building matter are fixed for the long term.Introduction The sustainable development of mankind is more than ever viewed as a matter of resources. Many aspects of the switch from a throw-away to a recycling society concern one of the largest consumers of natural resources and producer of greenhouse gases, the building industry. One of the biggest tasks lying before the researchers in the field of building materials is to find substitute or alternative raw materials that would save the thinning reserves of natural resources. The most promising and natural way is to replace the traditional raw materials with rejected and unwanted products of industrial processes, classified as wastes. These of course are not produced with the primary intention of achieving some desired properties. The usage of industrial wastes therefore involves finding the optimal way of usage their existing positive (from the point of view of utilizations) properties and minimizing the impact of their undesired properties, i.e. from the perspective of the considered application."

Jan 1, 2008

By Luciano B. Oliveira, Angela O. Costa, Sergio N. Monteiro, Luis Guilherme C. Marques

"Biofuels are gaining a relevant role in today’s world not only as a solution for the decreasing petroleum reserves but mainly as a positive contribution to the efforts in global warming mitigation. In Brazil, since 1975, the replacement of gasoline by ethanol started a so-called PROALCHOOOL program, which is now being complemented with the replacement of petroleum diesel by biodiesel. This biodiesel program was officially created in 2005 with mandatory goals, supported by legislation, of 2% addition in 2008 and 5% addition in 2013 into all commercialized regular diesel. In this work, a critical analysis of the Brazilian biodiesel program is presented. The technical aspects related to the different raw materials, including wastes, available for biodiesel conversion as well as the economical conditions associated with production costs and market logistic are discussed. The environmental benefits associated with the retention of greenhouse gases are also discussed.IntroductionToday the commonly accepted fact that the petroleum world reserves are probably passing through a maximum and start declining in terms of the total amount that can be extracted by existing technologies is motivating significant changes in our society. The continuous increase in the price of gasoline and other liquid fuels is an immediate worrisome and visible consequence. However, more than an economical problem, our civilization is already facing the effects of global warming, due to CO2 emission from burning fossil fuels, mainly from coal and petroleum. It is now realized that a large scale solution for these problems demands the prompt substitution of non-renewable fossil fuels by others that, in addition of being renewable, have a relatively lower contribution to the greenhouse gases."

Jan 1, 2008

By Elmer Palmer

As part of the Goldcorp Inc growth plan Minera Peñasquito SA de CV has developed its polymetallic deposit with a large ?state of the art? concentrator to process lead and zinc ores. The plant consists of two grinding lines including 38ft diameter SAG mills and 24ft diameter ball mills. During mid to late 2009 concentrator commissioning activities commenced. First concentrates were produced in October 2009 and now the plant is meeting its design basis of 65,000 mtpd per line. This paper describes the design and operational experience to date for its grinding circuit design, together with the recently commissioned HPGR crushing circuit.

Jan 1, 2012

By W. B. Greer, J. J. K. Daemen

Introduction The performance of seals in boreholes, shafts and tunnels is an important concern in mine safety, in the control of effluents from operating and abandoned mines and in the underground containment of hazardous wastes (Einarson and Abel, 1990; Mining Waste Study, 1988). Despite the clear need for effective seals, few documented test results are available concerning the performance of in situ seals. Some evidence indicates that horizontal or near-horizontal holes are especially difficult to seal properly (Kelsall et al., 1982). This research involved the installation, extensive hydraulic testing, removal and post-test examination of a 10-cm-long x 10-cm-diam cement grout seal in a near-horizontal borehole in limestone. The work was performed in an underground mine on Marble Peak in the Santa Catalina Mountains, AZ. A test hole was diamond cored in the recrystallized limestone of the Escabrosa formation. The hole is 33.24 m long, 10 cm in diam, and dips at 10.4°. The hole extends between two drifts and thus is accessible from both ends. Seal installation Surveys to assist in selecting the interval to seal consisted of core logging, video logging and constant-head injection tests using a straddle-packer unit. The location selected, 3 m from the lower end of the hole, had low hydraulic conductivity (3 x 10-10 to 3 x 10-9 cm/sec) and was free of significant fractures. The grout used, an expansive Class A cement, was provided by Dowell-Schlumberger, Tulsa, OK. A grout mass about 1.5 m in length was installed, with a dump bailer, above a temporary mechanical plug. Groundwater in the hole, if any, was minimal during placement. After 13 days of curing, the grout mass was partially drilled out from both ends, leaving a seal 10 cm long. Water distribution in rock mass The distribution of water and fluid pressure in the rock mass near the seal appears to be complex. The generally dry condition of the borehole and rock mass suggests that the rock mass near the seal was unsaturated prior to the injection tests of this research. The injection tests presumably created an expanding saturated zone around the seal. However, anomalously high fluid pressures, consistently recorded by one of two piezometers installed near the seal, suggest connection to a source of significant natural hydraulic head. Comparable head variations for closely spaced piezometers have been reported by others (Sowers, 1976). [ ] Seal testing The seal was tested for 3.5 years, using steady constant-head, tracer travel-time, dye-injection, head-buildup and transient constant-head tests. These tests are fully described in Greer and Daemen, 1991. In the head-buildup test, transient flow occurs through the seal (and rock mass) to a closed, water-filled interval of the borehole adjacent to the seal. The test consists of monitoring the rise in head in the closed interval until steady conditions are approached. The test may be analyzed in terms of a one dimensional analytical model to obtain the effective hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and specific storage (Sss) of the seal. Analysis in terms of an axisymmetric three-dimensional numerical model may yield properties of both the seal and rock mass.

Jan 1, 1993

By D. J. MacKinnon, J. M. Brannen

Smooth, compact, dendrite free 24-h zinc deposits have been electrowon from zinc chloride electrolyte using a diaphragm cell. The cell consisted of sealed anode compartments containing DSA anodes separated from an open cathode compartment by Dynel cloth membranes. Fresh electrolyte was fed to the cathode compartment where zinc deposition onto an aluminum cathode was aided by air sparging. The catholyte passed through the diaphragms into the anode compartments from which chlorine gas and spent anolyte were withdrawn. Standard electrolysis conditions were: 15 g/L Zn, 0.12 M HCI, I5 mg/L tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBACI) as the addition agent, 35°C, and 323 A/m2 (30 ASF) current density. The effect of variations in these conditions on the morpohology orientation, current efficiency, and energy requirement for 24-h zinc deposits was determined. The effect of total chloride ion concentration on the zinc deposit was studied by adding various amounts of NaCl to the electrolyte.

Jan 1, 1983

By Aldo Bellone, Francesca Rossano, Massimiliano Bringiotti

"In 2004 works started for the now completed seven-level automated car park accommodating 480 parking spaces inside the pre-existent “Morelli cave”, located in a strategic area in Naples. Since 470 BC Greeks initiated the growth of the fascinating world of the underground Naples, of which this cave belongs. It seems that once here the god Mithras was worshiped. It’s also became a quarry for tuff extraction and in 1600s it became an aqueduct serving the area. In 1853 the Bourbon Tunnel, a project commissioned by King Ferdinand II of Bourbon to allow easy escape from the Royal Palace in case of riots, was connected to this network of tunnels. The cavern became an air raid shelter during the Second World War, then a deposit of cars and motorcycles in the '50s and' 60s, a disposal area and it has been abandoned in the last 40 years before it’s new utilization. INTRODUCTION Over time, the overcrowding and congestion of major cities’ historic centres has led to seeking spaces underground that can accommodate activities and car parks, as in the case of the Morelli cavity, site of the future car park by that name. Before describing its characteristics, design solutions, and executive problems, it is necessary to introduce the site historically into the broader landscape of the cavities present below ground in the municipality of Naples. The province of Naples, which includes the area of the Municipality of Naples, has a large number of cavities. The existence of “Naples underground” is connected with the morphological and geological conformation of its territory, consisting of tuff stone which has entirely special features of lightness, brittleness, and stability. The first transformations in the territory’s morphology, taking place thanks to the Greeks starting from 470 BC, initiated the growth of the fascinating world of Naples underground. These transformations were dictated by water provision requirements, which led to the creation of underground cisterns to collect rainwater, and by the need to recover construction material to erect the buildings of Neapolis. In subsequent centuries, the city’s expansion led to the construction of a proper aqueduct, which allowed drinking water to be collected and distributed thanks to a series of cisterns linked to a dense network of tunnels. During Roman rule, the existing aqueduct was expanded and perfected, but with the rise of the Angevins in 1266, the city saw great urban expansion, which obviously corresponded with increased extraction of tuff from the subsoil to construct new buildings. This confirmed a particular feature of Naples: that of having been generated from its own innards, with buildings rising directly above the quarry that provided their building material."

Jan 1, 2016

By James R. Arnold, John G. Mansanti

BACKGROUND Gold Fields Mining Corporation started their Chimney Creek operation in late 1987. The dump leaching operations commenced in October and the mill startup took place during the last half of November. The milling process at Chimney Creek is almost a conventional CIP plant with the major exception being the installation of a second thickener as a washing stage prior to CIP12 ' A simplified flow sheet is shown in FIGURE 1. Most of the gold in the mill is liberated by grinding in cyanide. After grinding in a conventional SAGball sill circuit, the cyclone overflow reports to the thickeners. The thickener overflow from the first thickener is pumped through 5 stages of carbon columns for gold adsorption. Slurry from the thickener underflow is leached, washed, re-thickened and pumped to CIP. After approximately 6 hours of retention time in CIP, the slurry is pumped to tailings for final deposition. The carbon from CIP is transferred to the third stage of carbon adsorption and then advanced as normal through the columns and strip circuit. Loaded carbon is stripped at approximately 1500C (3000 F) and 55 kPa (80 psi). After 4-5 hours of stripping, the grade of four tons of carbon is reduced from 5,140-6,860 g/t (150¬200 oz/ton) to typically 17 g/t (0.5 oz/ton). Zinc precipitation is used to recover the gold from the pregnant solution. After a water wash, the stripped carbon is transferred to acid wash or to the kiln feed tank for reactivation. All strip lots are acid washed in 3.0% HC1 and all stripped carbon passes through the kiln for thermal reactivation. Then the carbon is quenched, sized and stored in tanks or bins for transferral to CIP or to the carbon columns. Loaded carbon from the dump leach circuit is treated in a circuit consisting of five carbon columns which are parallel to the mill circuit. No distinction is made between the mill or dump leach carbon once the gold has been stripped from them. CARBON FINES HANDLING Once the carbon has been transferred from the carbon columns, every effort is made to minimize carbon attrition and to recover the carbon fines that have been generated in the process. Wemco Hidrostall pumps are used for transferring all carbon in

Jan 1, 1990

By Victor Caso Moreira

Neste trabalho é estudado o efeito do ferro no tamanho de grão e nas propriedades mecânicas do latão UNS C26000, também comercialmente conhecido como latão 70/30. Foram avaliados dois teores residuais: 0,0069% e 0,0592%. As amostras foram inicialmente laminadas até a espessura de 2,30 mm, submetidas a tratamento térmico de recozimento objetivando tamanho de grão de 0,030 mm. Posteriormente as amostras foram laminadas para outras três espessuras e submetidas a um novo recozimento. As amostras recozidas passaram por análise de tamanho de grão e foram submetidas a ensaios de tração, sendo obtidos resultados de limite de resistência à tração. Os comportamentos apresentados pelos materiais foram distintos entre si, sendo que o material com maior teor de ferro apresentou aumento das propriedades mecânicas em função do aumento da redução de espessura e o material com menor teor ferro apresentou redução do limite de resistência à tração. Quanto ao tamanho de grão, o material com menor teor de ferro apresentou pequena variação de tamanho de grão após o recozimento, enquanto o material com maior teor de ferro apresentou redução do tamanho de grão em função do aumento da redução de espessura, demonstrando inibição do crescimento de grão e estrutura heterogênea.

Aug 17, 2017

By Rodrigo Sales

Os principais objetivos de um projeto de Integração e Otimização de Processos (PIO – Process Integration and Optimisation) é de auxiliar no desenvolvimento de uma estratégia integrada de desmonte e cominuição que minimize o custo total por tonelada processada nas etapas de lavra e cominuição das operações, minimize o consumo de energia e maximize a taxa de processamento, produção de metais e lucro da empresa. O projeto consiste na revisão de práticas operacionais, auditoria e amostragem, benchmarking, modelagem e simulações das operações de perfuração e desmonte e cominuição. Isto permite uma análise holística das operações para identificar oportunidades de melhorias e desenvolver estratégias integradas e otimizadas de operação da mina-à-planta. O projeto incluiu o sistema exclusivo da Metso, SmartTag™, para rastrear o minério dos furos de desmonte na mina até a planta concentradora com o objetivo de correlacionar os tipos de minério e de desmonte com os resultados de desempenho da planta. O sistema de modelamento geometalúrgico automatizado chamado GeoMetso™ utiliza a tecnologia de rastreamento de minério SmartTag™ para coletar continuamente dados de desempenho da planta e atualizar automaticamente os modelos preditivos e o modelo de blocos em tempo real. Este sistema é a base para a implementação, validação e melhoria contínua das estratégias integradas e otimizadas de operação, além de auxiliar na reconciliação da mina-à-planta e planejamento de lavra.

Aug 17, 2017

By Gary E. Sherman

To aid the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in their Resource Development Navigation Study of ten existing or proposed port sites in Alaska, the Bureau of Mines examined the potential for mineral development around three Alaska port sites: Iliamna Bay, Kotzebue, and Nome. The mineral deposits near Iliamna Bay include gold, copper, and iron. Development of minerals in this area will require the discovery of new deposits or the definition of additional are reserves at known deposits. The mineral deposits near Kotzebue are primarily gold, copper, coal, lead, and uranium. Based on the character of these deposits, it appears that development of a small-scale mine supplying coal for regional use is the most likely scenario in the near-term. The mineral deposits near Nome are primarily gold and copper. Development of small underground gold mines is possible, however it appears that expanded offshore gold dredging will have the greatest impact on the flow of freight and goods through the Nome port in the near term.

Jan 1, 2011