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By Ross R. Bhappu

A theoretical and experimental investigation into pyrometallurgical refining of chloride leach/electrowin copper is described. The two techniques investigated were (i) vaporization and (ii) gaseous halogenation. Experiments were carried out with a packed bed of electrowon copper crystals and a boat of melted copper crystals. Nitrogen gas and Freon 12/nitrogen mixtures were used as the carrier and reac.tive gases. Vaporization was found to be effective in removing Bi, Pb and S while halogenation was effective. in removing As, Bi, Pb, S and Sb. Silver resisted all attempts at removal. Iron was removed but less effectively than the other impurities.

Jan 1, 1985

By N. A. Barcza

DC plasma-arc technology using a hollow graphite electrode (cathode) has been successfully implemented in the primary metallurgical industry in South Africa up to the 30 MW scale. Mintek has applied its expertise base, established over the past fifteen years, to testing the treatment of metallurgical wastes such as carbon- and stainless-steel plant dusts, lead- and zinc-containing slags, and residues from the base-metal industry. Favourable results have been achieved, and disposable products were produced. The evaluation of numerous wastes indicates that recovery of zinc as metal gives the best economic return from these sources. Direct recovery via a splash condenser or electrolytic zinc extraction from fume are the two preferred alternatives under review. In both instances dehalogenation is an important issue, but can be achieved by suitable treatment processes. The Enviroplas technology provides a flexible, commercially viable approach to the treatment of a wide variety of wastes. Mintek, together with its associate Pyromet CC, are installing a plasma- arc pilot-plant facility with both an ISP lead-splash condenser of about 5 t/d condensed zinc capacity and a combustion chamber to burn zinc vapour to zinc oxide. This will demonstrate the suitability of the Enviroplas technology for treating specific metallurgical wastes, so that customized industrial plants can be engineered based on large-scale testwork.

Jan 1, 1994

By Masayoshi Matswnoto

The Kosaka Smelter and Refinery produces copper and lead, and has a history of more than 100 years as a metallurgical department of Dowa?s Kosaka Mine. The Smelter treats complex sulfide concentrates which are difficult to smelt. Valuable metals are recovered using various processes developed by Kosaka Smelter and Refinery. Effluent waters from the smelter contain large quantities of heavy metals. This paper describes how Kosaka Smelter and Refinery recovers valuable metals from various effluent waters and handles overall waste waters in order to meet strict environmental standards.

Jan 1, 1993

By Jacques Magnaudet, Julie Cranga, Didier Huin, Pascal Gardin

"With the aim of controlling steel grade in steelmaking reactors, IRSID and IMFT are developing a numerical description of the evolution of bubbles in the vicinity of a liquid steel/ slag interface. The objective is to identify the main parameters affecting the hydrodynamics of the various phases. The goals of the present paper are:• To describe the numerical technique developed to predict the multi phase flow including bubbles, liquid metal and slag layer.• To analyze the influence of the absolute pressure on the bursting of bubbles in a RH degasser. Validation is given by comparison with results available in the literature. The major point concerns the distinct behaviors observed whether the pressure is low or high.• To study the influence of the properties of the slag layer (thickness, viscosity and interfacial tension) on the entrainment of liquid metal in the wake of the bubble and on the nature of the projections from the bath surface.IntroductionMost of secondary steelmaking processes use gas stirring for homogenization, removal of nonmetallic inclusions or decarburization under reduced pressure. The bursting of gas bubbles at the metal or slag layer surface produces a beneficial ejection of metal droplets in the low pressure atmosphere, provided that there is no violent projection, which may have detrimental effects on the process.Our objective is to develop a numerical tool to study the phenomena occurring in the vicinity of the bath surface, in particular bubble bursting under reduced pressure and entrainment of metal in the slag layer. In this paper we report the first conclusions of our study. In the first section we describe the numerical model used to describe the three-phase flow and the expansion of the gas bubbles under the effect of the ferrostatic pressure. The second section is devoted to the study of pressure effects on bubble rise and bursting. The third section reports some computational results about the rise of a gas bubble through the interface between the two liquids."

Jan 1, 2001

By William Petruk

Many gold operations lose gold during processing because some ore characteristics which affect recoveries have not been determined, and consequently the plant could not be designed to account for them. The ore characteristics can be determined with mineralogical techniques by analyzing the plant feed, final tailings and mill products. The plant feed and/or final tailings are commonly analyzed first as a separate project. Mill products are analyzed only if the process employs a minerals separation circuit to produce a concentrate (e.g. secondary flotation circuit to concentrate gold-bearing arsenopyrite), and if assays and materials balances indicate a recovery problem in the minerals separation circuit. Many ores have been evaluated at CANMET on a confidential cost-recovery basis by custom-designing a work plan which was dependent upon the problem and on the characteristics of the ore. The reasons for gold losses have been identified in most cases, and suggestions for modifying flowsheets have been proposed. The methods used in performing the analyses are described in this paper, and non-confidential results from in-house projects are provided as examples of the benefits of such analyses. The analytical methodology involves a combination of the following procedures: -producing heavy mineral concentrates and identifying the gold minerals in the concentrates; -determining quantities of invisible gold in gold-bearing sulphides, sulpharsenides, etc. by SIMS; -determining quantities and liberation characteristics of all gold minerals and gold-bearing minerals in the sample; -finding and identifying gold minerals in silicates; -extensive grinding and cyanidation to determine the ultimate amount of cyanidable gold; -determining impact of clay minerals and graphite; -performing a mineral balance for the gold in each sample; -performing a materials balance to determine the distribution of the gold minerals, gold-bearing minerals, and other minerals throughout the flowsheet, and; -interpreting the results.

Jan 1, 1995

By A. D. Damodaran

Batch scale and continuous rotary kiln carbothermic metallisation of ilmenite followed by different down-stream treatments such as catalytic rusting, acidic chloride leaching, oxidation-leaching etc. has given rise to a high grade synthetic rutile (98% TiO2). Rotary reactor metallisation experiments had concurrently given important information with respect to mean residence time, dispersion number, hold-up and axial velocity profiles of the solids bed. A mathematical model based on law of additive reaction times has indicated that Boudouard reaction becomes faster than reduction reaction at higher conversions. A possible use of high grade synthetic rutile in paint industry and metallised ilmenite as welding electrode flux material are discussed.

Jan 1, 1992

By D. Lambert

Process modeling for large deformation metal forming processes has been developed into a very successful tool in commercial applications during the last two decades. DEFOR.MTM is a well-known metal forming process simulation program used by many industrial and research institutions. Recent developments include the ability to model multiple deforming body behavior during multi-pass pack rolling and microstructure prediction during multi-pass shape rolling. This paper summarizes how DEFOR.MTM can be applied to a number of rolling processes and briefly describes preliminary work carried out using the ALE technique. Keywords: Simulation, Rolling, Pack, Shape, Microstructure, FEM, ALE, Tantalum

Jan 1, 2003

By R. Angulo

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have recently emerged as materials with outstanding properties. This has promoted their consideration as reinforcements for other material systems, such as ceramics. However, one of the fundamental problems with producing CNT-reinforced ceramics is the effective dispersion of CNTs during processing. This has been successfully carried out recently using organic solvents. This paper is a preliminery investigation into the rheological behavior of aqueous CNT-alumina slips, with the objective of moving towards a more environmentally friendly aqueous tape casting process for the production of CNT-ceramic composites.

Jan 1, 2008

By Jinrong Zhang

Major components of soil were tested for their ability to attenuate cyanide. Feldspar, kaolinite, plagioclase and bauxite are found to degrade cyanide at an appreciable amount mainly through adsorption. A soil near a mining site in northern Nevada was studied in detail using a tall column. Many species of cyanide were anlyzed to determine the mechanisms of the reactions of cyanide with soil. Volatilization, adsorption, oxidation, precipitation and complexing were quantitatively identified, being 5 to 10, 11.7, 4.2, 7.3 and 4 per cent of the total cyanide added, respectively. It is found that the oxidation of cyanide to cyanate is due to the catalytic effect of nickel and copper leached from the soil. Precipitation of metal-cyanide complexes occurred at low pH values.

Jan 1, 1991

By Sylwia Zymankowska-Kumon, Rafal Danko, Mariusz Holtzer, Artur Bobrowski, Michal Kubecki

"Moulding sands with furan resin constitute constantly growing part in technologies of producing castings from iron alloys. Due to the presence of harmful substances in resins such as furfuryl alcohol, phenol and formaldehyde, using those mould sands may be hazardous to the natural environment and workers. The general assessment of harmfulness of sands used for molds and cores encompasses 2 basic points: emission of hazardous substances during processes of preparing sands, pouring mold with liquid metals (high temperatures), cooling and shaking-out; possibility of washing out hazardous substances from used sands to the environment, during storage or economic use outside foundries. We present the results of research on the assessment of harmfulness of mould sands with furan resin in the scope of the above points. The research was conducted according to the original method prepared by the authors, which has been used for years in cooperation with various foundries (Poland, abroad).IntroductionSands are used by the foundry industry to create metalcasting moulds, where the individual sand grains are typically bound using bentonite clay and carbonaceous additives or resins. During the casting process, the moulds can be exposed to temperatures as high as 1500°C depending upon the metal being poured. The molten metal causes thermal decomposition of carbonaceous additives or resins, which results in the formation of potentially hazardous organics that are emitted to the atmosphere and condense in the moulding sand [1]. The moulding sands are reclaimed within the foundry, but part of them are eventually discarded in landfills, because it is not longer suitable to make metalcasting molds [2, 3]."

Jan 1, 2013

By Thomas P. Battle

Ilmenite (iron titanate) is the source of over 90% of all the titanium produced in the world today. At some point during production of titanium dioxide or titanium metal the iron impurity must be removed. Too often it becomes a waste instead of a product. DuPont and MINPRO have developed a solid-state process which separates the iron and titanium components of ilmenite into different high-purity powders, which can be separated using conventional mineral processing techniques. The main reactor in this process is a unique high-temperature ball mill, where the iron segregates from the ilmenite lattice with the assistance of catalytic quantities of He\. The results of lab, pilot plant, theoretical, and scale-up studies are presented and discussed.

Jan 1, 1996

By Semih Perdahcioglu, Arthur E. Morris

"The curricula for the majority of Materials Science and Engineering programs is devoid of all but the most rudimentary coverage of the principles of material and energy balance calculations. As a result, graduated engineers that need to make such calculations are faced with three unpalatable options. First, attempt to learn the subject by attending workshops or short courses sponsored by corporations or industry groups. Second, outsource the needed work to a consulting engineering company. Third, purchase a software package that's capable of simulating a process. Each of these options require a considerable investment of employee time and effort. The first option might be the best if suitable computational software was readily available. We review the recent development of such software, which is entirely based in Excel. The software tools include a thermodynamic database, tools for multiple computations, and a flowsheet simulation program. These tools employ teaching by simulation.IntroductionPracticing engineers often come up with situations where they must learn a technical subject that they didn't cover in their college classes. One possibility is to obtain a couple of texts on the subject, and delve in. Or, they may sign up for an intensive short course where they can get personal instruction and guidance. But the first option requires a lot of study time, and the second option may not provide the specific instruction (or intensity of instruction) required to appropriately master the subject. Here we look at ways of using simulation techniques to learn the methodology for making material and energy balances on industrial processes.Industrial heating processes have undergone many changes over the past dozen years, as vendors have introduced new heating equipment designed to recover the greatest possible amount of heat from the fuel, and to meet stringent environmental challenges for emissions (especially NOx). Even though the recent unprecedented drop in price of natural gas may have altered the urgency for improving a plant's energy efficiency, the need is still there. Until recently, there was a dearth of readily-available software for process engineers to use for simulating a plant's flowsheet. The good news now is the existence of several Excel-based software tools that make the calculational process much easier. [ 1]. Plant engineers may also be interested in a DOEsponsored program[2] which allows plant-wide and ""what-if' analyses of the energy balance."

Jan 1, 2013

By L. Filip

The roast-leach-electrowinning (RLE) process for zinc was modified to treat two typical complex concentrates containing zinc, lead, copper, gold and silver. Laboratory testwork results indicated that the optimum roasting temperature ranged from 700 to 800°C, in order to produce acceptable residual sulfur levels. The calcined concentrate was subjected to a three-stage leach sequence. The resulting leach solution was purified by hematitic precipitation and directed to the recovery of copper and zinc by solvent extraction and electrolysis. Alkaline smelting and subsequent electrolytic purification recovered the lead and precious metals from the leach residue. A flowsheet was developed based on the laboratory testwork results, and demonstrated in a large-scale pilot plant. The recoveries produced during the pilot plant operation ranged from 90 to 92% for zinc and copper, 85% for lead and 90% for gold and silver, respectively.

Jan 1, 1999

By Donna L. Bodine

The ability of oxidized Upper Freeport bituminous coal to adsorb Cu2+, Cd2+ and Mn(VII) from very dilute aqueous solutions has been studied. Low-rank coal is known to adsorb heavy metal ions from dilute, aqueous solutions, probably by ion exchange and/or chelation by acidic functional groups on the coal surface. However, it would be advantageous to use higher rank coals for water treatment. Coal samples were oxidized thermally or by 30% H202 to increase the surface concentration of phenolic and carboxylic groups, then portions were shaken with Cu2+ and Cd2+ solutions. Acidic KMnO4 was also used to oxidize coal, with concurrent sorption of the resulting Mn(IV) and Mn(ll). The effect of oxidation treatment, metal ion concentration, and solution pH on metal uptake kinetics was investigated. Potential applications for treating effluents, especially those containing oxidizing ions, are discussed, along with possible flowsheet options.

Jan 1, 1995

By William Petruk

The concentrator of the Iron Ore Company of Canada consists of spiral circuits, a cone plant and a magnetics plant with regrind. The proportions of liberated and unliberated grains of iron oxides at each point throughout the concentrator were measured by image analysis, and recoveries were calculated for each particle type by the MATBAL materials balancing program. The results show that spirals and cones recover more than 92% of the liberated iron oxide grains in the size range of 848 to 150 um,, but the recovery drops off rapidly for finer grained particles. The tailings from the spirals and cones are reground and low intensity magnetic separators are used to recover liberated magnetite in the -37.5 um size range. The concentrator does not have a unit that efficiently recovers iron oxide grains in the size range of 150 to 37.5 um Consequently about 25% of the iron oxides in the ore are lost to tailings as liberated. grains in the size range of 150 to 37.5 um

Jan 1, 1989

By H. V. R. von Rhaden

Systematic quantitative X-ray diffraction analyses performed on diamond-drill cores originating from the Aandenk formation at the Loraine Gold Mine, located in the Welkom goldfield, Orange Free State, South Africa, have revealed the presence of a number of phyllosilicate mineral assemblages which have not hitherto been reported from this region. Rectorite, a regularly interstratified 1:1 mica-montmorillonite "swelling clay", is found to occur together with paragonite, muscovite, pyrophyllite, kaolinite, and chlorite in highly-altered friable rocks. The presence of rectorite in mill feeds may have potentially serious implications with respect to gold recovery. Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis for phyllosilicates can be used as an aid to correlation, and also to guide the widths of stopes in underground mining. Rectorite has a unique mode of origin, which is discussed.

Jan 1, 1991

By Li Qian

Mechanisms of bio-dephosphorization from iron ore was investigated in this Paper. The results show that there are two bio-dephosphorization ways from iron ore, the one is that Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans directly derive phosphorus from the ore, the other is phosphorus is able to be leached acid produced during metabolizing of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, and the latter is more important than the other. Adding suitable pyrite can enhance the bio- dephosphorization process through providing nourishment and producing acid directly due to S 3oxidized or indirectly due to Fe3 as oxidant. The potential varies in the range of 0.434~0.498V and pH is in the range of 2.5 ~ 1.25 during bio-leaching process. It can be founded that, according 2+to the E-pH graph of Fe-H2O system, Fe wouldn?t be oxidized under sterile system in this potential and pH ranges. It can be obviously concluded that the Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans are 2+able to reduce the potential for the oxidization of Fe and make the oxidization occur in the above pH and potential zone, so the bio-leaching process can proceed. the investigation of E-pH graph of P-H2O system show that H3PO4 can exist steadily.

Jan 1, 2009

By M. J. Adam

The U.S. Bureau of Mines is investigating the partitioning of selected complex minerals into simple phases using sulfidation reactions. Successful partitioning of complex mineralogy to simple phases may afford an opportunity to improve selective extraction of mineral constituents of economic value. The research has shown that complex minerals, such as chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and pentlandite [(Fe,Ni)9Se]' may be partitioned to the simpler phases covellite (CuS) plus pyrite (FeS2) and vaesite (NiS2) plus pyrite (FeS2), respectively. Demonstrations of these reactions were verified through long-react ion-time (24 h or more) experiments, but basic rate investigations and modeling were not included in the previous research. This report describes research aimed at determining the rate at which the complex mineral CuFeS2 converts to the simple sulfides CuS plus FeS2. Small samples of CuFeS2 were blended with elemental S prior to thermal treating under an He atmosphere for time periods up to 4 h. Products from each treatment period were characterized using metallography, chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results of the investigation revealed a rapid conversion of CuFeS2 to CuS plus FeS2 early in thermal treatment periods. As the reaction occurred, a CuS rimming of particles was observed which separated the reacting species (CuFeS2 and S) and caused a considerable decrease in transformation rate.

Jan 1, 1991

By S. Castro, P. Alfaro, C. Moctezuma

IMMSA operates a conventional roasting-leaching-purification-electrolysis plant for the production of zinc from concentrates in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The leaching circuit was designed to take into consideration a feed mixture to the roaster with a maximum iron content of 7%. Since the start-up of the plant in 1982, the zinc recovery increased to 94.5%. However, an increase in the iron content in 1997 caused an important decrease in the global zinc recovery. Two new steps were added to the leaching circuit and modifications were made to the other steps in order to increase zinc extraction. Two new automated press filters were installed to replace the original vacuum drum filters and to minimize soluble zinc losses. Additionally, the residue treatment steps in purification were modified and a calcium removal circuit is just starting operation. These actions, besides improving the operations, have as the main objective to increase the global zinc recovery to levels above 94.5%.

Jan 1, 2000

By Yotamu Stephen Rainford Hara

"The aim of our work is to investigate a low energy and clean route for the recovery of copper and cobalt from complex sulphide mineral concentrates. The mineral concentrates were roasted in air, in the presence of CaO (MS + CaO + 202 =MO+ CaS04) at temperatures below 973K. The roasted products containing CuO, CoO and Fe203 were carbothermically reduced at 1073K within an hour to preferentially reduce copper and cobalt. The kinetics of reactions were studied using the thermogravimetric technique and by characterisation ofreaction products using the XRDSEM-EDX techniques. The effects of MS:CaO ratio, roasting temperatures and physical nature of the mineral concentrates were analysed. The method for capturing S02 by forming CaS04 was analysed for reuse in the process. The energy balance for the above process is compared with that of conventional continuous smelting/converting process.1.0 IntroductionCopper sulphide mineral concentrates from Zambia contains substantial amouot of cobalt. The cobalt metal content in the concentrates ranges between 0.7 and 2 % weight, which corresponds to 3 and 9 % weight copper, based on the spot price of copper ($7 386/tone) and cobalt ($31 000/tone). Although the traditional approach using a combination of roasting-leaching-electrowining steps can be applied to recover copper and cobalt from sulphide mineral concentrates [1-4], there are two major draw backs of the traditional process: (i) the S02 emitted during roasting is too lean for economical conversion for sulphuric acid manufacture, which causes serious environmental pollution. (ii) silver and gold which are normally present in the sulphide concentrates are lost out [5] because they are not leachable by H2S04 or HCl which are the common leachants. The above two problems have been overcome by adopting flash smelting in which a rich S02 gas above 20% is produced [1, 5] and successfully converted into sulphuric acid. The precious metals tend to partition to blister copper and recovered during refming. However, nearly all cobalt is lost into the slag phase uoder oxidising condition which prevails during flash smelting. It is important to note that the cobalt content in the slag can be up to 2.6 % weight [6]. The recovery of cobalt from the slag is a process which requires huge amouot of energy since the slag is smelted above 1873K [6]. With a view of minimising the amouot of energy and S02 emission during metal recovery, our investigation involves roasting the sulphide concentrates in the presence of lime and reducing the roasted samples with carbon."

Jan 1, 2013