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For 11 years, under authorization of the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act of April 5, 1944 (30 U.S.C. 321-325), and amendments, the Bureau of Mines has carried on an extensive research and development program to establish methods for producing oil from coal and from oil shale. This act was passed by the 78th Congress primarily because of the stress of wartime demands for liquid fuels to supply our armed forces during World War II. The act was progressively extended by the 80th and 81st Congresses, as later peace-time demand for oil and oil products continued to increase.

Jan 1, 1956

By F. L. Wideman

This paper lists resources of sulfur in Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizons, an area comprising approximately 522,600 square miles, Sources of sulfur occuring within the region are sulfur are, pyrite and pyritic ores, and natural gases and petroleum. Data concerning these sources are presented on a statewide basis. Some of the known deposits of sulfur ore are surficial and of fumerole origin; other deposits have resulted from oxidation of pyrite or sulfide ores of copper, lead, and zinc. The deposits are small and the sulfur is distributed erratically in them. There is a small production from some of the deposits, and the material produced is used as soil conditioner.

Jan 1, 1957

By J. W. Thompson

The term "minerals" when employed in a conveyance in the State of West Virginia is understood to include every inorganic substance which can be extracted from the earth for profit, whether it be solid, as rock, fire clay, the various metals and coal, or liquid, such as salt, and other mineral waters and petroleum oil and gas. Horse Creek Land & Mining Co. v. Midkiff (West Virginia), 95 Southeastern 26, p. 27. TERM INCLUDES OIL AND OAS. The term "minerals" used to describe the interest in land granted or reserved bona fide includes petroleum oil and natural gas. Horse Creek Land & Mining Co. v. Midkiff (West Virginia), 95 Southeastern 26, p. 27. INJUNCTION TO PREVENT RElllOVAL. The removal of ore from the premises of another without his consent will be enjoined. Barnes v. Esch (Oregon), 169 Pacific, 512, p. 518. TITLE TO MEXICAN BULLION-JURISDICTION OF FEDERAL COURTS TO DETERMINE. Where bullion within the jurisdiction of the Mexican Government was seized, condemned, and sold for war supplies by the Constitutionalist forces in the revolution acting under authority from Gen. Carranza, claiming to be the provisional President of the Republic of Mexico, a United States district court of Texas, into which State the bullion has been imported from Mexico, has jurisdiction to try and adjudge as to the validity of the title acquired by and through the seizure, appropriation, and sale by the Carranza forces as against an American citizen claiming ownership of such bullion prior to its seizure.

Jan 1, 1919

This list is part of the long-range conservation program of the Bureau of Mines and is intended for use by those interested in the Bureau's publications dealing with oil shale and shale oil. The items included represent 51 years of research by Bureau of Mines employees on oil shale and shale oil and are available at any U.S. depository library. DISTRIBUTION U.S. Bureau of Mines report series contain both free and sales publications. An asterisk (*) designates publications for sale. Such publications can be obtained from Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402

Jan 1, 1969

By Charles L. Kimbell

Virtually every available measure of total world mineral industry activity demonstrated that 1982 was little, if any, better for the industry than 1981 had been. Levels of production, trade, and consumption for virtually every major commodity declined; unit prices for most commodities fell, particularly in terms of constant dollars, and as a result of cutbacks in output and lower prices, capital available for investment within the industry was reduced. These conditions, coupled with the existence of considerable idle capacity, tended to retard investment, although there was an upturn in U.S. oil industry investment overseas. Despite the overall depressed situation of the world's mineral industry, there were indications of possible improvements in market economy countries near yearend, as output of some materials increased marginally and as prices for some mineral commodities reversed their downward trends. The downturns in total world mineral industry activity were not universal from the viewpoint of individual countries. Indeed, output of a number of commodities increased in centrally planned economy countries, and these gains were insufficient to offset declines in market economy countries, thereby sharply altering the proportion of total world output accounted for by each of these two groups of countries. There was a similar shift in consumption on a percentage basis.

Jan 1, 1984

By Kenneth H. Johnston

This report describes an in situ combustion project and three waterflood projects in Allen, Anderson, and Wilson Counties, Kansas, that will be visited during the 1964 annual tour of the Kansas-Oklahoma Waterflood Association. Among the unique features of the projects are the movement of heavy crude oil through the reservoir and into the wellbore with energy furnished by burning a portion of the crude oil therein. Another feature is the simultaneous injection of C02 and water, through separate tubing into input wells during early development, to increase injectivity at moderate pressures, Discussion of individual projects includes information on their early history, source and treatment of injection fluids, oil production-decline curves, and the results of water injection on oil production.

Jan 1, 1964

By Eugene T. Sheridan

The process of converting coal into coke is known as carbonization. Essentially, carbonization is destructive distillation in which the volatile matter of coal is released when coal is he ted above its decomposition temperature and passes through a plastic stage before solidifying and forming coke. The mechanics of coke formation are complex, and the specific properties of certain coals that tallow them to "cake" or form coke are still unknown. Coke is a hard, cellular, carbonaceous mass, formed by heating coal in the absence of air. It is porous, irregular in size and shape, and is similar in appearance to wood charcoal. Coke, however, is denser, more porous, and more abrasive than charcoal.

Jan 1, 1965

By Eugene T. Sheridan

The process of converting coal into coke is known as carbonization. Essentially, carbonization is destructive distillation in which the volatile matter of coal is released when coal is heated above its decomposition temperature and passes through a plastic stage before solidifying and forming coke. The mechanics of coke formation are complex, and the specific properties of certain coals that allow them to "cake" or form coke are still unknown. Coke is a hard, cellular, carbonaceous mass, formed by heating coal in the absence of air. It is porous, irregular in size and shape, and is similar in appearance to wood charcoal. Coke, however, is denser, more porous, and more abrasive than charcoal.

Jan 1, 1965

By O. H. Metzger

This is the second of two papers dealing with the construction and use of aerial tramways in the metal-mining industry. The first paper3/described aerial tramways in a general way and discussed the engineering principles used in tramway design. The purpose of this paper is to give a more detailed description of equipment and material rind to discuss construction and operating costs. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The paper is based largely on data from actual operations. Metal-mine operators from many parts of the United States, Canada, Alaska, and Mexico contributed liberally.

Jan 1, 1940

By Richard L. Sanford

This report summarizes the results of the development of a Directory of Computer Programs Applicable to U.S. Mining Practices and Problems. The Directory includes a sampling of computer usage in operating and manufacturing companies, consulting firms, computer companies, research organizations, universities, and various U.S. government agencies. References to computer applications throughout the mining industry are presented as well as comments on the availability of programs to interested organizations or individuals.

Jan 1, 1977

By E. J. Murphy, John C. Holtz

"INTRODUCTION Toxic gases in the products from the detonation of explosives are one of the hazards in blasting underground. Investigations by the Bureau of Mines 4/5/ have shown that the oxygen balance of the explosive is an important factor in the control of toxic gases. This balance is considered in determining the composition of modern metal-mining explosives for blasting underground, and application of the concept has reduced the volume of toxic gases generated.The chemical nature of the material being blasted also influences the composition of the toxic gases produced. Under some conditions of blasting in massive pryrite, unsafe concentrations of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide have been found.Experiments with the O-J apparatus 8/ have shown that there is an increase in the volume of carbon monoxide in the gaseous products when permissible explosives are detonated in contact with coal dust. Thus, reactive materials of a reducing nature adjacent to explosives loaded in drill holes may decrease the effective oxygen balance of the explosive and cause the volume of toxic gases to increase.Several blasting accessories of reducing nature have been introduced recently for use in coal or metal mines or tunnels. In practice these are loaded adjacent to the explosive where conditions favor reaction with the products of detonation. The effects of this loading on the gaseous products obtained from the shot are indicated in this report. Broad consideration was not given the efficiency, usefulness, or over-all safety of these devices, but the practical significance of the hazard resulting from increased volume of carbon monoxide is discussed."

May 1, 1942

This field guide is designed for use in planning pollution control and reclamation activities on small sand and gravel operations. Its purpose is to assist operators in selecting environmentally desirable pollution control and reclamation procedures based upon their particular mining situation. The guide includes information on interpreting physical and cultural factors that must be considered in planning and implementing a mining and reclamation program, achieving environmental protection objectives, and improving community/industry cooperation. Included as appendices are a summary of state laws and a list of additional readings on the subject.

Jan 1, 1981

By T. F. Mitchell, B. K. Shibler, J. V. Batty, W. G. Sandell, G. M. Potter

"INTRODUCTION The Park City district, situated 30 miles east of Salt Lake City, Utah, in the Wasatch Mountains, Is a well-known producer of lead, zinc, and precious metals. Nearly continuous production has been maintained from the dis¬trict since its early discovery about 1870. For approximately 50 years, gravity milling methods were employed to beneficiate Park City ore, and during that time tailings from the mills were sluiced down Silver Creek and deposited on lands below the camp for 7 miles.Owing to the large tonnage of tailings deposited along Silver Creek, considerable work was done in the past in the attempt to develop a low-cost concentration method for re-treating this material, but no-method was found that was economically feasible. The Bureau of Mines was asked to conduct beneficiation tests on Park City tailings in November 1944, and metallurgical studies were initiated at that time. This report summarizes the results of laboratory ore-dressing studies made on samples from the Grasselli deposit."

Dec 1, 1947

By C. E. Julihn, Lowell B. Moon

"INTRODUCTION To increase the supply of ore needed to produce steel the Bureau of Mines has explored 187 mineral deposits containing chromium, iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, fluorspar, tungsten, vanadium, or coal during the fiscal years. 1940-44, the deposits thus explored were selected from several thousand that were first examined to appraise their possibilities. The objective of the exploration was to determine the tonnage and grade of ores upon which mining, operations might be based, and the metallurgical processing that was most suitable for their utilization.Most of these deposits were sub-marginal by pre-war standards; hence there had been no incentive for their exploration, yet many such deposits were known to exist that probably contained ore sufficient in grade and amount to be utilized as war reserves.Some of the Bureau's exploration projects have disclosed substantial or even very large amounts of ore, much of which is fairly high in grade. In a few of them bodies of high-grade ore have been found, though in others the tonnage has proved to be too small or too low-grade for utilization."

Mar 1, 1945

By Raja V. Ramani

The recognition that surface mining need not be viewed as a permanent dedication of the land but rather as a temporary non-renewable use in a series of land uses has caused greater emphasis on the re-use of surface-mined lands. In an effort to develop a procedure for evaluating postmining land use potentials, specific mines in various regions of the U.S. have been studied to determine the extent of current mined-land planning and to discover characteristics that are regional in nature. As part of this investigation, the Indian Head Mine, which is located in Mercer County, North Dakota, has been studied. The Indian Head Mine is presently operated by The North American Coal Corporation -Western Division and has been in operation since 1917 under various ownership. The status of current reclamation and postmining land use planning was reviewed. In addition, the relationship between mine planning and public planning in an area impacted by energy development was investigated. Finally, key factors affecting site potential realization for western surface mines have been identified.

Jan 1, 1983

By J. Cooperman

THE INVESTIGATION was carried out in three stages, depending on the objectives of the work and the kind of equipment used. The first stage involved testing of 11 representative Alabama coals, the source of which is given in table 1. The objective was to find whether these coals could be gasified raw by the Lurgi method, and the equipment used was a 4-inch batch generator (to be described later). This generator proved too small and difficult to control to provide adequate amounts of products under continuous operating conditions for testing. For the second stage, a 6-inch batch generator was used, which was provided with facilities for superheating the steam-oxygen mixture and for synthesizing additional methane from the residual carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the primary Lurgi gas. Selected Alabama coals, Pittsburgh-bed coal from West Virginia, "Disco," and anthracite were used. For the third stage of the work, a continuous generator of 1 square foot grate area, following closely the design of the industrial generators operated in Germany, was provided. This generator was designed by 0. Hubmann, engineer for the Lurgi company, and was expected to give results closely simulating industrial-scale apparatus. The purpose of this equipment was to test prepared materials shown to operate smoothly in the 6-inch generator under conditions approximating as nearly as possible those prevailing in industrial practice. Work of the first stage showed that Alabama coals could not be used in the Lurgi process without first destroying the coking power.

Jan 1, 1951

By Richard L. Sanford

This report summarizes the results of an update on a previous Bureau of Mines grant (G0264026), and includes 5 additional years of computer pro-gram development. The directory includes a sampling of computer usage in operating and manufacturing companies, consulting firms, computer companies, research organizations, universities, and various governmental agencies. References to computer applications throughout the industry are presented as well as comments on program availability. The work effort on the updated directory concentrated on programs that are available to the public and are well documented.

Jan 1, 1982

This report is in fulfillment of Contract H0230031 awarded to Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., on May 23, 1973. The scope of work to be performed under this contract was divided into four phases: Phase I - Design, Phase II - Construction, Phase III - Field Demonstration, and Phase IV - Analysis and Final Report. During Phase I, an agreement was finalized with the Rochester and Pittsburgh Coal Co. for conducting field tests of the proposed shearer spray systems on a longwall panel in the company's Jane Mine in Indiana County, Pa. A drum was then designed which could be used on the Eickhoff shearer, Model EW170-L, being used on this longwall and which would utilize the following spray systems: 1. One spray nozzle located in front of each cutter bit with the jet directed at the cutting surface. 2. One spray nozzle located in back of each cutter bit with the jet directed at the back of the bit. 3. Standard Eickhoff nozzles located in a header along the drum scrolls. 4. A fixed header mounted on the shearer directly behind the drum to simulate the spray system originally used on the Eickhoff shearer.

Jan 1, 1976

By Mary L. Pearson

Ibis report summarizes the results of the contract. Included are summaries of existing legislation pertaining to outcrop barriers and a state-of-the-art survey of outcrop barrier designs and related, mine closure techniques. Six sites were inspected in the field and are presented as case histories The data analysis presented includes a computer modeled seepage analysis, an overburden blew-out analysis, and a wedge stability analysis. The results tit these analyses are interpreted to form recommendations for coal outcrop barriers which will minimize seepage and the potential for failure. Supplementary support and reinforcement alternatives are also discussed.

Jan 1, 1981

By Arthur E. Wells

"The present and possible future commercial production of potash from various sources in the United Status is discussed below under the following heads:1. Potash from the saline lakes.(a) Nebraska lakes.(b) California lakes.(c) Other lakes.2. Potash as by-product from the cement kilns.3. Potash as by-product from the iron blast furnace.4. Potash from silicate rocks.(a) Feldspathic material.(b) Leucite rocks of Wyoming..(c) Sericite slates of Georgia.(d) Glauconite (greensand) of New Jersey.5. Potash from Alunite.6. Potash from organic sources other than kelp.7. Potash from kelp.In this discussion very little more than passing reference, if any, will be given to those projects which up to date have been developed only slightly, if at all, beyond the small scale laboratory stage, or for the development of which there appears to be very little financial and technical backing at the present time. Nether or not many of these proposed projects have merit can be determined only by an actual operating demonstration.Generally speaking, the potash industry of the United States has been hardly more than marking time since the armistice. This is, largely due to the fact that the consumers of potash have been expecting that heavy shipments of foreign potash to the United States would be resumed soon at somewhere near the pre-war prices, and they have not seen owing domestic potash at present prices for many months. The result has been that domestic producers have been unable to sell their product at even cost and many producers of potash have been obliged to close down. Thu Nebraska lake plants were closed down in February. The California saline plants were operating at below capacity, and the only large alunite plant is closed down. Even the cement plants have little or no inducements to recover the potash being lost in their waste gases and the production is very small at present.This condition will doubtless continue until a definite policy is decided upon as to the future importation of potash salts from Germany and. France. If unrestricted importation is allowed at prices even 50% greater than in 1913, only a very few, if any, of the domestic projects will be in position to compete with the foreign potash immediately, and the present industry will probably greatly decline with little or no prospect for a future resumption of the industry."

Aug 1, 1919