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By S. Safak

Europe retains a modest position in world mining activity in terms of scale of production and mineral reserves but maintains a non-negligible role in the world mining industry. The concept of sustainable development resting on three pillars of economics, environment and social development has become an increasingly important factor in the European mining sector and a major influence on the related policies of the European Commission. Members of European mining industry shall conduct their activities according to the principles which promote sustainable development. A successful minerals planning policy should create the legal administrative environment that is necessary to ensure the sustainable supply of minerals to society within the framework of sustainable development. Members of the European mining industry shall conduct their activities according to principles which promote sustainable development. The challenge for sustainability is to find a balance between securing minerals supply, protecting the environment and achieving social progress. The point of balance depends on the range of policies adopted by governments. In this paper the development of the sustainability of the mining sector in EU and the social component of sustainability in the mineral industry is discussed.

Jan 1, 2014

By Gauti Asbjörnsson

Material handling is an essential part of the aggregate and mining industries. Mixing and blending of granular material can affect the grading and particle size distribution of the material leaving the system. Segregation and variability can cause problems in the downstream process while insufficient capacity will disturb upstream processes. Process plants utilize surge bins for handling recycle streams of material and act as a buffer for the process. The flow through the surge bin is usually controlled by a simple PID controller or PID controller in combinations with a plant-wide controller. Even though the surge bins play an important role of smoothening out the plant and creating a steady operating condition they are seldom included in plant simulations. This can lead to a number of problems in the form of decreased plant capacity, plant lockdown, and even operation units malfunctioning. The main objective of this study is to investigate the dynamic behavior in surge bins and develop a model more suitable for representing this behavior, which can occur during operation, for dynamic simulations. The proposed model adopts vertical layers which allow for flows between segments depending on the level of neighboring segments. This enables both the representing of segregation within the system and gives an indication on the effects from different inlet- and outlet placements. The proposed model was developed in MATLAB/Simulink and validated against an actual bin with the total capacity of 660 m3 in platinum ore application. With the new bin model significantly higher fidelity and more accurate dynamic, simulation results were achieved. Keywords: dynamic simulation, modeling, segregation, material handling, MATLAB/Simulink

Sep 1, 2012

By Zehong Wang

Selecting sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) as grinding aid, the effect of grinding aid on the grinding efficiency of bauxite taken from Shanxi province was studied and its mechanisms were analyzed by measuring the variation of adsorption characteristic, pulp viscosity, surface electric potential of the bauxite and the surface appearance of particles. The results showed that, compared with no grinding aids added the content of -0.074mm in the ground product was increased by 5.45 percentage points under the optimal grinding conditions adding PAAS as grinding aid when the amount of PAAS was 0.7%wt of bauxite. Because the physical adsorption and chemical adsorption were occurred on the bauxite surface, which could reduce the pulp viscosity, change the surface electric potential of the bauxite, enhance the surface appearance of particles and lower the surface hardness of the bauxite, the grinding efficiency of bauxite was increased by PAAS. Keywords: bauxite, grinding aids, grinding efficiency, mechanism

Sep 1, 2012

By J. Y. P. Leite

In a small-scale mining in Brazil?s northeast, scheelite were exploited since 1940?s using a traditional gravity concentration flowchart (composed by jigs and shacking tables) that operates with low efficient for fine particles. Tailing of this plant was submitted to chemical, mineralogical and size characterization. Results pointed 50% smaller than 74µm with a grade of 0.11% WO3. The particle?s size is an important operational variable to heighten recuperation by shacking tables. Tests using Falcon SB40 centrifuge concentrators and shacking table were realized, optimizing their operational variables. Based on the tests results a new flowchart was proposed for concentrating and tailings recovery.

Sep 1, 2012

By Sharma K. K.

India is the third largest producer with accounting to fifth largest reserves base of coal in the world. Indian coal has high ash content (15-45%) and low calorific value. The basic processes being used in India at different places for coal washing adopts old techniques. Much of the valuable part is being lost during washing processes. With enhancement of the available techniques and use of new processes like flotation process indicates better recovery of carbon values during washing stage. The same will increase the reserve base, improve economy of operation and alleviate environment related problems. In the above backdrop this paper portrays the case study of an existing coal processing plant in India. The case study includes the modifications being incorporated in the existing process to enhance the product value. The existing practices and the future trend of process technology that could be adopted to meet the requirements in this country are also discussed. Keywords: washing, dense media cyclone, magnetite media, flotation

Sep 1, 2012

By H. D. Mendoza, M. J. C. Zerna

This study aims to determine the stability of Philippine nickel laterite ore by investigating the behavior of fine minerals of silica (dave=1.514 µm), hematite (dave= 0 1.351 µm), and nickel oxide (dave=1.426 µm) and their mixed-components in dilute aqueous suspension as a function of pH and electrolyte concentration. The zeta- potentials of the minerals are measured and stabilities of different component systems in aqueous suspension are determined. Hamaker constants of the minerals in aqueous medium are derived by getting their respective critical coagulation concentrations (c.c.c.) at stable pH conditions and at various concentrations of KNO3. The iso-electric points (i.e.p) for silica, hematite, and nickel oxide particles are at pH 2, pH 7.5, and pH 8.5, respectively. The stability behaviors of component systems are as follows: a) Silica dispersion is stable at pH range 3-11and unstable at pH 2; b) Hematite dispersion is stable at pH 2-5 and pH 8-11, and unstable near pH 7; c) Nickel oxide dispersion is stable at pH range 10-11 and unstable at pH 3-9; d) Hematite-silica dispersion is stable at pH range 6-11 and unstable at pH range 3-5; e) Hematite-nickel oxide dispersion is slightly stable at pH range 3-4 and unstable at pH range 5-11; f) Silica-nickel oxide dispersion is stable at pH range 10-11 and unstable at pH range 3-9; and, g) Hematite-silica-nickel oxide dispersion is stable at pH range 10-11 and unstable at pH range 3-9. The stability of nickel laterite ore is similar to that of the three-component system in an aqueous environment. The stability tests are analyzed using the classical DLVO theory. The stability conditions in an aqueous environment are essential in developing the appropriate process flow for the separation/ recovery of nickel laterite mineral components and also in the treatment of nickel laterite -laden wastewaters.

Jan 1, 2018

By V. K. Kuppusamy, M. Holuszko

"Lamps and lighting products are the most commonly used electrical products around the globe. With the improvement in lamp technologies, lighting products have grown complex and hence require an improved recycling process. The LED lamps consist of various valuable metals such as iron, copper, aluminum, chromium, silver, and gold, as well as non-metals such as glass, plastics, and fibers. In addition, there are also traces of hazardous substances such as lead, arsenic, and mercury. A major step in the recovery process is size reduction, and researchers have suggested that up to 40% of the total valuable material is lost during the shredding and grinding processes. SELFRAG is a high voltage selective fragmentation comminution technology that uses high voltage pulses in a water medium to efficiently separate the metals at a coarser size without generating many fine particles. It has been proposed that during the fragmentation process of electronic waste (e-waste), the metals can be separated without fine grinding. This research considers the applicability of high voltage pulse fragmentation for LED lamps. Eight different types of LED lamps were processed through the SELFRAG unit at varying pulses to study metal liberation. The product obtained was characterized for metal liberation, metal grades, and liberation analysis. The specific energy consumption for this size reduction process was also monitored. INTRODUCTION Lamps and bulbs are the most commonly used electrical products in homes, offices, industrial operations, and streets. According to Energy Star research (2006), an average US household has more than 40 sockets for light bulbs and consumes approximately 2100kWh every year for lighting. The development in lamp technology has pushed the boundary for newer products. The LED lamps have been taking over the market from the incandescent bulbs and compact fluorescent lamps (CFL). According to the US Department of Energy (2012) and myLEDlight.com (2007), LED lamps have several benefits over other lamps. LEDs produce light hemi-spherically, which increases their efficiency in directional light emission. It has higher breakage resistance from vibration or transportation. LED lamps use up to 90% less power than incandescent bulbs thus making them highly energy efficient; They have a longer lifespan, lasting 10 times longer than a CFL and 133 times longer than the traditional incandescent bulb. Because of all the benefits, Smallwood (2014) suggested that the market of LED lamps will grow to $12.2 billion by 2018."

Jan 1, 2018

By J. C. van Dyk

In a previous study by Van Dyk, et al., (2006) and Van Dyk et al. (2006), a FactSage model was developed to understand the chemistry and interpret mineral matter transformation during a fixed bed counter-current gasification process. It was concluded that the FactSage model developed, compared with HT-XRD experimental results and that the FactSage thermodynamic modeling sup-plies insight into specific mineral reactions and slag formation. The specific value for Sasol in using FactSage, in combination with HT-XRD is that it can be used to analyze equilibrium conditions for reactions occurring between inorganic and organic materials together, as well as to provide insight into mineral transformation and slag formation. The purpose of the present study was to improve the current FactSage modeling approach, by combining specific zones in the gasification process. This can improve and speed-up the interpretation of mineral matter transformations and flow properties of reacted mineral matter in coal and assist in identifying and quantifying slag formation in the gasifier operation at temperatures not reflected by normal AFT analyses. The updated and improved FactSage model compared favorably with the original model as well as with HT-XRD results and thus will be able to supply results in a faster and more convenient manner. In the new FactSage model, supported by HT-XRD experimental findings, it is indicated that feldspar formation (including anorthite) correlated with slag formation at temperatures around 1000°C and no slag formation in the base case coal was observed in the drying and devolitilization zone, as was to be expected. Feldspar is one is the mineral species which has the lowest AFT causing the most slag-liquid formation and forms probably as a product between the SiO2, Al2O3 and Ca-containing species. In the gasification zone it was clear that slag-liquid formed at a temperature of 1000°C, with a decrease in the feldspar content. Mullite formation was also observed in the base case sample in the temperature range 1000°C and 1100°C. The decrease in the amount of SiO2 at 1100°C is related to the formation of mullite, but also that the slag-liquid phase also contains an amount of SiO2 in the molten form.

Jan 1, 2014

By X. Y. Zeng

Most Chinese titanium bearing minerals are the composition of magnetite vanadium and ilmenite. All of such mineral processing plants use low intensity magnetic separators to recover magnetite and vanadium goes with magnetite. In the past years most of the plant tails containing about 10% TiO2 were abandoned. Now many of these plants use SLon magnetic separators to recover ilmenite in the roughing stage, which can throw away most of the gangs and slimes with very low cost. The new development of applications of SLon magnetic separators in Chinese ilmenite processing industry is introduced in the paper.

Jan 1, 2014

By O. A. Bascur

"In recent years, metal producing companies have increased their investment in automation and technological innovation, embracing new opportunities to enable transformational change. Internet of Things (IoT) is one of many transformational initiatives, which can fundamentally revolutionize how industrial complexes operate. Whatever the issue, the answer is in the abundant and growing quantity of real time data and events collected in the grinding and flotation circuits in a mineral processing plant. Based on earlier work, today a grade recovery model permits identifying the best operating conditions in real time. We will review the strategy for increasing the value of the abundance instrumentation in current plants. An optimal Gaudin size distribution model provides augmented information from traditional sensors to find the optimal grind cut to reduce metal losses in the flotation circuits. The large amount of sensors in a flotation circuits permits to estimate the recovery and to find the optimal froth depth and aeration using an air holdup flotation model. The paper will describe the strategy of classifying data for on line generation of insights to using operational intelligence tools. We will discuss the implementation Recovery/Grind strategy with industrial examples in non-ferrous mineral processing and iron beneficiation.INTRODUCTIONThe declining supplies of high grade ores and increasing consumption of mineral and metal products have demanded higher operational efficiencies with minimum capital investments. The objective of copper flotation objectives are based on maximizing the dollars return on the concentrate produced. The economic efficiency is maximized by manipulating the circuit along the grade/recovery curve relationship. To achieve such objective improved stabilization of the grinding and flotation circuits are required (Oosthuizen, Craig, and Jamsa-Jounela, 2017)."

Jan 1, 2018

By Ana C. C. Pacheco, Maurício L. Torem

"The aim of this work was the study of the effect of the type (Fe3+, Al3+ and Fe3+ and Al3+ mixture) and of the coprecipitant concentration on As5+ removal by ACF. Removal of As5+ using Sodium Dodecylsulfate (SDS) as a collector was studied by Adsorbing Colloid Flotation (ACF) at laboratory scale. The morphology of the precipitate retained in the foam was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM/EDS).By comparing the coprecipitant type and concentration studies it could be concluded that As5+ removal in the presence of Fe3+ (160 mg.L-1) alone, or a Fe3+ (80 mg.L-1) and Al3+ (40 mg.L-1) mixture, is equivalently effective (99,9%) and greater than in the presence of Al3+ (80 mg.L-1) alone (97,7%).Through SEM/EDS analyses, it was possible to observe that both morphology and composition of the precipitate produced in the solution and retained in the foam depend on the physico-chemical conditions of the system, that is, on the species present in the solution."

Jan 1, 2003

By U. S. Chattopadhyay

The estimated requirement of the nation by the year 2020 is approx. 80 Mt of steel and more than 0.2 million MW installed capacity of the electricity, thereby increasing the consumption of the coking and non-coking coal, which is expected to be in tune of about 75 Mt & 500 Mt respectively. One of the major deleterious factors in achieving the goal is the deteriorating quality of the feed coal used in both steel and power industries. Indian coking coals, in general, are typified by high ash, high inert (both organic and inorganic), low rank, low reactive macerals content, heterogeneous petrographic make-up, inferior coking properties and poor amenability to washing, thereby necessitating suitable washing measure. Coke-based steel industries in India require washed coking coal containing ash % varying between 17-19. The situation demands taking on immediate challenges to fill up the gap between the requirements and supply of coking coal. This paper reviews the R&D attempts in this laboratory and throws light on the key measures as long-term solution to the problem. Search for alternative source of coking coal, like LVC coal and their judicious preparation technology. The low volatile coking coal (LVCC) constitutes about 50% of the total coking coal reserves in India. These coals are characterized by high raw coal ash content (37 to 40%) and very difficult washability potential. If these coals are treated in the existing washeries, which are generally 2 or 3-product systems, the cost of clean coal is high as the byproduct sale value is low. It has been proposed to produce a new type of by product, which enjoys high demand and good coking properties.

Sep 1, 2012

By Rasool Hejazi

The feed to Chadurmalu iron ore concentrator plant is a mixture of magnetite and haematite iron ore with a Fe/FeO ratio of about 8. The feed to plant, after grinding via wet SAG mill, is pre-separated by wet low intensity magnetic separator. Magnetic product is conducted to magnetite processing circuit for producing magnetite concentrate, and nonmagnetic product is directed to haematite processing circuit. Due to surface oxidization of magnetite particles and a decrease in magnetic attraction properties, significant amount of these particles are misled to tailing which results in decreasing the efficiency of haematite processing circuit. This problem can be remedied by using magnetic drum separator with more magnetic intensity and/or gradient. In this paper, the replacement of LIMS separators with wet medium intensity magnetic separators with a field intensity of 3800 gauss on drum surface (MIMS) have been suggested and considered as the most suitable solution to prevent the loss of magnetite particles. The results of carried out investigations with replacement of drum separators in industrial scale, showed that utilizing MIMS in magnetite processing circuit resulted in increasing final concentrate weight recovery on average by 2.59%, without any adverse effect on the concentrate quality; decreasing the magnetite content in the feed to high gradient magnetic separator (HGMS) by about 3.5%; decreasing the feed to floatation part by about 7% and consequently decreasing consumption of chemical reagents; increasing Fe/FeO ratio of the feed to plant. Keywords: iron ore, medium intensity magnetic separator, haematite, Chadurmalu

Sep 1, 2012

By Chi Zhang, Junyi Wu

"With the increasing popularity of lithium cobalt oxide in lithium ion battery industry, which is driven by new energy vehicle and mobile device applications, the demand of cobalt is also growing rapidly in recent years. There is a significant trend of increasing investment on cobalt capacity in China, and the automation renovation is considered as an option of improving production efficiency. This study aimed at evaluating the practicability of stainless permanent cathode blank and automatic stripping process in cobalt electrowinning process. The purpose is to replace the old starter sheet process in cobalt electrowinning, which so far was used by most of cobalt refineries in China, but very labor intensive and exposed operators to serious aerosols that contained both cobalt and acid. In the old starter sheet process, the initial cobalt starter sheet is produced onto a plate made of titanium, while the titanium cathode blank and hanger bar fit the critical corrosive environment but is lack of mechanical strength for automatic production which has been mature in copper electrowinning process. To evaluate the proper materials instead of titanium, the coupon corrosion tests with different raw materials including 316L and other stainless steel grades were held for several months in production environment at a cobalt tank house in China. Following the comparison between titanium and other tested materials, a pilot production test in a cobalt tank house is also on-going.INTRODUCTION Cobalt has been known in early China and used in pottery glazes, and the ancient Greeks and Romans used its compounds to make colored glass since long time ago. The blue on the colored porcelain from the Tang Dynasty in China was also due to the presence of cobalt compounds. The word cobalt is known being derived from the German kobalt, from kobold meaning ""goblin"", because the cobalt-bearing blue ore, CoAsS, was called kobaltin in Europe in the Middle Ages, it may have been thought to be harmful to the health of the miners because of arsenic in the ores."

Jan 1, 2018

By V. K. Chandaliya

N-Methyl-2-pyrollidone (NMP) has already been proven a good solvent for extraction of coal. It is believed that organic components of coal are likely to be dissolved with the solvolytic power of NMP. During dissolution process, original coal also gets disintegrated and thus helps in further extraction. Coal extraction highly depends on temperature, coal to solvent ratio, N-Methyl-2-pyrollidone (NMP) to Ethylenediamine (EDA) ratio and the size of coal particles. The process has been established in the laboratory. There is no reference available beyond lab scale. In present study, we are running a bench scale plant with 40 kg/batch capacity. Design of experiment was done in such a way that the optimum zone of the process gets evaluated for clean coal having low ash with high yield. Bench scale plant trial was conducted based on optimum zone developed during design of experiments (DOE). From the DOE analysis it was observed that feed size and coal to solvent ratio are important parameters for this process. Total 27 experiments (four factors with 3 level of variation) were designed through Box-Behnken model. It was observed that -0.5 mm feed size of coal, 150 °C extraction temperature, 17:1 NMP to EDA ratio, 1:9 coal to solvent ratio was optimum conditions. The results obtained at optimum conditions are 50% clean coal yield with 5% ash.

Sep 1, 2012

By D. Govender

Theoretical flotation models suggest that there is a positive relationship between bubble-particle collision rates and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation. Fine particle flotation performance is generally enhanced by increased collision frequency and hence higher energy dissipation. Contrarily, increased turbulence in the rotor-stator region is related to higher detachment frequency of the coarser size range. Therefore, the optimal modes of recovery for the ?fine? and ?coarse? size classes are diametrically opposed. Industrial applications have previously confirmed that applying greater power to flotation slurries yields significant improvements in fine particle recovery. However, recovery of the coarser size class favors a different flotation environment. An improvement in the kinetics of the fine and coarse size classes, provided there is no adverse metallurgical influence on the intermediate size ranges, is obviously beneficial to the overall recovery response. Managing the local turbulent kinetic energy dissipation, and hence the power imparted to the slurry, offers the benefit of targeting the particle size ranges exhibiting slower kinetics. FLSmidth recently introduced the practical implementation of this concept. In principle, it decouples flotation regimes where fine and coarse particles exhibit preferential recovery. In the case of naturally aspirated machines (Wemco®), it is referred to as Hybrid Energy Flotation? and incorporates at least three phases: ? Standard flotation machines (standard energy input, rpm, rotor size/type) at the beginning of the row, where flotation is typically froth phase limited and operational, and set-up parameters have a limited influence on the recovery. ? Higher-powered flotation machines (high rpm, high power rotor size/type) at the end of the row to improve fine particle recovery. ? Lower-powered flotation machines (low rpm, low power rotor size/type) to enhance coarse particle recovery. In evaluating the effect of turbulent kinetic energy on flotation performance, the spatial distribution and its effect on size denominated recovery needs to be evaluated. The mean energy dissipation rate is a measure of the bulk energy input, but CFD-based models offer a more introspective view of flotation sub-processes. A CFD-based flotation model is used to highlight the effect of turbulent dissipation energy on attachment and detachment rates. Preferential collection zones for ?fine? and ?coarse? particles are predicted for both forced air and naturally aspirated machines. Keywords: CFD-based model, attachment, detachment, energy dissipation, hybrid energy flotation?, forced air, naturally aspirated

Sep 1, 2012

By T. C. Alex

Mechanical activation of gibbsite [?-Al(OH)3] is the theme of this paper. Industrially prepared gibbsite used in the study has a mono modal size distribution with a median size, d50=110 µm. Mechanical activation of this gibbsite has been carried out in a planetary mill at ambient conditions. Mechanical activated gibbsite samples are characterised in terms of particulate characteristics, structural characteristics and reactivity. As a result, of milling, mono modal size distribution of the unmilled gibbsite changes to a broad multimodal distribution. Size reduction has been sharp in the initial stages of milling; median size reduces to ~7 µm during 15 min of milling. Thereafter no decrease in median size is observed; rather it is found to increase gradually with further increase in milling time, indicating particle aggregation. Morphological studies of milled gibbsite have shown that the platelets forming the agglomerate are separated first; the separated platelets then undergo breakage. Aggregation of particles sets in the later stages of milling as a result of increased surface area and surface energy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies have clearly revealed the changes in gibbsite structure during milling. Analyses of XRD data show that the crystallite size of gibbsite decreases as the milling time progresses whereas its microstrain is found to increase. Accumulation of energy in the structure is the result in both cases. TEM micrographs with signs of defects leading to disordering of gibbsite structure complement the XRD results. Reactivity of milled gibbsite, decrease in its deydroxylation temperature and increase in alkali dissolution, is found to increase with mechanical activation. Increased reactivity of milled gibbsite is found to have a strong correlation with the BET specific surface area. Keywords: mechanical activation, gibbsite, alkali dissolution, thermal dehydroxylation, reactivity

Sep 1, 2012

Coal preparation plants usually operate with water in a closed circuit mode. In this practice, large quantities of water is continuously being recycled. To compensate the natural losses, only small quantity of fresh make up water is added into the circuit. As a result, a gradual build up of residual concentrations of flotation reagents (frothers, collectors, coagulates etc.) take place in the water and the concentration levels of the contaminants increase. Besides, the recycled water accumulates higher amounts of total dissolved components (1600 ppm) and hardness (740 ppm) than the fresh water. Nearly 80 ? 85% of the process water used in a coal preparation plant is utilized in treating the coal fines in flotation circuit. The presence of certain alkali earth metal ions (e.g., Ca++, Mg++) may adversely affect the flotation performance as they precipitate sparingly soluble hydroxyl complexes on the coal surface and change its surface charge. These studies showed that the use of recycled water in flotation has a significant effect on the selectivity and kinetics of the flotation process because, the dissolved compounds, both inorganic and organic, alter the chemistry radically. By treating the recycled water through a softening process, the concentrations of alkali earth metals and hardness were reduced significantly. The concentration of alkali earth metals and hardness were reduced to 10 ppm and 35 ppm respectively in the softened recycle water. From the selectivity studies, it has been observed that the flotation yield and recoveries increased by four to seven units by softening the recycled water. The kinetic studies indicated that the clean coal particles followed first-order kinetics. The kinetic parameters namely, flotation rate constant (k) and maximum recoveries (R8) of flotation, were found higher with softened recycle water than the recycled water. This reduces the residence time in the flotation cell and thereby, increases its productivity. Keywords: coal flotation, hardness of water, water chemistry, softening process, selectivity, kinetics, flotation rate constant and maximum recovery

Sep 1, 2012

By K. Saberyan

In this study, solvent extraction of zirconium by using triphenylphosphine oxide as extractant has been investigated. The results showed that extraction of zirconium by triphenylphosphine oxides in nitric acid and hydrochloric acid media were negligible. Extraction of zirconium in acetic acid media with concentration of 0.01~0.2 M has been studied and the results showed that the maximum percent of zirconium extraction was 40% in acid acetic with concentration of 0.01 M. By addition complexing agents such as potassium thiocyanate with the concentration of 0.01~0.2 M zirconium extraction increased up to 86% in 0.2 M potassium thiocyanate. By addition of sodium salicylate with concentration of 0.01 M and in pH=2.5, the maximum extraction of 96% was achieved. The striping of zirconium from organic phase can be carried out by 0.5 M solution of sulfuric acid.

Jan 1, 2014

By A. Shibayama

Soil contamination by organic compounds is one of the most concerned issues on polluted soil. It is well known that there are limited methods to remediate the contaminated soil on site. Especially, the in-situ method for contaminated soil is too difficult to de-contaminate the organic pollutant. In this study, the fundamental ability of soil remediation, which aimed to decrease oil concentration in, in-situ process, have been researched by using a high pressure gas generated from ?crush composition? on artificially oil contaminated soil. The n-hexadecane (n-C16H34) and other organic compounds were selected as soil oil contaminators, gravimetric analysis by soxhlet extraction and GC-MS were used as qualitative and quantitative analysing methods. For the experimental examination, the influences on the difference in the concentration of n-hexadecane (and other organics), the tamping amount, position and repetition of crush composition in soil, and scale (size) of experimental model were investigated. The n-hexadecane concentration reduced by the explosive effect of crush composition showed a reasonable decrease of about 30 wt%~60 wt% compared to the initial n-hexadecane. The removed amount of n-hexadecane and distance from explosion point of the crush composition was related in scale and model of contaminated soil.

Jan 1, 2014