Search Documents

By Zhen Lei

In Alberta, Canada, heavy industrial projects are constructed using a prefabrication approach: spools and pipes are produced in the factory, and are assembled into modules that are transported to the industrial plants for installation by mobile cranes. Planning the onsite mobile crane operations is critical to the project budget and schedule. However, due to the large magnitude of industrial projects, manual heavy lift planning is tedious, and the results are not particularly responsive to site changes. This paper introduces an integrated mobile crane management system developed by PCL Industrial Management Inc., in collaboration with the University of Alberta, which investigates crane location selection and path checking for field module assembly. The project information is stored in a database, and the proposed system retrieves data, performs the calculations, and records the results back to the database; the calculations involve automatically selecting locations for the mobile crane, considering the crane capacity, lifting range and utilization. Lift paths for modules are checked for feasibility based on selected locations, satisfying the site and crane configuration constraints, and crane walking paths are planned if needed. The designed system is tested in an industrial project to validate the effectiveness of the system.

Aug 1, 2013

By Rénard Chaigneau

Quality during induration Drying ??40% of energy ??Drying velocity = f(1/radius2) ??Size versus risk of condensation ??Flow is important (minimise fines)Oxidation ??IOC Fe2+ typically 0.04% ??Important to minimise Fe2+forLow Temperature Disintegration ??Tight size distribution is key13

May 1, 2011

By T. H. Etsell, P. Kerr

Over the past 50 years, there have been a number of geological, mineralogical and metallurgical studies carried out on the Clear Hills ironstone deposits in northern Alberta, Canada. Due to the low grade and complex mineralogy, previous metallurgical studies have achieved limited success. After rejecting some of the more ‘conventional’ techniques for iron ore beneficiation, the authors chose to investigate the grain enlargement/iron segregation process for the beneficiation of the Clear Hills ironstone. The segregation reactions for iron have not been explored in as much detail as they have for copper and nickel. Iron segregation roasting involves the addition of a carbonaceous reductant and a chloride transport agent to an iron oxide ore, and heating the mixture to an appropriate temperature. The benefit of this process is that it allows ores in which the value minerals are intimately associated with gangue minerals to be processed in circumstances where conventional iron ore processing techniques are not suitable or capable of upgrading the material. As iron is one of the few elements that can be transported through this process, a clean high purity metallic concentrate can be achieved.Through the use of crucible testing followed by Davis tube magnetic separation, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis, characterization of the reaction products has been made with an improved understanding of the reaction mechanism.

Jan 1, 2015

By Long Han, A. V. Kalinin, Xiujian Luo, Xiaobo Wang, Xiaoou Xia

"Inertia vibration crusher is a kind of vibration equipment which crushes ore by vibration. When the inertia vibration crusher works, ore between the two moving jaws is subjected to the high frequency contact force, which is produced by the two moving jaws with high frequency synchronous reciprocating motion. The synchronous motion of the two moving jaws depends on the self-synchronous feature of the inertia vibration crusher. To study the self-synchronous feature of the equipment, the dynamic model was established, in which relative parameters were taken into consideration. The kinematic coupling relations of the assemblies are discussed, and appropriate calculation method is chosen to solve the vibrating differential equation. Whether the two vibration exciter can realize synchronous operation depends on the ability of the vibration system's capture moment. Results show that though the two rotors’ motors and damping coefficients are different, and two jaws’ damping and stiffness coefficients are also different, as angular velocities of the two unbalanced rotors reach a certain value, the vibrating system can be stable. Their angular velocities tend to be equal, and the swings of the two moving jaws can be the same. The horizontal vibration and swing of the frame are large in a few seconds after starting the machine. When the system runs stably, the horizontal vibration and swing vanish, and the vertical vibration is stable. The study and its results can provide reference for the optimization design and parameter setting of inertia vibration crusher and related vibratory equipments.INTRODUCTIONMaterials can be easily broken by using the inertia force of the vibration exciter, which can effectively realize the selective crushing, reducing excessive combinations and the energy consumption, as introduced by Zhang in 2005. The initial micro crack between crystals in the material increases and new cracks can be manufactured because of the high frequency impact and the extrusion of the vibration crusher, so vibration crushing equipment can make it possible for any high strength brittle material to be broken theoretically. Inertia cone crusher and inertia vibration crusher have been successfully used in the treatment of metallurgical slag and construction waste, and it verifies the efficiency of vibration crushing."

Jan 1, 2016

By Ralph W. Edie

"IntroductionTHIS PAPER presents some analyses of diabases from a number of metallogenic provinces in Canada and the United States. It is intended as a contribution to the literature on the genesis of mineral deposits associated with diabase.As it has been in the past, opinion today on the origin of the cobaltnickel- native silver and associated pitchblende type of deposit is sharply divided. Some geologists hold that this type of deposit is in some way genetically related to intrusive diabase; others are of the opinion that the deposits are related to granite. The controversy, like others of a similar nature, probably will not be settled satisfactorily for many years to come, •but in the meantime it is recognized that, with respect to most deposits of the type referred to, altogether too few facts are known for accurate conclusions on genesis to be drawn. To contribute in a small way to factual data on this whole .problem, the writer analyzed diabase from several districts in Canada in which deposits of the aforementioned type occur. For comparative purposes, the copper, cobalt, and nickel content of diabase from Cornwall, Pennsylvania, and of norite from the Sudbury basin of Ontario, was also determined.Insofar as is known, none of the analytical work undertaken had been previously carried out."

Jan 1, 1953

By S. Pauly, U. Kühn, J. Eckert, I. Kaban, G. Wiehl, F. Silze

In the present work, the effect of Ga on the wetting behavior of the Cu-rich braze filler CuGa10 (wt.%) on the steel 304L was investigated. For this, the macroscopic and microscopic effects governing the wetting of pure Ga, pure Cu and CuGa10 alloy (wt.%) on the austenitic steel were analyzed and compared. Contact angle and surface tension measurements were carried out by means of the sessile drop technique and, in addition, the phase formation at the interface was determined. Pure liquid Ga spreads on 304L, which supposedly is related to the formation of intermetallic Fe-Ga phases growing into the liquid Ga. Depending on the annealing time, FeGa3 and Fe14.5Ga12 were identified. In contrast, CuGa10 as well as pure Cu show secondary wetting on the steel surface. Especially, liquid Cu prefers to spread laterally and vertically along the grain boundaries of the steel substrate. In spite of rather similar mechanisms, CuGa10 wets 304L steel at lower rate than pure Cu above the liquidus temperature.

Jan 1, 2014

By D. A. Bordin, C. J. Newman, R. J. St. Eloi

"The requirements for a metallurgical acid plant treating smelter gases are both unique and demanding in terms of sulphur dioxide treatment and emission control. Since start up in 1981, the copper smelter at the Kidd Creek Division of Falconbridge Limited has undergone several major expansions. The expansion and modification of the acid plant has been an integral part of this process. Both production demands and government regulations dictate that this metallurgical acid plant be unique in terms of operating flexibility. The variable capacity to treat a wide range of sulphur dioxide concentrations, and the operating flexibility to control emissions are the topics of this paper.INTRODUCTIONThe Kidd Creek Division of Falconbridge Limitied is a base metal mining and metallurgical complex located in Timmins, Ontario. The discovery of the original copper-zinc-silver orebody was announced in April, 1964. Mining operations began in 1966 with a 9000 tonne per day concentrator coming on stream in November of that year. In April 1972, a 108 000 tonne per year zinc plant was commissioned. Over the years the facilities have been expanded, such that the concentrator now has the capacity to process 13 000 tonnes of ore per day . To expand zinc production, the world's second installation of the Cominco/Sherritt pressure leaching facility was completed in 1983 to bring total zinc production capacity to 125 000 tonnes per year. In 1973, serious planning for a smelter operation began. In early 1975, after studying both continuous smelting and flash smelting processes, a decision was made to proceed with the technology offered by Mitsubishi Metal Corporation of Japan. The Mitsubishi Continuous Smelting Process was to be used for the smelter and the Onahama No.3 tankhouse technology for the copper refinery.The smelter, which uses the Mitsubishi Continuous Smelting Process for the continuous production of blister copper from concentrate, went on line in June 1981. It has been expanded from its original capacity of 60 000 tonnes to 100 000 tonnes per year of copper.From the very early design stages for the metallurgical complex, the company had adopted a policy of constructing and operating modern plants which would meet existing and anticipated environmental standards. With this in mind, the decision was made to utilize the proven technology of fixing sulphur dioxide emissions, in the form of sulphuric acid. A 636 tonne per day single absorption contact acid plant was built to serve the zinc plant in 1972. In 1981, an 883 tonne per day double absorption contact plant was built to serve the needs of the copper smelter. The copper smelter acid plant has since been expanded to a design capacity of 1692 tonnes per day and it is the main focus of this paper."

Jan 1, 1989

This paper examines the latest advances in mine hoist motor and drives systems. The technology employed for large hoists has migrated from the traditional DC technology to AC motors with cyclo convertor drives, and more recently, advances in pulse width modulation (PWM) drives have resulted in these being applied to large hoist drives. When combined with PWM drive technology, the induction motor presents the ideal solution for hoist applications This paper examines the factors in choosing a suitable PWM drive and motor for a hoist installation. Factors under consideration include: ? hoist duty cycle, ? drive rating restrictions, ? choice of power semiconductor device,, ? low speed operation, ? maintenance ? reliability The cage induction motor and synchronous motor are compared and it is shown that the induction motor is the motor of choice for large hoists.

May 1, 2010

By Brian W. Mackenkzie, Jozef Lajzerowicz

This paper is intended to familiarize planners in the noncommunist world with the district planning approach used in eastern Europe for mining development. It deals generally with the basic nature of the district planning problem, the planning process for mining development and the state organization for the planning of mining districts. A number of applications of district planning techniques to both established and new eastern European mining districts are described.

Jan 1, 1971

By Andrukaitis. E.

The increasing use of electronic equipment by the Canadian Forces has increased the importance of electric power. A power source that is packed with energy and yet light, small and durable is the common request of military users. However, this needs to be achieved while also addressing the requirements of safety, reliability and low temperature performance. The potential use of fuel cells in a military environment has become a possibility in several areas in the 21st century. Some examples of power source requirements and the materials related R&D required to give better, higher energy power systems in the future will be discussed.

Jan 1, 2005

By A. H. Lang

Introduction Tin continues to be as much a strategic metal as it was during the war. This situation is due to the fact that the tin mines in the major producing areas of Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies have not yet reached their pre-war production. Moreover, the world requirements for tin in certain fields, particularly in the food pack industries, are steadily increasing. At present, tin is still under International allocation by the Combined Tin Committee, of which Canada is a member nation. This Committee reviews periodically the availability of refined tin for export from the producing countries and makes allocations of tin to ensure equitable distribution to the consumer countries. In 1947, availability permitted an allocation of only 70 per cent of stated requirements. From 1935 to 1938 the price of tin in New York averaged 49 cents a pound and during the war the price in Canada was controlled under a subsidy programme at levels from 60 to 70 cents per pound. Just recently, this price has been raised to 96 cents. The value of the Canadian production amounts to about half a million dollars annually and the whole of this is obtained as a by-product of the lead-zinc-silver ores of the Sullivan mine in British Columbia. In 1947 Canada's imports of tin were 3,961 long tons valued at over $6,000,000. In addition, tin plate to a value of $8,000,000 was imported from the United States; the tin content of this is estimated to be from 650 to 700 long tons. An increase in domestic production would, therefore, be of great national importance, and the present high price may make the search for and development of tin deposits more attractive than it has been in the past. Although no one can foretell what future prices will be, there is reason to believe that, unless there is a drastic downward revision of production costs, the price will be maintained at present levels for some years. A number of tin occurrences are known in Canada, but none of these have been developed for their tin content alone.

Jan 1, 1948

By Dale Scott

"The Aggregate Resources Inventory Program was initiated 10 produce reports which assess the aggregate resources of municipalities designated under the Pits and Quarries Control ACI, 1971.Each report consists of three copies accompanied by a text. The text describes the local mineral aggregate resources, extractive activity and characteristics of the ""Selected Deposits"". The first map shows the known sand and gravel resources and their quality. The second map indicates selected sand and gravel resources of primary, secondary and tertiary significance. The third map indicates both bedrock resources and bedrock areas suitable f or extraction. These maps and the text are prepared in a formal suited for use by planning personnel.Recently, the Aggregate Resources Inventory Program has undergone evolutionary changes. New sources of data are being utilized in the inventory reports; in particular, detailed field assessment by inspecting, sampling, drilling and backhoe pitting. Liaison and joint assessment with district and regional Mineral Resources staff of the Ministry of Natural Resources, and personnel of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, are key components of the Program.Twenty-two reports were available to the public as of December 1980, with a further thirty-six awaiting publication. Our present production rate is 3.5 reports per month. The reports appear to be well accepted by the municipalities and have proven effective in conserving prime aggregate resource areas.IntroductionThe urbanization of Southern Ontario has resulted in a major increase in the production of industrial minerals, such as sand, gravel, clay, shale, gypsum and stone, for use as cru shed aggregate, building stone, lime and cement.Although mineral aggregate deposits are plentiful in Southern Ontario, they are fixed-location, non-renewable resources. The potential for extractive development is usually greatest in urban fringe areas where land-use competition is extreme. Comprehensive planning and resource management strategies are required to make the best use of available resources, especially in those areas experiencing rapid development. Such strategies must be based on a sound knowledge of the total mineral aggregate resource base at both local and regional levels."

Jan 1, 1982

By Dale Scott

"The Aggregate Resources Inventory Program was initiated 10 produce reports which assess the aggregate resources of municipalities designated under the Pits and Quarries Control ACI, 1971.Each report consists of three copies accompanied by a text. The text describes the local mineral aggregate resources, extractive activity and characteristics of the ""Selected Deposits"". The first map shows the known sand and gravel resources and their quality. The second map indicates selected sand and gravel resources of primary, secondary and tertiary significance. The third map indicates both bedrock resources and bedrock areas suitable f or extraction. These maps and the text are prepared in a formal suited for use by planning personnel.Recently, the Aggregate Resources Inventory Program has undergone evolutionary changes. New sources of data are being utilized in the inventory reports; in particular, detailed field assessment by inspecting, sampling, drilling and backhoe pitting. Liaison and joint assessment with district and regional Mineral Resources staff of the Ministry of Natural Resources, and personnel of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, are key components of the Program.Twenty-two reports were available to the public as of December 1980, with a further thirty-six awaiting publication. Our present production rate is 3.5 reports per month. The reports appear to be well accepted by the municipalities and have proven effective in conserving prime aggregate resource areas.IntroductionThe urbanization of Southern Ontario has resulted in a major increase in the production of industrial minerals, such as sand, gravel, clay, shale, gypsum and stone, for use as cru shed aggregate, building stone, lime and cement.Although mineral aggregate deposits are plentiful in Southern Ontario, they are fixed-location, non-renewable resources. The potential for extractive development is usually greatest in urban fringe areas where land-use competition is extreme. Comprehensive planning and resource management strategies are required to make the best use of available resources, especially in those areas experiencing rapid development. Such strategies must be based on a sound knowledge of the total mineral aggregate resource base at both local and regional levels."

Jan 1, 1982

By M. S. Badollet, N. W. Edgerton

"A study of the physical properties of long grades of asbestos fibers imported into the United States during the past eight years has disclosed information that will contribute materially to effective selection and use of fibers for electrical products. The study embraced fiber lengths, volume resistivity under three different conditions, total iron by chemical analysis, magnetic rating, conductivity of an aqueous ex-tract and its sodium chloride equivalent.The fibers examined included chrysotiles from Rhodesia, British Columbia, and Barberton area; marlime from Bechuanaland and Province of Quebec; amosite and crocidolites from Africa and Australia; and anthophyllites from Mozambique and from Georgia in the United States. Volume resistivity values provide a relative basis for estimating the electrical performance of end products; magnetic rating -an estimate of the quantity of iron compounds present in excess of those in the asbestos structure; conductivity of an aqueous extract; and an estimate of the ionizable impurities in fibers.Tests of these factors yield in-formation, not heretofore generally known, which may serve as a guide in the evaluation of asbestos fibers for electrical products."

Jan 1, 1960

By F. Grant

"General *The mining experiences of the coal mining industry in Western Canada have been extremely varied, with the mining companies having to adjust their operations or fail due to the harsh economy of the country in the first part of the century. The bituminous or mountain mines had the railways as main consumers with, at times, optimism that potential steel producers would require metallurgical coal. The prairie and foothills mines mainly provided household fuels, with the fine coal sold to local thermal power plants at discounted prices. In practically all cases fuel competition was very keen, and the less successful mines ceased operations in short-time spans. Knowledge of the parameters that governed the success or failures of the past coal operations should be of value to the present and future mining companies. The initial coal mines were small and were started to supply local demand. These mines had little in the way of capital machinery, engineering, or transportation equipment; therefore the mining methods and mine plans were very simple. The first industrial-sized mines imported most of their management and mining methods from other mining areas, mainly Great Britain. It took time to change the bias of management and mining methods to the requirements of strata characteristics, with rapid closure to those mines that were slow to adapt working methods. The main markets for coal were for household fuel, thermal power plants and railways, with very few other industrial markets developed. The economy of the period was harsh and cyclic and the coal mines were affected more than most industries by these boom and bust periods. It led to the survival of the fittest or the most efficient. Due to the economy, mechanization was introduced to the mines very slowly, with the inability to sell coal fines at a profit being another reason for the delay. Manual labour with hand tools was the main means of production. The work was heavy and arduous, and the pay was based on contract coal tonnage; therefore both men and management paid close attention to details so that nonessential work could be eliminated. Mine openings were dimensioned so that coal could be loaded easily by hand and support requirements were kept to the minimum. Transporting and handling the timber supports required heavy labour; thus the most efficient dimensions were chosen to suit the strata. On the other hand, during the main production seasons the mines tried to make the strata stress work for them so that the pressure was kept on the coal face to keep the coal loose while the strata, a short distance back, was induced to cave to minimize the abutment stresses. This caused mining to be an art, using skills developed by experience with the strata. This led to the development of efficient mine layouts with the openings dimensioned to the strength of the strata and the type of support available. The lack of capital and mechanization, and the manual labour, induced the mines to correlate their service and haulage systems with their mining methods. This caused many innovations that proved very practical."

Jan 1, 1985

By Olli Haavisto, Lauri Koresaar, Navid Khajehzadeh

In recent times sustainable minerals processing is an important topic in research. Sustainable mining is linked with efficient use of energy and human resource in all process stages including beneficiation of the ore. Controlling and optimizing the recovery while preserving the grade of the concentrate is extremely important in flotation plants. This development requires new technological solutions and has given rise to the multitude of application areas for lasers. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) are currently two of the predominant non-contact and direct analysing methods in industry. LIBS and XRF measurement techniques both have high capabilities for measuring elements. LIBS has a very simple and easy-to-implement spectroscopic setup, wider range of elements can be detected with online LIBS and measuring light elements is simpler by LIBS compared with XRF. It is of great interest to extract mineralogical information from the elemental results with no modification on the measurement setup. In order to achieve this, more advanced interpretation of the elemental peaks of LIBS spectra is required. Therefore, the major focus of this research is about measuring mineral concentrations from the elemental lines of LIBS spectra using advanced statistical methods. This accomplishment provides knowledge about mineral concentrations from the real-time assay data of the slurry LIBS analyzer. Consequently, this paper first discusses an analytical method called partial least squares regression leading to rapid mineral identification from the elemental contents of the LIBS technique. Then the technique is employed to analyze the mineral contents quantitatively through the information acquired from an on-stream LIBS slurry analyser. This can lead to many benefits such as rapid control of concentrate quality, enhanced recovery, saving time, energy and manpower.

Jan 1, 2016

By Fred G. Hewett

The Cassiar orebody is located in a sill-like serpentinite body intrusive into the Devonian-Mississippian sedimentary rocks of northern British Columbia. Subsequent intrusion of the Cassiar batholith formed the McDame synclinorium and produced chrysotile asbestos. Present information indicates an orebody of approximately 16,277,000 tons amenable to open-pit mining, but continued diamond drilling will be needed to accurately define total tonnage and grade. A program has been developed at the mine to provide the required information on a daily basis, and work is continuing on more effective dollar-value prediction methods.

Jan 1, 1978

By J. W. Sanger

The establishment of a central steam-heating system in Winnipeg and its inauguration in October, 1924, has attracted a considerable amount of attention. Not only does it excite the curiosity of the engineer, but it has stirred financial and civic bodies throughout Canada to such a degree that there is now a much keener general interest in this particular type of public utility than has been shown heretofore. This does not mean that we may expect a mushroom growth of central-heating systems in all our larger Canadian cities in the near future, but it does mean that the pioneer work which Winnipeg is now doing will undoubtedly be used to guide others in their judgment as to the feasibility of similar projects elsewhere. The success of the municipal hydro-electric system in Winnipeg, and the low rates for electricity resulting therefrom, was without a doubt the most important factor influencing the citizens of Winnipeg to venture into this new field. The events which led up to the central steam-heating proposal in Winnipeg are interesting.

Jan 1, 1926

By J. J. Jonas, G. R. Stewart, A. M. Elwazri

Two important parameters for dynamic recrystallization can be derived from the changes in the strain hardening rate: the critical strain for initiation of dynamic recrystallization and the point of maximum softening. In this work, these values are determined from the flow stress-strain data obtained in continuous compression testing in the range 900-1100°C. The resulting strains are used to calculate a kinetic model of dynamic recrystallization for two materials: 304 austenitic stainless steel and a hypereutectoid plain carbon steel. The mechanical parameters used to define the proposed model are confirmed with quantitative metallographic analysis of the recrystallized microstructure.

Jan 1, 2004

By Maurice A. Roche

Introduction Most of the Flin Flon ore-body, like many others in northern Canada, was covered by water. The original discovery was made where the ore-body outcropped on a strip of land jutting out into Flin Flon lake. The outcrop could be traced for a distance of 600 feet across the strip of land, but disappeared under the lake on both sides of the peninsula. Following the discovery or location of the property, in 1915, and subsequent to its examination by the H.P. Whitney interests in 1925, an extensive diamond-drilling programme was completed, which proved the existence of an ore-body at least 2,600 feet long and 900 feet deep. In plan, the central part of the ore-body at surface attains an overall width of about 450 feet; including waste horses, and gradually becoming narrower to the south. To the north, it stretches out as a much narrower tongue. The main body is a solid sulphide ore containing gold, silver, copper, and zinc. Adjacent to, and on the footwall side of, the solid sulphide ore-body, there are considerable widths of talcy disseminated copper ore, particularly in the upper 300 feet of the deposit, where the maximum widths occur. The ore-body occurs in a greenstone area, the rock being quite hard on the hanging-wall side, with the footwall schisted, talcy, and much softer. The greater part of the ore-body was overlain by 12 to 15 feet of water and from 15 to 90 feet of mud and clay, this material requiring eventual removal, regardless of the system of mining adopted. The total of mud and clay overburden was estimated at 1,000,000 tons. After considerable study, it was decided to mine the upper 300 feet of the ore-body by open-pit methods; the balance of the ore to be recovered by underground mining . The present paper gives an account of the methods adopted in both operations, and of the problems encountered.

Jan 1, 1935