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By E. Onal, C. Craddock, A. Chapman, M. R. Endsley

ABSTRACT Mining equipment operators must interpret and respond to complex information delivered by technology-centric rather than user-centric systems. The ability to achieve high situation awareness (SA) in the face of this data overload is a key challenge to effective decision-making and information exploitation. Incidents attributed to human error that compromise safety and result in loss of revenue, or even life, are often the result of system designs that overload human cognitive capabilities. This paper defines SA as it relates to the operation of mining equipment and describes the design and preliminary evaluation of a new electric shovel operator user interfa

Jan 1, 2013

By E. Haccuria

Due to the growing share of electrical cars, the use of lithium ion batteries significantly increased. Recycling of these batteries is essential to safely dispose hazardous materials as well as to recover valuables (Cu, Ni, Co, etc.). In order to optimise the recycling process, accurate information is required on the slag phase equilibria for battery smelting. The slag is a multi-component system containing alumina from the battery cases, silica and lime from fluxes, and manganese and lithium from the electrode materials. The present study accurately determined the phase equilibria in the "MnO"-Al2O3-SiO2 sub-ternary system at metal alloy saturation. Particular attention was given to the accuracy and reliability of the final results by highlighting the different reaction pathways, mass transfer- and reaction mechanisms taking place in the system during experiments. This attention enabled improved experimental methodology and measurements. Based on the present study, further measurements will be undertaken in the quaternary "MnO"-Al2O3-CaO-SiO2 system at low "MnO" concentrations, which closely represents the future recycling industrial slags.

Jan 1, 2014

By E. Lehtila, J. J. Talja, R. Jahila

Kopar Oy is acknowledged for engineering and manufacturing of robust systems for bulk material handling, especially at power plants and non-ferrous smelters. We have over thirty years of experience with systems specifically designed for hot and abrasive conditions, aiming at low cost of ownership, low operational expenses and high availability. Although Kopar has numerous applications in mechanical conveying, there is an increasing number of pneumatic conveying applications at copper smelters. They relate to conveying of concentrate, and primary and secondary flue dusts. Challenges of pneumatic conveying for concentrate are mechanical and do relate to broad particle size distribution and high abrasivity of the concentrate and the silica. Therefore, special attention shall be paid to system design and ceramically lined bends in the pipeline. Challenges of pneumatic conveying of primary flue dust relate predominantly to material stickiness and poor flowability which are mainly due to fine particle size and formation of sulphates and furthermore, crystalline water. Additional challenges of secondary dust, the white converter dust, are primarily due to the extremely fine 0.1–1.5 µm particle size and problems which come with this. Effect of material characteristics like size distribution, morphology and chemical composition in pneumatic conveying are discussed in detail. INTRODUCTION Fine materials like concentrate, feed mix, flue dusts (from waste heat boiler and electrostatic precipitator) and secondary dusts need to be conveyed at smelters. Both horizontal and vertical conveying and combination of those are used. For the purpose, both mechanical and pneumatic conveying are applied. Most widely used equipment are drag chain conveyors and various combination of pneumatic systems, e.g. air lift, dense-phase and dilute phase pneumatic conveyors. Kopar has 30 years’ experience with multiple material handling systems. Furthermore, acquired companies like Elmomet Oy and SITE Oy (both currently fully merged and integrated into Kopar Oy) have even longer history, especially in pneumatic conveying. It is commonly known that the finer the dust the more difficult it is to be conveyed pneumatically. Sulfates with crystal water makes it all even more difficult, if not ineligible. Challenges related to pneumatic conveying of various fine materials is discussed in detail in the paper.

Jan 1, 2019

By John C. Loretto

"The paper identifies two of the main problems encountered in recent hydrometallurgical plants for the recovery of gold and silver: firstly, the plant recovery is lower than anticipated from the testwork; secondly, the metallurgical accounting figures cannot be reconciled.The principal reasons for the plant recovery being lower than the testwork are discussed, together with solutions that can minimize these problems both during the design stage and during the plant operation after the problems have manifest themselves.The reasons for the difficulties in metallurgical accounting are analyzed by reviewing the various components of the plant figures. Recommended solutions are given for minimizing this problem and the realities of obtaining accurate figures are discussed.IntroductionThe start-up over the last few years of new hydrometallurgical plants for the recovery of gold and silver has brought to the surface again a number of problems. Most of the problems have existed for some time and they manifest themselves mainly in two ways. Firstly, the plant results do not agree with the metallurgical testwork figures; secondly, the metallurgical accounting figures do not balance.Metallurgical TestworkThe plant results not agreeing with testwork figures are mainly due to:a) testwork samples not representative of the eventual plant feed;b) misinterpretation or misunderstanding of testwork ;c) plant losses;d) plant design not allowing testwork results to be achieved;e) operating deficiencies."

Jan 1, 1982

By G. Girard, A. Larouche, J. Colbert, G. Doyer

"The Direct Chill (DC) casting process uses water to extract heat from molten aluminium and helps to control the solidification process. Many factors such as the water flowrate, water distribution around the mould and water impingement angle have significant impacts on the solidification process. It has been noted that the chemistry variation of the cooling water is also an important factor that has a major impact on the presence of defects on the ingot. A significant change in the water quality can produce defects on the ingots such as cracks, bleedouts, or runouts. Understanding the impact of water quality variation on ingots is therefore essential to ensure good ingot production and reduce defects. This paper aims at describing a new approach to follow the variations of process water quality over time. It is an original and innovative method, which is still under progress. A water quality and stability index (WQSI) is under development to evaluate changes in the water composition based on water physico-chemical parameters. The index is calculated by comparing each of the actual parameters with historical values previously modeled by a statistical law. It is a dimensionless number having an adjustable weight factor for each parameter. The positive or negative contribution of each parameter, with respect to the water cooling capacity, is taken into account to calculate the WQSI. The current selection of parameters is based on knowledge from the literature as well as on empirical experience. When the developed tool will be mature, it could be used to track water variations upon time and anticipate problems, enabling proactive actions to ensure good ingot production.INTRODUCTIONFor many years, the impact of water chemistry on heat transfer, during DC casting, has been of great interest in the aluminum industry. Several papers have been published to demonstrate the correlation between water chemistry and heat transfer (Yu, 1985), (Gildemeister, 2014). Although numerous studies do present the effects of water parameters (i. e. hardness, conductivity, oil, and grease…) on cooling capacity under controlled experimental conditions, they do not reflect the strong interactions between the parameters and variations present in a casting center. Wells and Cockcroft also demonstrated that laboratory based studies are not fully representative of real heat transfer in an industrial casthouse, there are too many factors involved (Wells, Li, & Cockcroft, 2001). In this context, it becomes very difficult to obtain a quantifiable relationship between the capacity of water to cool the ingot and ultimately the performance of the cast."

Jan 1, 2016

By M. L. McAllister, M. Veiga

The mineral industry has seen many significant changes in the past decade. Increasingly, it has responded to unanticipated pressures and demands with a variety of voluntary initiatives. Yet there is still much to do. Mining now takes place in a different context than was the case in the past. Socio-economic, political and environmental considerations must now be integrated into traditional mining systems. This process of integration needs to involve industry, governments, academics, communities and other stakeholders to design a new approach to mining, one that can be fostered through interdisciplinary links and holistic strategies. This paper considers the meaning of sustainability in the context of the Canadian mining industry and explores the need for a broader vision for the mining industry. The role of technology is then analyzed and related to an initiative recently taken by Canadian universities to develop a national network for interdisciplinary research into sustainable mining, CaSM.

Jan 1, 1999

By D. Shishin

Continuous integrated experimental and thermodynamic modelling work is conducted in Pyrometallurgy Innovation Center (PYROSEARCH). The target is to develop a tool, which is capable to predict the compositions of phases, phase equilibria and enthalpy balance for pyrometallugical processes with higher accuracy. All these can be achieved by thermodynamic calculations based on Gibbs energy minimization algorithm. Recent developments made it possible to predict important factors, such as the chemical solubility of Cu in slag as a function of matte grade, temperature, P(SO2), Fe/SiO2 ratio in slag, wt% Al2O3, CaO and MgO in slag. In industrial practice, it is not only chemical solubility, but the overall amount of slag, which affects the recovery of copper and other valuable metals. It will also impact the energy balance. The presence of solids in the slag matrix influences the physical entrainment of matte in slag. Oxygen enrichment which is sometimes used to control the temperature of the furnace, may also affect the volatilization of minor elements into the gas phase. Same is true if additional fuel is used to compensate for heat balance. In other words, all key process parameters mentioned above are interrelated. Present study demonstrates the ways thermodynamic modelling can be used to link those process parameters on the example of copper smelting. INTRODUCTION Research methodology involving integrated thermodynamic modelling and experimental approach has been recently reported by the authors (Shishin, Hayes, & Jak, 2018 Shishin, Hidayat, Jak, Decterov, & Belov, 2016). Present paper reviews the updates and discusses challenges in the development of a large self- consistent thermodynamic database. The database covers the Al-Ca-Cu-Fe-Mg-O-Pb-S-Si-Zn-(Ag, As, Au, Bi, Ni, Sb, Sn) chemical system. The database works in the environment of FactSage software Bale et al., 2016 and related family of products: ChemApp (Petersen & Hack, 2007), ChemSheet and SimuSage. A list of phases, and thermodynamic models is shown in Table 1. For the copper industry, most important phases are Gas, Slag, Spinel and Liquid matte/metal/speiss. Black-colored elements represent the base system, elements in green can be considered as slag modifiers (slagging elements), and elements in red are minor. Ni is highlighted because it was included recently, in 2019, and currently under development. In addition to copper, the database covers the conditions typical for lead and zinc pyrometallurgical extraction. It is developed in consistency with the experimental results for high concentrations of Pb and Zn. Examples of applications in the present study include the thermodynamic analysis of fluxing for an agitated copper reactor to show the effect of Fe/SiO2, and calculations of copper slag cleaning using reductant.

Jan 1, 2019

By A. Roy, T. LeBel, P. Coursol, P. Lind

At the early stage of a mining project, small amounts of concentrates are available for testwork. For gold concentrate or ores containing significant arsenic levels, batch bench scale roasting is often unreliable, leading to highly variable gold recoveries to be used in the project’s financial justifications. With an appropriate bench scale unit using continuous feeding and residence time control for solid and gas phases, reliable numbers can be obtained at small scale with only a few hundred grams per test condition. This paper describes the development of a pilot fluid bed roasting unit by Kingston Process Metallurgy Inc. (KPM) to perform representative trials on gold concentrates containing arsenopyrite, arsenian pyrite and carbonaceous components. Calcines produced under different conditions were characterised by chemical analysis and electron microprobe; the calcine microstructure obtained is described. The most important parameter affecting gold recovery is oxygen content in the roasting atmosphere, with the lowest controlled oxygen level giving the highest gold recoveries. Higher local temperatures in the bed may cause the formation of molten glassy phases which can also reduce the gold recoveries significantly. The impact of roasting conditions in the two inch fluid bed is compared with commercial results obtained in full scale operation.

Jan 1, 2014

By Arsenio Enriquez, Adrian Deneys, Ryan Walton, Jenny Esker

NOx emissions at the Rio-Tinto Kennecott Copper (RTKC) smelter, near Salt Lake City, Utah, are regulated to a compliance emission limit at the Main Stack of 15.9 kg/hr on an annual rolling average. The paper discusses RTKC efforts and improvements, particularly related to the anode furnace operations, since the Smelter modernization in 1995 to comply with the air quality approval limit. This includes replacement of gaseous ammonia to Steam-Gas Refining (SGR) system during the copper reduction stage, upgrade anode furnace oxygen-fuel burner from Praxair’s Stabilized Jet (S-J) to Jet Lance (J-L) technology, development and implementation of operational best practices and continuing to investigate and evaluate NOx control technology and strategy in the industry. In early 2016, changes to Praxair J-L Burner technology on both anode furnaces, utilizing wider lance spacing, was adopted and further improved NOx emission levels well below the compliance limit. INTRODUCTION Since the establishment of the Clear Air Act in 1970, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been regulating emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) to reduce impact on public health and the environment (USEPA, CAA, USEPA, NAAQS). As a requirement of the Clean Air Act, the EPA evaluates the standards for NOx and criteria pollutants on a periodic basis and as a result, standards have been revised and ultimately reduced over time (USEPA, CAA, USEPA, NAAQS, UDAQ, SIP). To remain competitive with changing regulations and in conjunction with Rio Tinto environmental standards for continuous improvement, the RTKC smelter has been motivated to research and implement NOx control strategies. NOx health and environment impacts NOx refers to a group of seven compounds including the most common, nitrogen dioxide (NO2). (USEPA, NO2). The EPA enforces both short-term (1-hr average) and long-term (annual average) standards for NO2 to protect against associated respiratory system impacts. Short-term exposure of elevated NO2 concentrations can aggravate respiratory diseases and lead to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing or difficulty breathing while longer exposures may contribute to the development of asthma and potentially increase susceptibility to respiratory infections. (USEPA, NO2) Additionally, NOx is necessary in the formation of ozone and particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5). Ozone concentrations can negatively impact lung function and in some cases, contribute to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (USEPA, Ozone) The particles associated with PM2.5 can reduce lung capacity and aggravate heart conditions. (USEPA, PM2.5) For all NOx related pollutants, children and the elderly are generally at greater risk for the health effects. (USEPA, NO2, USEPA, Ozone, USEPA, PM2.5)

Jan 1, 2019

By David Davidson

Overview- Points To Be Addressed ? Review the building blocks of a successful and vibrant industrial economy ? China?s current position in the global economy ? China?s voracious appetite for raw materials ? Distortion in import/export trends ? Areas of strategic importance for China - Steel and its components - Agriculture self sufficiency - Energy now and for the future ? Do current valuation techniques fairly value ?strategic? assets? China ? The Economical Miracle - Massive shift in population from rural to urban - ?Middle class? growing rapidly, hence strong consumer growth - China is the manufacturing center for the world ? cheap labour and - modern facilities - Infrastructure build out ?US$585b stimulus package and 5 year plan - Rail ? 30,000 kms of new track planned by 2020 - Power ? 50% capacity increase, including 35 nuclear reactors - 100 major new airports - State of the art process and manufacturing facilities - Port capacity ? 100m TEU capacity increase by 2020 Class 1 national highway ? 35,000 km?s by 2020

May 1, 2010

By W. E. Armstrong

Gypsum was first exploited as ?a commercial proposition in this province by the Union Mining Company which, in 1900 opened quarries on the east shore of Lake Manitoba, near the present site of Gypsumville. This company established a mill at the head of Portage Bay on the lake, and the manufactured plaster was carried by the companies boats to McArthur's siding on the Whitemouth river near Westbourne, Man., from which point it was distributed. In 1904 a reorganization took place and the Manitoba Gypsum Company Limited bought out the original company, and operated the original mill for about one year when it was destroyed by fire. There were many factors which rendered the operation of a mill at the quarries very difficult; lack of rail transportation for bringing in supplies, and the impossibility of local power development made manufacturing costs very high. Satisfactory distribution could not be affected because of water transportation and poor terminal facilities at McArthur's siding. For these reasons the new mill was built at Winnipeg, where cheaper power and better distributing facilities permitted the industry being placed in a better position. The company continued to bring the gypsum rock by steamer to Totogan, from which point it was transported by rail to Winnipeg. This period was one of steady expansion as the product became better known and more universally accepted as a wall finishing material. Unfortunately, in 1909, this new mill was destroyed by fire, causing a serious set-back to the company, at a time when the steady growth of the western market gave every promise of the industry being placed on a profitable basis.

Jan 1, 1925

By Andrew Dobson, Cheryl Allen, Enrique Acuña

"Totten Mine return air raise was designed with two parallel fans equipped with silencers to reduce the noise emitted from the outlets into the environment. As development and production of the mine progressed through the past years, the silencer system needed to be upgraded, and additional maintenance strategies have been necessary to meet the regulatory noise limits enforced by the province of Ontario. The current mine plan will require the fans to reach the upper limit of their capacity by Q1 2019. To achieve this operational target, additional silencing capability has been required and Totten Mine has explored alternatives to further extend the noise silencing capacity available considering the current constraints at the mine site. The alternatives included a new silencer baffle design and a new layout that have allowed doubling the length of the silencer system. Using acoustic measurement data collected on several occasions, this paper presents and discusses the performance of the various silencing systems which have been installed on the return air fans at Totten Mine.INTRODUCTION Vale Canada Limited’s Totten Mine is a base metal, underground mine extracting nickel and copper, situated in the Sudbury Basin of Ontario. The mine initiated operations at the end of 2013, and is equipped with two main return air fans and two main fresh air fans located on surface. Both fresh air and return air fans are set in a parallel arrangement to operate as integrated units and are equipped with variable frequency drives (VFDs) to allow for the remote modification of their operating set point, usually between 600 to 880 rpm, depending on the mine’s requirements. The main return air raise (RAR) fans are also equipped with dissipative baffle silencers to attenuate the noise emitted to the environment. Approximately four years ago, acoustical measurements conducted to verify compliance with the applicable regulatory criteria, and respond to noise concerns from neighboring residents, concluded that the sound emissions of the main return air raise exceeded the noise design parameters. The acoustic tones of the fans were audible offsite, at a residential location, approximately 9 km northeast of the mine site. The elevated sound levels and offsite audibility was due to degradation of the original discharge silencers from moisture and particulate being drawn from underground workings and passing through the silencer baffles. The audibility was also due to an outlet directivity pattern which directed noise towards the residential location."

Jan 1, 2019

By R. E. Evans

This paper contains an analysis of the geography and geology of the Black Lake area, Eastern Townships of Quebec, an outline of the work to be performed, an explanation of the design concept and how it was developed, and a discussion of the actual stripping operation, including details of the machinery being used, etc.

Jan 1, 1967

By Alan Bauer, Melvin A. Cook

Measured detonation pressures of "prills and oil" (94/6 ammonium nitrate/fuel oil) and three of the new "slurry" blasting agents are presented and compared with computed, ideal detonation pressures and with detonation pressures expected from the measured detonation velocities. Results seem to show that the peak pressure in the detonation wave in these cases is the Chapman-Jouguet pressure and that no "spike" exists in these detonation waves. The absence of the Zeldovich-von Neumann "spike" is noteworthy in view of the very long reaction zone lengths of these mixtures. The measured detonation pressure of one of the slurry blasting agents (DBA-3") under steel confinement ( 172 kilobars) is shown to be considerably greater than the ideal detonation pressure of 75 per cent gelatin dynamite (p. = 135 kilobars) despite the fact that the detonation was still somewhat non-ideal in "DBA-3," its computed ideal detonation pressure being 180 kb. The popular 94/b AN /FO blasting agent exhibited a detonation pressure of only 13.5 kb in 5" paper tubes, but 37.5 kb in 5"• steel pipe compared with a computed ideal pressure of 40 kb.

Jan 1, 1961

By J. G. Schofield, C. G. Tan, R. J. Ord

"Most electric furnaces in the nickel and copper smelting industries are still fitted with conventional electrode holders which consist of water-cooled electrical contact clamps and a pressure ring. The water cooling exerts a significant cooling effect on the electrode column. The importance of controlling the temperature of the Soderberg electrode paste at the contact clamp area is examined, using in-plant experience and computer simulation of the paste melting and baking process. In addition to the effect of water-cooling, the effect of other variables, including the mantle air temperature, the electrode current, the furnace freeboard temperature and the electrode slipping rate are discussed. Ways in which the variable heating conditions in the paste melting zone can be controlled are outlined.IntroductionIn most non-ferrous electric smelting operations, the breakage of Soderberg electrodes is an infrequent, isolated occurrence. Occasionally, however, a rash of breakages may be experienced on a particular furnace for what appears to be no obvious reasons. The extent of the breaks may not exhibit a uniform pattern; sometimes the break may be less than half a metre above the electrode tip; at other times it may be at or just below the roof level. The latter type of break is, of course, the most dangerous since it is closest to the non-baked, weak portion of the electrode paste column. No matter where the breaks occur, they result in abnormal furnace power, charging and tapping conditions and loss of production while the new electrode section is slipped and baked. On a six-electrode furnace, breakage on one electrode has the immediate effect of reducing the total furnace power by one-third. On a three-electrode furnace, the effect is more drastic, one half of the power being lost."

Jan 1, 1995

By Rodrigo Craig Cerello

The Brazilian economy has always presented a strong correlation with the mineral activity. Since colonization days, due to the territorial expansion caused by the explorers search for gold, mining in Brazil became a basic sector of national economy. Currently, the Brazilian mineral sector¹ estimates a 550% production increment (Figure 1A) in the last 10 years, reaching the US$ 50 billion value, reflecting the increased global demand for raw materials from mineral origin. According to the Brazilian Constitution², mineral resources belong to the Federal State and, consequently, their exploitation must be authorized, under penalty of engendering federal crime. Furthermore, activities of this nature are prone to cause environmental degradation such as, but not limited to, deforestation, pollution, soil deterioration and water contamination. The GPEMA represents the forensics group of the Brazilian Federal Police responsible for the technical analysis of traces related to crimes against the environment and consequently, illegal mining cases.

Aug 1, 2013

By A. F. Matheson

The St. John Del Rey Mining Company, Limited, is an English company owning 150 square miles -of mining lands near Belo Horizonte, Minas Geraes, Brazil. The area is 2,300 to 5,000 feet above sea level, with a pleasant and healthy climate. Bedrock is Precambrian. The Nova Lima series of metamorphosed sediments and some volcanics is overlain uncomfortably by the Minas series of quartzites, itabirites. etc. Batholithic granite and gneiss cut both series and basic dykes cut all these rocks. There are important deposits of gold, iron, and manganese on the Company's holdings, as well as occurrences of arsenic, antimony, cobalt, nickel, dolomite, day, quartz, -ochre, bauxite, kyanite, and asbestos. Except for gold and consequent recovery of arsenic, all the other materials are relatively unexploited. The Company operates the Morro Velho gold mine and the Espirito Santo and Raposos gold mine. The Morro Velho mine was purchased in 1834 for £56,000. To the end of 1952 it had produced 7,000,000 troy ounces of gold from 15,000,000 short tons of ore. The ore z?ones are replacement deposits in a sinuous siliceous dolomitic rock locally termed "lapa seca," and plunge east, near surface at 45 °, at 8,000 feet at 15°. The ore minerals are pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite. Gold is finely distributed and almost nowhere visible. Ore reserves at the end of 1952 were estimated at 5.5 million short tons grading 0.39 oz. gold per ton. Chances exist for new ore within the mine area. The Espirito Santo and Reposos mine, in folded banded iron formation, has mineralization similar to Morro Velho but sulphides are less abundant. The mine to a depth of 2,500 feet has estimated ore reserves of 1.5 million tons of an average grade of 0.28 oz. gold per ton. New ore may be expected both laterally and at depth. To the end -of 1952, the ?Company had paid dividends of almost £4,- 600,000, largely earned from the operation of the gold mines.

Jan 1, 1956

By G. R. C. Pacheco, D. M. Fonseca, R. Neuböck, G. E. Gonçalves, W. Moulin-Silva

Degradation by sulfur gases is an important lining wear mechanism in the copper industry. SO2/SO3 gases infiltrate into the pores of the basic refractory bricks, combine with their raw materials through expansive reactions and significantly modify the bricks’ structure. This study presents a comparison of the corrosion resistance against sulfur attack of different magnesia-based refractories using a simple, low-cost and quantitative method. Recipes containing sintered MgO grains showed lower resistance to corrosion by sulfur oxides compared to basic grades containing fused grains. Chromium corundum grades were used as a reference and showed very good resistance to this corrosion mechanism under the test conditions. The novel test provided relevant results that agree with what is commonly observed during operation and in previous post-mortem studies. This tool could be very useful in selecting refractory grades for the copper industry and predicting their performance. INTRODUCTION Oxidation of matte sulfides during copper production leads to the formation of sulfur oxides, which infiltrate into the pores of the refractory lining and react with the basic oxides below 1000°C to form magnesium and calcium sulfates. This reaction is accompanied by an expressive volume increase, consequent densification of the refractory microstructure and weakening of the brick bond (Malfliet et al., 2013). Thus, corrosion by SO2/SO3 is an important wear mechanism in the non-ferrous industry and the resistance to this compound should be considered when defining refractories for this application. Previous studies on this matter include expensive and complex testing methods involving pressurized SO2 gas cylinders in order to investigate the corrosion resistance of MgO-containing materials by sulfur oxides (Gerle & Podwórny et al., 2016; Fotoyi & Eric, 2011; Fotoyi, 2009; Podwórny & Piotrowski et al., 2008). The current study was based on a test developed by Pacheco & Fonseca (2018) to assess alkali infiltration and aims to provide an evaluation method of the corrosion resistance of refractories by SO2/SO3 in a simple and quantitative manner. This novel test is useful to compare the corrosion resistance of different refractory recipes and properly select the grades that should be employed in the non-ferrous industry. A case study is provided to illustrate the damage caused by sulfur oxides in refractory linings.

Jan 1, 2019

By L. Juteau

"""The north coast of the St. Lawrence River will be the scene of an industrial development during the coming decades"". The facts which underlie this statement are the occurrences of iron and titanium ore, the abundance of hydro-power and the availability of deep-water ports in this region. Havre St-Pierre, Sept-Iles, Port Cartier and Baie Corneau already exist as major ports and urban centers. The huge quartz deposit at Baie Comeau will be a decisive contributing factor in the development of a metallurgical plant in this area. Due to its purity, it lends itself, first of all, to the manufacture of glass of different kinds, being comparable to the quartz sands now used by the plate glass and glass container industries in the Montreal area, Moncton, N.B., Trois-Rivieres and - in the future - at Bécancour, Quebec. However, its high quality will also make it possible to use it as one of the main basic materials for the production of silicon carbide and ferrosilicon, and as a flux in metallurgical processes. It is intended, in this report, to offer conclusive proof of the economical importance of this large quartz deposit by presenting the results of the studies made to date."

Jan 1, 1971

By E. A. G. Colls

PART I.-GASES IN INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION THE part played by gases in industry can be considered from at least four distinct viewpoints, viz: (1) As air to support combustion and life and do various kinds of work (2) As fuel, or as essential to certain chemical processes (3) As sources of danger from explosion or fire ( 4) As hazards to man's health The present paper deals with gases only insofar as they are sources of danger, or are hazards to health. It may be noted, however, that, in point of tonnage, air is one of the most important materials handled in any industrial plant. In the operations of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company, for example, 138,000 tons of air are handled daily, the only material exceeding this figure being water. The United States Bureau of Mines has listed no fewer than seventy-four gases and vapours that, under certain conditions, may be considered as ex-plosive or dangerous (poisonous). The commonest and most important of these are as follows : Carbon monoxide Methane Acetylene Hydrogen Oxygen Hydrogen sulphide Benzol vapour Ammonia Petroleum vapour Carbon disulphide Hydrochloric acid gas Cyanogen Carbon oxysulphide Chlorine ` Fluorine (and fluorides) Acetone vapour Acetic acid vapour Water gas Natural gas Gasoline vapour Coal gas Producer gas Ether vapour Nitrogen oxides

Jan 1, 1940