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By I Sherrell, R Jain

Worldwide iron ore feed grades are trending downwards and will continue to do so with the increasing difficulties of upgrading ores. This has led to operations looking for ways to capture current tailings that still contain valuable material. In the past, these were acceptable to dispose of, but this practice is no longer economically feasible. With the increasing trend of re-mining previous tailings deposits that could be decades old, new equipment designs have been introduced to upgrade current or historic beneficiation plants. These designs can effectively upgrade these tailings to saleable products.Outotec conducted test programs for upgrading iron ore tailings from flotation rejects, thickener underflow or tailings dumps on samples provided by customers around the globe. The studies utilised Outotec’s SLon vertically pulsating high-gradient magnetic separator in combination with preprocessing equipment such as low-intensity magnetic separation, screen or scrubber and flotation for downstream processing of the magnetic concentrate. A review of the equipment required to economically process these tailings is provided, along with testing data and industrial implementation examples. The effect of different operational and design parameters on Fe grade and recovery from processing each tailings sample has been highlighted.CITATION:Jain, R and Sherrell, I, 2015. Iron ore tailings reprocessing to maximise ore production, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2015, pp 149–158 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 13, 2015

By A Simmons, J Chan, A Li, Q Gu, D M. Brett

The paper presents an example of field density achievements using thin layer deposition and solar drying and compares this with compaction data from laboratory testing and field trials of mechanical densification processes.

Jul 1, 2021

By A F. D C Varajpo, R C. Weba, C Volkmer-Ribeiro, C A. C Varajpo, N S. Gomes

This study relates to the spongillite deposits from the region of Jopo Pinheiro, in the north-west of the State of Minas Gerais, south-eastern Brazil. The deposits occur in shallow ponds (with a maximum depth of 3.5 m) on a karstic planation surface developed on rocks of the Spo Francisco Neoproterozoic Supergroup. Cenozoic detritic covers are associated with this surface. The field study of spongillite deposits from the Preguita and Avipo deposits revealed sedimentological and pedological similarities between the different deposits. They have a lenticular shape and contain different layers of sedimentary spicules intercalated with layers of quartz sand and clay minerals. Representative samples from the different layers investigated by X-ray diffraction, differential and gravimetric thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy showed a range from three to 80 per cent of amorphous silica (opal) corresponding mostly to the sponge spicules in the sediments. Optical microscopic investigation determined that the spicules predominantly belong to the sponge Metania spinata. This species is represented by smooth megascleres (alpha type), prickly megascleres (beta type) measuring 240 to 450 mm in length, as well as the spiny microscleres; whereby the smooth megascleres are larger and thinner. The morphological variation of the spicules as well as the presence of more fragmented spicules towards the base of the deposits, portray a variation in texture and in the state of their preservation along the profile, suggesting environmental variations at the time of their formation and deposition.

Jan 1, 2008

By B Maybee, L Fava, D Millar

In the context of a case study for an underground gold mine, the value generated by a schedule optimisation tool (SOT) is assessed. SOT is a software tool for underground mine planning that maximises the net present value (NPV) of a development and production schedule. A baseline study measures the NPV of a schedule generated by SOT from a sequence prepared by the site mine planners. Operational resource constraints and precedence constraints are adhered to by the schedule and NPV is evaluated with a financial model including revenues, costs and discount rate, as specified by the mine planner.The case study has several facets in addition to the baselining component. Scenarios were conducted that examined the degree of constraint on operational resources, the projected gold price and unit costs. Life-of-mine schedules subject to optimisation using SOT allowed for equitable comparisons.Haulage was identified as a dominant constraint for the mine. It was one of six operational resources that were used to constrain the optimisation of the mine schedule, with alternative levels for some of these constraints being identified so that their effects on the NPV could be studied. Alternative price projections for gold and different cost projections were identified and their effects on the optimised schedule examined. Price and cost scenarios that brought additional economic material into the schedule at various times in the mine life were considered in comparison to a scenario that assumed no additional economic material would become available.This case study illustrated that the use of a schedule optimisation tool to optimise mine schedules provides mine planners with an ability to perform a wide variety of analyses in a relatively short period of time. Such tools thereby support strategic decision-making that can add significant value to an orebody.The case study demonstrates that by fixing the set of development and production activities to be carried out before optimising the life-of-mine schedule, the mine planners can inadvertently set up a situation where the NPV would be progressively eroded in the last several years of the mine life. This clearly illustrates the need for schedule optimisation to be integrated with life-of-mine planning.CITATION:Fava, L, Maybee, B and Millar, D, 2012. Decision support for an underground gold mining operation - A case study using the schedule optimisation tool, in Proceedings Project Evaluation 2012 , pp 41-48 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 24, 2012

By P Esteves, J L. Bechir, R Galery, C Senna, V Souto

The current moment experienced by the mineral industry is marked by a series of economic, social and environmental challenges. Among the main challenges, it is important to highlight the decreasing in ore grades with the gradual depletion of the existing deposits, the high volatility in international commodity prices and the operational inefficiencies in the mine, beneficiation, and metallurgical plants. In this context, mining companies are continuously looking for alternatives that minimize production costs and maximize overall production. In addition, recent tragedies involving tailings dam collapses in Brazil, reinforced the need for a more responsible, sustainable, and conscious mining, such as aiming the preservation and rehabilitation of the land environment. In this scenario, the Sensor-Based Sorting (SBS) technology is currently getting more space into the mining market. This separation technology aims the removal of gangue material in coarse particle size fractions, prior to comminution and concentration stages. As a consequence, the technology allows a smaller consumption of energy, water, chemical reagents and other inputs. Moreover, the sensor-based sorting is a dry processing technology and favors the reduction of fine material to be sent to the tailings. The aim of this paper is to provide information regarding the technical and economical evaluation of SBS technology applicability to a zinc silicate mining in Brazil. The project evaluation was performed in two stages: laboratory test work and the execution of a pilot plant. The execution of a pilot plant allowed the technology optimization, quantification of downstream process effects, such as a proper economic evaluation about the technology benefits. Keywords: Sensor-Based Sorting; Particle Sorting; Ore Sorting; Preconcentration; capital expenditure (CAPEX); operating expenditure (OPEX); zinc; comminution; dry processing.

Nov 10, 2020

By R Neivandt, Kane, M O&apos, D Browne

Newmont Australia is the operator of the Mt Leyshon mine near Charters Towers, Queensland. Mt Leyshon is an open cut gold mine, which processed on average 5.0 Mt of ore and produced up to 250 000 ounces of gold per year. Mining was completed in early-2001, followed by treatment of low-grade ore stockpiles for a further 12 months. Approximately 250 ha of waste rock dumps have been rehabilitated. Rehabilitation of two of the three tailings storage facilities (TSF) has been completed and the third is in progress. A field performance monitoring system that includes an automated meteorological station, large-scale lysimeters (measurement of net percolation), and in situ moisture content sensors (measurement of moisture storage changes in the cover material) were installed to monitoring performance of the cover systems placed on the waste storage facilities. This paper focuses on the installation and calibration of the in situ moisture monitoring system. The moisture monitoring system provides automated detailed in situ volumetric water content data above and within the large-scale lysimeters. A portable unit that provides spatial in situ moisture content measurements at additional locations on the cover system is also utilised. The paper will focus on installation and calibration of the in situ water content monitoring instrument in the waste rock, coarse cover material, and fine textured cover materials of the tailings facility and waste rock dump cover systems.

Jan 1, 2003

By R Zhang, X Huang, M Zhou, X Lv, C Bai

Iron ore sinter accounts for a large proportion of blast furnace ferrous burden in Chinese steel mills. Depleting high-grade iron ore resources and spreading complexity of iron ores in mineralogy and morphology have made it more difficult to utilise iron ores efficiently and economically. In this paper, the physical properties of iron ore particles were characterised using mechanical sieving, laser sizing and gas adsorption. From those measurements, two physical indices (fractal dimension of the particle size distribution and surface morphological factor) are defined as important variables for optimising the granulation performance of iron ores. The moisture capacity and the contact angle of iron ore particles with water were also measured to determine the strategy of water-feed in the granulation process. It can be concluded from the experimental results that an increase in the fractal dimension of the iron ore particles will lead to a better granulation performance, while an increase in moisture capacity with a range of 12.8 ~ 14.8 per cent would increase the optimum water content where the granule packed bed achieves its best permeability. Furthermore, the optimum permeability varies inversely with the moisture capacity of the sinter mixture.CITATION:Huang, X, Lv, X, Zhang, R, Bai, C and Zhou, M, 2013. Iron ore characteristics and their application in optimising the granulation process, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2013 , pp 261-268 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 12, 2013

By D T. Ribeiro, J F. C L Costa, J C. Koppe

Drilling and sampling are responsible for most of the costs during mineral exploration, especially in multi-elements and polymetallic deposits, such as iron, manganese and bauxite deposits. On these deposits, often it is necessary to estimate multiple attributes at several granulometric fractions, ie distinct particle sizes. This paper investigates the effect of sampling at a close spacing grid only the head grades for the multiple chemical species in iron ore deposits. The remaining required data at the various grain sizes are sampled at a sparse grid. The derived geological model is checked for precision and accuracy comparing the output obtained against a model obtained using a complete isotopic data set including head grades and chemical analysis at each granulometric fraction analysed at all sampled positions. Among the several tested alternatives, the best procedure for dealing with the posed problem involved utilising the correlation coefficients between the grades at distinct fractions to obtain an isotopic database prior to interpolation. Cokriging was the method used, based on the intrinsic coregionalisation model. Estimates were obtained with the quality needed for the proposal of the study. Results showed that at least 50 per cent of the blocks were estimated with errors less than ten per cent relative to the grades obtained at the reference model, using only 15 per cent of the granulochemical data employed to obtain the reference model. The methodology also preserved the correlations between the attributes in their several granulometric fractions on the estimated model.

Sep 26, 2011

By Arumba J

In the Mount Victor area of the Eastern Highlands Province, re- connaissance geological mapping and new micropalaeontological data have revealed the existence of at least three small thrust- bound windows exposing late Middle to Late Cretaceous (Late Aptian-Early Albian and Late Santonian-Maastrichtian) sedimen- tary rocks and pillow lavas, Latest Paleocene- Earliest Eocene pillow lavas, and Latest Paleocene-Earliest Eocene bathyal micrites. Late Middle Eocene to Late Eocene inner neritic bioclastic micrite units also occurs in thrust contact with Middle Miocene Yaveufa Formation volcanolithic conglomerates. The Cretaceous and Early Tertiary units appear to be thrust-bound and are best exposed in a window just south of Mount Victor, and in two smaller windows to the east. The inner neritic Eocene limestone occurs in a thrust-bound sliver within the Yaveufa For- mation near Obura. The windows occur within extensive out- crop of Early Miocene Omaura Formation and the Yaveufa For- mation. Thin-bedded grey mudstone, siltstone and sandstone, typical of much of the Chim Formation form only a small part of the exposure of Cretaceous rocks. Thick-bedded volcanolithic conglomerate, spilitic pillow basalts, and welded basic tuffs domi- nate the Cretaceous section. The stratigraphy and structure of the Mount Victor area is similar to the Menyamya area, the Aure Scarp, and perhaps the Tapini area. This study has raised the possibility of widespread thrust- ing in the Kainantu area, and suggests that the boundary between the Omaura and Yaveufa Formations is thrusted, at least locally.

Jan 1, 1997

By S Hapugoda, J R. Manuel, X Cao, B D. McDonald, N A. Ware, L Lu

Roy Hill is a large iron ore mining, processing, railing and port operation in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Since delivering its first shipments to customers in December 2015, Roy Hill has quickly achieved a 60 Mtpa production rate of lump and fines products. The process plant, principally consisting of wet scrubbing, screening and de-sanding unit processes, was expanded from early 2020 to include operation of a Wet High Intensity Magnetic Separation (WHIMS) Plant. The WHIMS Plant treats tailings to recover approximately 4 Mtpa of ultra-fine (nominally -150 μm) high-grade hematitic concentrate which, after dewatering, is blended into the fines product. Unlike typical hematite concentrates, which consist largely of dense particles with smooth surfaces, the WHIMS concentrate is characterised by very finely microporous hematitic/goethitic particles, reflecting the overall characteristics of the Roy Hill deposit. Detailed test work has been conducted in collaboration with CSIRO to characterise the WHIMS concentrate in terms of its physical and mineralogical properties, and to determine its influence on the granulation and sintering performance of Roy Hill fines – from fundamental/lab-scale and sinterpot perspectives. The results demonstrate that blending of the high-grade hematitic Roy Hill WHIMS concentrate into the fines product can maintain overall sinter quality and positively influence granulation and sinter melt formation, as well as Fe grade.

Nov 8, 2021

By N J. Goodman

The HIsmelt technology was developed and proven in Western Australia (WA) after more than 30 years and several billion dollars of research and development. The HIsmelt technology was transferred to China and is now successfully operating at the Molong plant in Shandong Province, China using WA iron ore fines as the major feedstock. Several more plants are under construction in China, and the technology has been approved by the Chinese Government as an environmentally acceptable alternative to the blast furnace. The unique flexibility of the HIsmelt process offers multiple pathways to decarbonise the production of steel in the near future. These pathways include:  Use of sustainably grown biomass converted to Biochar to replace coal as the reductant.  Pre-reduction of iron ore fines using hydrogen or biomass to direct reduced iron (DRI) powder.  Capture of carbon dioxide from the HIsmelt off gas and geo-sequestration underground. These pathways are highly suitable for the Australian iron ore industry as they utilise:  The large areas of land and long growing season available in Australia for the production of large tonnages of sustainably grown biomass.  Coarse iron ore fines directly without the need for fine grinding and pelletising.  Existing oil, gas and other underground gas reservoirs to store carbon dioxide. The HIsmelt technology will allow Australia to transition from ‘Asia’s quarry’ to Asia’s supplier of low cost, low carbon and high quality metallics that are required to produce ‘green’ steel with net zero carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, HIsmelt pig iron can be converted locally into steel via electricarc or basic-oxygen steelmaking furnaces to supply all of Australia’s demand for green steel.

Nov 8, 2021

By M Barker, H Li

The total number of tailings accidents has reduced from over 50/decade in the 1960s-1980s to less than 30/decade in the 2000s to 2010s. However, the rate of significant tailings dam failures has not been reduced. The significant tailings dam failures the mining industry experienced in the recent history include: Merriespruit, South Africa, 1994; Los Frails, Spain, 1998; Kolontár, Hungry, 2010; Mount Polley, Canada, 2014; and Samarco, Brazil, 2015. The conventional Factor of Safety approach itself may not be enough to further reduce the rate of significant tailings failures due to its limitations such as uncertainty. For example, the same factor of safety could have a vast range of annual probability of failure for different tailings dams, and insufficient consideration of failure consequence. This paper presents a risk based approach for design with the objective being to minimise tailings dam failures, especially those significant tailings failures with high consequence and low probability. This approach includes risk based design and risk management using bowtie tools. In the risk based design, quantitative analysis will be used to estimate the annual probability of failure and the tolerable failure criteria is linked to the consequence category. Bowtie analyses will be used to understand hazards and risks and identify and select independent controls that are effective in preventing and mitigating catastrophic failures. In this paper, examples of risk based design and bowtie analyses are presented and discussed. CITATION:Li, H and Barker, M, 2018. Risk-based approach for minimising tailings dam failures, in Proceedings Mine Waste and Tailings Stewardship Conference 2018, pp 397–414 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 23, 2018

By May J. R

Exploration, including research, has fuelled the enormous expansion of the Australian mineral industry in the last three decades. Analysis of success and failure in exploration and research has therefore potentially powerful lessons and messages which may be used to influence the future shape and direction of the mineral industry. Research has been an integral part of organised corporate mineral exploration since its beginnings in Australia in the 1930s. In corporations, the activity generally called project generation or new project development is the main expression of exploration research but mostly it goes unidentified and poorly documented except perhaps when a successful discovery is made and reported on. The competitive nature of exploration means that extended and detailed analysis of corporate exploration research across the industry is impossible to achieve.

Jan 1, 1992

By M Randall, P Ebzery, F Burns, C Aisthorpe, P Blanz

SAG Mill process control classically maintains the SAG mill volumetric filling within a set operating range. Typically a SAG mill weight measurement, by either bearing pressure transducers or load cells, is used as an inferred measurement of volumetric filling. To maintain volumetric filling within a set operating range the SAG weight setpoint use for process control requires regular review due to changes in SAG mill charge density (rock:ball ratio) and the wearing of mill liners. At Lihir Gold Mine in Papua New Guinea, the use of SAG mill weight for process control is additionally complicated by compromised load cells and drifting bearing pressure measurements. The need for an improved method of measuring and controlling volumetric filling led to the recent installation of the Outotec MillSense, a SAG mill toe angle instrument. This paper presents the integration of the toe angle control in to the Lihir SAG mill process control philosophy as replacement for the traditional mill weight control.CITATION:Burns, F, Aisthorpe, C, Blanz, P, Randall, M and Ebzery, P, 2018. Toe angle measurement for SAG mill control at Lihir gold mine, in Proceedings 14th AusIMM Mill Operators' Conference 2018, pp 59–76 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 29, 2018

By J Herd, J Rowe, M Cutbush, d F. Aziz

WearApp provides expertise for assessing the degradation of removable screening media panels on vibrating screens right in a user’s pocket. Through the WearApp application, users can simply take a picture of a panel using their mobile, enter some basic information and have the application assess the wear to provide a recommendation for whether the panel needs to be replaced. Where traditional mechanisms for assessing panel wear only measure a few points across the panel face and rely on having personnel with specialised knowledge available to perform the assessment, WearApp uses deep learning models to analyse the entire panel face and support the user to make an informed decision. The application works through analysing a panel image and using a model to automatically detect the corners of the panel. Given the known dimensions of the panel, this enables the application to calibrate the pixel size against a known reference. A second set of models then detect the apertures and measure their dimensions. With the aperture dimensions defined the application assesses the wear of the panel through referencing a stored 3D model of the aperture. Finally, the data from each aperture is collated and the wear of the entire panel face defined. Since WearApp performs measurement of the entire panel face, it also allows the user to perform a more detailed analysis of the panel’s wear profile. Where typically, the panel wear is only measured in a few locations, WearApp’s analysis enables users to visualise the panel wear across the entire panel face, identifying areas of high wear that could be leading to premature panel replacement. Additionally, because the entire panel face is measured the change in screening efficiency can be calculated accurately for the worn panel, even taking into account the impact of aperture pegging by small rocks.

Sep 1, 2024

By N McKenzie, E Taylor, S V. L Barrett, H Lagger, A Purwodihardjo

This paper discusses the temporary support design methodology for the largest road caverns ever built in Australia—the Lutwyche Caverns—part of the Airport Link project in Brisbane, Australia. The Lutwyche Caverns with a maximum excavated span of 27 m form a key component of this major road project, allowing on and off ramps merging with the underground highway. In addition to the two large span caverns, a 15 m soft ground tunnel with 5 m cover above the caverns and two 24 m deep burial chambers for the 12.4 m tunnel boring machines (TBMs) had to be built in record time at Lutwyche.The temporary support design methodology involved the use of a range of analytical approaches, including empirical methods to provide a starting point for design development, key block models to determine the potential influence of discontinuities on excavation stability and 2/3D continuum and discontinuum models to determine the potential influence of adjacent excavations and the proposed construction staging on the design. In addition, probabilistic analysis of potential kinematic instability using a discrete fracture network (DFN) approach was also undertaken to establish the critical block loads for the temporary lining, while the continuum and discontinuum models were used to design the support for the 1.5 m diameter rock pillar at the north end of the northbound cavern.The numerical modelling was undertaken in close conjunction with the contractor to develop the optimal construction sequence, considering the available construction equipment on-site and the overall project program requirements. Part of the presentation will further show the applicability of the developed design during construction (deformations, monitoring field observations) and lessons learned for future cavern construction in Australia.CITATION:Lagger, H, Purwodihardjo, A, Barrett, S V L, McKenzie, N and Taylor, E, 2014. Temporary support design for the largest road caverns ever built in Australia – the Lutwyche Caverns, in Proceedings 15th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2014 , pp 399–410 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 17, 2014

By R Lachenicht, J Player, A Thompson, E Villaescusa

Kanowna Belle Gold Mine is a deep, high-stress, sublevel open stoping mine located near Kalgoorlie. Seismic activity during the development cycle presented problems, including concerns regarding the exposure of personnel. A number of seismic management systems were developed and tested to monitor seismicity and control the risk. It was recognised that a dynamically capable reinforcement and support system was required to be installed as part of the development cycle to reduce the risk of exposure of the underground workforce to uncontrolled movement of rock. The performance of a new Garford Dynamically capable bolt was measured in tests performed by the Western Australian School of Mines (WASM) at their Kalgoorlie Dynamic Test Facility. Detailed descriptions of the facility and data processing were reported by Player, Villaescusa and Thompson (2004) and Thompson, Villaescusa and Player (2004). The development of the Garford Dynamic bolt is described and dynamic testing results are presented and evaluated. This bolt was implemented in the mining cycle following the testing program; the observed performance is described and assessed in this paper.  

Jan 1, 2008

By A B. Richards

A brick veneer house located on a open-pit coal mine lease has been subject to ground vibration levels of up to 222 mm/s, and air vibration levels of up to 145 dBL. The dynamic response of the structure was measured with accelerometers, geophones, and strain gauges as part of a project investigating the response of brick veneer houses to blasting. This paper outlines the project, and provides information on brickwork strength, foundation investigations, and observations on damage due to blasting. Correlations have been made between crack behaviour and factors such as blast vibration levels and rainfall.

Jan 1, 2001

By M Medina, J Alexander, R J. Longey

Capricorn Copper Pty Ltd (CCPL) are operating the Capricorn Copper Mine located at Gunpowder, Queensland. As current holder of the environmental authority for the site, CCPL have obligations to rehabilitate areas of the mine that are no longer operational and have the potential to cause/contribute to environmental harm. CCPL sought a voluntary Transitional Environmental Program (TEP) to provide an agreed program of works to cap and rehabilitate the former Mammoth Tailings Storage Facility. The voluntary TEP contained conditions that were required to be met, to reduce the potential for environmental harm from the facility. The former Mammoth Tailings Storage Facility commenced use in the early 1970’s, and is an unlined valley in-fill structure, contemporary in design compared with other such approved structures of the era. The decommissioned Mammoth Tailings Storage Facility, now known as the Old Tailings Storage Facility (Old TSF), has been a legacy source of contamination due to the existing capping not meeting modern cover criterion, and allowing oxidisation and infiltration to the underlying acid forming tailings resulting in Acid and Metalliferous Drainage (AMD) from the facility. A cover design for the Old TSF, and other mine waste storages onsite that required clay capping, had been proposed by previous operators. Under the TEP cover design phase, it was identified that a key constraint was the lack of significant quantities of low permeability clay onsite. The lack of available clay prompted the consideration of alternate lining materials for the Old TSF, with a Bituminous Geomembrane Liner (BGM) being adopted as the preferred alternative. The BGM compared favourably with clay-based materials on seepage analysis, and led to other benefits by eliminating the need for borrowing clay off site, reducing the site’s environmental footprint, and reducing construction time. The BGM cover system on the Old TSF is being monitored with the intent to use this as a case study to confirm expected performance, enabling the cover design to potentially be adopted on the remainder of the site’s mine waste storages that require capping.

Jul 1, 2021

By G J. Harbort, K Lam, C Sola

The relationship between the geology of porphyry copper deposits and their processing performance is an area of interest. Being able to predict comminution properties of the ore from physical characteristics and geological descriptions would allow an increase in the precision of capital cost estimates, operating cost estimates and throughput rates. This geometallurgical approach would reduce the requirements for expensive comminution tests.As the comminution circuit is the highest capital cost item in the plant and a possible throughput bottleneck, understanding the variability in hardness within the orebody is critical. A geometallurgical model allows calculation of ore hardness values in mining blocks from ore characterisation data. This model subsequently uses a combination of simulation and power-based approaches to relate ore hardness and flotation feed size to grinding circuit throughput.This paper reviews the geometallurgical models developed for seven porphyry copper deposits and discusses the strengths and shortfalls of the methodology and similarities and differences between the different deposits.CITATION:Harbort, G J, Lam, K and Sola, C, 2013. The use of geometallurgy to estimate comminution parameters within porphyry copper deposits, in Proceedings The Second AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2013 , pp 217-230 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 29, 2013