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By S. P. Kinney, A. J. Boynton

This paper states that progress in blast-furnace engineering during the past five years is unimportant except for the advent of the electric precipitator for gas cleaning. It describes improvements in certain furnace details and in materials of construction. The paper is largely given over to a discussion of difficulties in operation due to disproportion between the diameter of the present-day furnace at the bosh and at the stock line. It is proposed to remedy this disproportion, and to restore relations in the diameter of stock line and bosh as they formerly existed, by a new method of filling. This method requires a double bell arranged to discharge towards the periphery or towards the center of the furnace. Coke is classified into two sizes, the small size going to the middle of the furnace, and the larger to the periphery along with the ore. By this means the resistance of the center of the furnace is increased, and the stock line diameter may be greatly increased. The writer believes that these modifications will result in a somewhat improved fuel economy and regularity of operation and also in a very greatly reduced production of flue dust.

Jan 1, 1935

Masjid-i-Sulaiman Field.—During the past year, drilling activities have been limited to repair work. No new developments of importance can be recorded in production technique. Fall of dome pressure is maintained at the 1 lb. per sq. in. per annum rate mentioned in previous reports. Acid treatment of wells is being increasingly used and for wells in fissured areas has been very successful. Such wells have been converted into first-grade producers with substantial drops in bottom-hole differential pressures. The effect of acid treatment has been to increase the flowing lives of wells so treated. The normal procedure consists of threo treatments of 500 gal. commercial acid diluted 100 per cent but success has been met with fewer applications. The policy of returning products to the resorvoir has been continued. The total quantity of products returned since the policy was commenced in 1929 now amounts to approximately 30 million barrels. Haft Kel Field.—The drilling of the main Haft Kel structure for production purposes has now been completed. Production and control wells have been completed to meet the rate of production anticipated over the next few years.

Jan 1, 1937

Discussion of the paper of JOEL H. WATKINS, presented at the New Fork meeting, February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 98, February, 1915, pp. 391 to 411. H. Rims, Ithaca, N. Y.-It is interesting to contemplate to what extent the American pottery industry would be affected in case the English supply of china clay were shut off for a considerable period of time. The English deposits are very large, and are worked on a most extensive scale. They are more easily and probably more cheaply worked than our American deposits, which are of vein-like nature. The American producer of washed clay is not always as careful as the foreign miner and washer of this material, although he has improved in recent years. Our American washing plants are, furthermore, not as economical of material as it seems to me they might be, for the reason that more or less of the finest clay is often allowed to overflow, due to insufficient settling tank capacity. This fact is often shown by the milky character, of the streams into which the waste water is discharged.

Jan 5, 1915

By Robert Glass Cleland

THIS IS a history of a company whose roots run deep into the nation's past and whose field of operations has never been narrowly confined. The men who founded Phelps Dodge were men of initiative and imagination. They were men of strong convictions and upright character. They held fast to the simple virtues and traditions of the days when America was young. This heritage they passed on to their successors. From the very beginning, under such leadership, Phelps Dodge became a company of large affairs. It bought and sold, exported and imported, built factories and organized railroads, converted great forests into lumber, and operated coal and iron mines. Much of the iron, copper, and tin plate used in the United States for a generation was under its control. Its business abroad was extensive enough to warrant the organization of a separate partnership in England. Then, almost half a century after its foundation, the company began to substitute new activities for old and eventually transferred its major operations to the West, primarily to Arizona. The family partnership became a corporation. Exporting and importing gave place to mining and metallurgy. Phelps Dodge became one of the largest

Jan 1, 1952

By T. Sterry Hunt

I HAVE lately had occasion to examine sulphuretted ores of bismuth both from Tudor, Ontario, and Latete, New Brunswick. The former consisted chiefly of bismuth-glance, carbonated at the outcrop, and within associated with some metallic bismuth, iron-pyrites and graphite, in a quartz gangue. In the second locality, where it appears to be present in considerable quantity, the veinstone is also quartz, but the associates of the bismuth-glance are chalcopyrite and galena. The treatment of such mixed ores in the furnace for the extraction of the bismuth could yield only a very impure product, and in view of the high price of the metal I tried with success a wet method for the treatment of the ore, which is based on well-known chemical reactions, and may, in some cases, be advantageously used. The pulverized ore is dissolved by heat in commercial nitric acid, and the remaining gangue washed by displacement, first with a little strong acid (which is used to attack a fresh portion of ore) and then with a moderate quantity of water, which is added to the first solution. This, if the excess of acid be considerable, may be partially

Jan 1, 1873

Discussion of the paper of Frederic P. Dewey, presented at the Cleveland Meeting, October, 1912, and printed in Bulletin -No. 70, October, 1912, pp. 1075 to 1101. EDWARD KELLER, Perth Amboy, N. J. (communication to the Secretary *) :-Mr. Dewey, in his paper, offers a liberal addition of new data to those already to be found in the technical literature on this subject. However, now as before, the work issuing from the U. S. mints and assay-offices conveys the impression that systematic sampling in those institutions is more or less a secondary consideration, the chief attention being given to the principle of producing approximately homogeneous bars; recourse being taken to remelting or refining the bullion. This practice has been definitely rejected in the realm of copper-bullion sampling, for the reason that in such operations there are always unaccounted losses. Does not the same objection hold true for gold-bullions; although, perhaps,in a lesser degree ? Differences of opinion would seem justified on the following statements made by Mr. Dewey: 1. "Only two classes of alloys can form homogeneous bars-those that are solid solutions, and the eutectics."

Jan 3, 1913

Restrictions on the use of zinc will be a thing off the past in a few months. Government allocations on the metal are also expected to go by the board. Concurrently, action is also expected in reference to lead allocations. Government stockpile goals for zinc have been reached. The International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers lent support to United Steel Worker demands and at the same time put in their own bid for a 25-cent an hour increase at a meeting held in Denver. While backing the USW, the IUMMSW charged the Steel Workers with membership raiding. Iron and steel companies producing about 92 pct of steel ingots in the United States, showed nearly a 13 pct decline in net profit during 1951, compared with the previous year, despite a 22 pct increase in their combined revenue. Federal income tax rose 61 pct, to more than 012 million. New iron ore reserves are being sought in Canada by Jones & Laughlin Steel Core, The company has acquired exploration options near Petersborough on the north shore of Lake Ontario in Durham, Northumberland and Frontenac Counties. *'A fourth property is southwest of Ottawa, in the Kingston, Ontario area..

Jan 1, 1952

R. W. NEWCOMB, New York, N. Y. (written discussion *).-This paper is particularly interesting to me, because it gives data on a much mooted question, viz., the serviceability of Le Chatelier (platinum-platinum-rhodium) thermocouples under severe industrial conditions. It has always been supposed that platinum-platinum-rhodium thermo-couples, used at high temperatures under strong reducing conditions, would not give long service and were subject to rapid volatilization. The fact, however, that the carefully kept records indicate that a little more than 3 gm. out of more than 830 gm. was lost over this considerable period, shows what kind of service can -be obtained from platinum-platinum-rhodium thermocouples,, when properly installed, and well cared for. While the writer has no actual figures on the loss of weight, etc. of platinum-platinum-rhodium thermocouples under service, he was told, by the man in charge of pyrometers at a large industrial plant in which over 400 platinum-platinum-rhodium thermocouples were installed in furnaces doing various kinds of heat-treating work, that the average maintenance cost, for materials alone, including platinum-platinum-rhodium wires and protecting tubes, was 27 c. per furnace, per month:

Jan 12, 1919

The following is a partial list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period July 10, 1917, to Aug. 10, 1917: G. A. Collins, Seattle, Wash. Norman Picot, Melbourne, Aust. A. D. R. Galloway, Komfrodua, W. Africa. W. E. Pomeroy, El Paso, Tex. F. Lynwood Garrison, Philadelphia,; Pa. Francis R. Pyne, Elizabeth, N. J. Geo. M. Henderson, Bland, N. M. W. L. Remick, W. Norfolk, Va. L. B. Herr, Jr., So, Bethlehem, Pa. M. F. Sayre, Schenectady, N. Y. Zay Jeffries, Cleveland, 0. Leighton Stewart, New York, N. Y. H. H. Lauer, Allentown, Pa. Randolph D. Talmage, Joplin, Mo. Wm. B. McKinlay, Yonkers, N. Y. H. J. Volker, Ossining, N. Y. A. N. Mackay, Republic of Colombia. Dwight E. Woodbridge, Duluth, Minn. Edmund Newton, Minneapolis, Minn. Kwong Wu, Peking, China. J. N. Acosta has resigned his position as mining engineer for the Shannon Copper Co., Gleeson, Ariz., and is now engaged as consulting engineer for Lower California, Mexico, with headquarters at San Diego, Cal. L. D. Albin, formerly assistant general sales manager of the Ingersoll-Rand Co., was appointed general sales manager on July 25,1917.

Jan 9, 1917

ENGINEERS AVAILABLE (Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute of members or other persons introduced by members.) Member, Cornell M. E., graduate, aged 31, married. Will soon complete 2 years' engagement in the Russian oil fields. Eight years' practical experience in drilling for and producing oil. Can speak Russian fluently and some French and German. Open for engagement. Interview after August 15, in the United States. No. 299. Metallurgist, four years' experience in electric furnace operation on steel, ferro-alloys and smelting of ores, both practical and research, desires position as metallurgist or superintendent. No. 314. Member, technical mining graduate. 5 years' experience in coal and metal mines and construction work. Married. Aged 27. Employed at present. Interview in Salt Lake City or Denver. No. 316. Member, American, aged 39, married, desires position as superintendent or mine superintendent. 14 years' experience in opencut and underground work. 12 years' Spanish, Portugese, Cuban and Mexican labor. Fluent Spanish. Good training in first aid and safety first. Specialty of high explosives and steam-shovel work. Good costs. Go anywhere, but tropics preferred. References. Interview, New York or Philadelphia, No. 318.

Jan 10, 1916

INTRODUCTION Much discussion has been generated over the years among geologists and engineers as to the ideal drill-hole configuration and spacing for evaluating various types of mineral deposits. Little can be found in the literature about the outcome of the programs, probably because of their subjective nature and the then lack of suitable means of scientific testing. In years past the drilling patterns and sequence were almost entirely determined by the experience and personal bias of the senior engineer, geologist, or project manager on the job. However, planning a drilling program- spacing, pattern, sequencing, etc.-is simply a specific case of sample design, or the design of a sampling program. Having been exposed in the preceding chapter to the theory of regionalized variables, and having learned something about the tools for measuring correlation, or lack of correlation, among samples within a given mineralogical population, we are now prepared to apply these concepts and new-found parameters to a scientifically designed mineral sampling program, be it by drilling or other means. FACTORS IN SAMPLING DESIGN It was shown in Chapter 8 that three major factors should be considered in any mineral

Jan 1, 1980

By Y. Mishima, R. Shiromizu

THE equilibrium y phase in Cu-Be alloys forms by discontinuous precipitation, the new phase nucleating at the grain boundaries and growing into grains on both sides of the boundary. When the alloy is aged above 500°C, however, growth may take place into only one of the grains.1'2 In A1-Ag alloys it is known that the precipitate has the same orientation as the grain in which no growth takes place.3, 4 This was confirmed in the present investigation on a Cu-Be alloy. A Cu-1.79 wt pct Be alloy was solution-treated at 810°C for 2+ hr, quenched into water at O°C, and aged at 600°C for 1 hr in a salt bath. The specimen was thinned by chemical polishing and electropolishing at room temperature in a solution of H3PO4 saturated with CrOs. The foil produced was examined in a JEM 150 electron microscope operating at 150 kv. Fig. 1 shows precipitates growing on only one side of the grain boundary. The black platelike precipitates were identified as the y phase. Electron dif-

Jan 1, 1969

J. A. Mathews,* Syracuse, N. Y. (written discussion?).-It is interesting to note how frequently we hear of some process that is going to revolutionize the tool-steel business. I don't know why it is, but every one seems to have it in for us poor tool-steel men. About 15 years ago, a good-sized plant was built in Syracuse for the manufacture of cast tools of malleable iron. The promoter of the scheme claimed to have a secret, process that had been given to him by a tramp to whom he gave a lift along a dusty road. The widows and orphans invested liberally in the securities of the company without consulting the men established in the machine-tool business in Syracuse. About two years later, when the sheriff's sale occurred, the secret, which was carried on the books of the company as an asset valued at $2,000,000, brought $15 at auction. A little later another concern started on the theory of replacing scrap high-speed steel with new high-speed steel tools made therefrom. All the tool-steel companies have made a practice of purchasing high-speed

Jan 5, 1919

By James N. Gundersen

Geological Engineering can be all-encompassing and it necessarily overlaps many applications of economic and applied geology. Other review articles will cover specific developments in rock mechanics, open-pit and underground mining, geology, geochemistry, geophysics and geohydrology- all of which overlap many fields of economic and applied geology. Nevertheless, there still remains a diversity of new and innovative applications of geology to engineering works through the activities of federal and state agencies, college and university departments, and industrial or consultant firms-particularly with respect to the properties of earth materials and their behavior "as-is" in nature or under the stress of engineering works. Governmental Agencies: Federal John T. McGill (Chief: Engineering Geology Branch; USGS, Denver) relates that recently the Engineering Geology Branch, together with several other branches of the Office of Environmental Geology, has undertaken the production of interpretive maps of unusual character. These maps are commonly called special-purpose or single concept maps. A folio, or series of maps, is prepared for each topographic quadrangle or area selected for study. The individual maps in a given series are printed on standard-size sheets so that they can be bound together if desired.

Jan 3, 1974

A list of publications of the United States Bureau of Mines, complete from its establishment to the end of June, 1931, may be had upon request. In addition a monthly leaflet of new publications is issued and is sent to those on the mailing list of the Bureau. Publications are separated into three main divisions: 1. Sales Publications.-Those for which a charge is made. Any orders or remittances in payment for sales publications should be sent directly to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., and not to the Bureau of Mines. Sales publications are classified into (1) Bulletins, (2) Technical Papers, (3) Economic Papers, (4) statistical reports of the mineral resources of the United States, (5) Monographs, (6) Handbooks, and (7) Schedules. Bulletins and Technical Papers present the results of scientific and technical investigations. Economic Papers are analytical studies of production statistics, sources, resources, .distribution, and industrial flow of mineral commodities. The Annual Report, entitled "Mineral Resources of the United States," includes chapters, published separately, on the production and consumption of metals and of nonmetallic minerals. Monographs give detailed results of extensive cooperative investigations of special

Jan 1, 1933

By A. A. Terchick, J. C. Anderson, D. T. King

During 1972-1973, U.S. Steel acquired an existing southern West Virginia high volatile coal mine property including a 150 tph heavy media feldspar jig preparation plant. Expansion of production from the property required an increase in plant capacity to 300 tph, replacement of the feldspar jig with a hydrocyclone circuit, and inclusion of a water clarification thickener system. The rugged and restrictive nature of the terrain adjacent to the plant facility indicated prohibitive construction costs and severe site congestion would be encountered if a conventional water clarification thickener were installed. A high-loading, small-volume thickener, developed initially for the sugar beet industry by the Enviro-Clear Co. of New York, was investigated by U.S. Steel Research for possible coal preparation application, utilizing bench scale and small scale pilot plant evaluation methods. Results of testing at existing U.S. Steel preparation plants indicated predictable successful application of the Enviro-Clear thickener, so a 35-ft-diam unit was installed. The two-phase thickener system, utilizing presettled bottom sludge as a filter-clarification media, has successfully performed since commissioning in April 1973, producing clarified water competitive with conventional thickener systems with freedom from usual thickener operational problems.

Jan 1, 1976

By G. Adel, J. Richard Lucas, C. Haycocks

This paper describes over sixteen computer programs developed at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University during the past twenty years to assist in the design of coal operations. Overall development concepts in the construction of the programs are outlined, commencing with those used in the exploration phase of mining and extending through economic analysis and into the design of specific engineering systems such as belt, rail and power networks, scheduling, rock mechanics problems and simulation of face systems. Summarized information is given for the use of the major programs including user restrictions, input data, typical output and industrial applications and case studies. Analysis has been made of the programs' applications by industry throughout the world. Such analysis is facilitating development of new programs as well as a refinement of existing ones. To date programs have been constructed in four categories: exploration, ground control, economic and simulation. Face production simulations are stochastic in nature and require the use of time study data obtained at sites underground. Future programming efforts currently under development are aimed at interactive programs for use with minicomputers and, where advantageous, with graphical displays.

Jan 1, 1983

By M. Karmis

The development of engineering rock classification systems has received considerable at tent ion during the past few years. The purpose, application and method of assigning an index of rock quality, vary considerably between these systems. Several of them are directed toward the assessment of stability and support potential of an excavation whereas other systems are estimating a particular response of the rock, i.e. blastability or ripability. In the most widely accepted engineering rock classification systems, rock quality is expressed either in terms of meaningful descriptions or by a quantitative evaluation of a geomechanical property or properties. The application of sonic wave parameters in the engineering classification of rock mass and rock material has been the subject of considerable interest amongst investigators. The advantages of utilizing such techniques include minimal sample preparation, capabilities for large scale testing and the ability to perform non- destructive as well as reproducible tests. The purpose of the research presented in this paper was to determine the most appropriate sonic wave parameters for engineering rock classification purposes, to utilize these findings in developing new or modifying existing classification systems and, finally, to apply this information in the prediction and analysis of blasting wave characteristics.

Jan 1, 1984

By William H. Marlowe, Thomas E. Ban, Eric Johnson

Introduction In recent years, the industries of the US have been caught between ever increasing environmental concerns and an increasing uncertainty in availability of fuel. An obvious solution is to use our vast reserve of coal by direct combustion or gasification. The problem involves development of a fuel that is environmentally acceptable for these purposes. In order to resolve this problem in the shortest period of time, it would be ideal if an existing technology could be modified to produce a clean fuel from coal. Shortly after World War II, the iron ore industry was compelled to develop a high quality ore from low grade resources. This need led to the development of the taconite industry which involved milling, concentrating, and pelletizing technologies. These technologies are now fully established and applicable to conversion of coal. This presentation introduces a process for converting high sulfur coal into carbonized composite pellets, which emit low quantities of sulfur and particulate matter and may be produced by employing proven elements of technology. The new product, a clean pellet fuel (HelifuelTM) was initially developed by McDowell-Wellman Co., a subsidiary of Helix Technology Inc., at their Dwight-Lloyd Research Laboratories

Jan 1, 1982

By I. J. Jansen

Introduction The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (PL 95-87) lays a new challenge before the surface mining industry by requiring that prime farmlands must be reclaimed to equivalent or higher levels of yield as nonmined prime farmland in the surrounding area (section 510d). We must now evaluate the situation and plan a mining and reclamation program that will achieve that objective. We must recognize that soil and land needs vary with intended land use and climatic setting. Also, various site conditions determine the potential for constructing a productive soil and the best procedures to accomplish that end. It is necessary to plan the land reconstruction program on a site by site basis in order to achieve the best results. Discussion The Prime Land Concept Terms like prime agricultural land have been used loosely for many years to refer to lands that are highly productive and well suited to agricultural use. The concept of what qualified as prime land varied considerably from one geographic area to another and from one person to another. The term prime farmland, as used in PL 95-87, has recently been defined quite

Jan 1, 1982