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By Robert L. Haffner

When mining operations of The Eagle-Picher Co. began in the Illinois-Wisconsin zinc mining field in 1949, all underground loading of broken ore and waste was by caterpillar-tracked machines. Beginning in 1956 rubber-tired end-loaders were brought in; ultimately they completely supplanted the tracked units. End-loaders proved to have the mobility needed for the mining conditions and additional merit in auxiliary capacities. Eagle-Picher operates five mines in this area; two are entered by shafts and three by inclined adits. Several ore zones, some of which are attenuated over a considerable distance, are worked from the same entry. Consequently underground haulage roads connecting or following these orebodies have attained great length. In addition, working places are often widely separated because of the character of the mining operations which include pillar recovery and extending haulage connections into old workings. At one mine, the haulage distance is 5000 ft on either side of the shaft, at another the maximum one-way distance is 8400 ft, and at another the present road system of 6800 ft is expected to reach 10,000 to 12,000 ft.

Jan 6, 1962

By John G. Hall

The unstable metal market during 1949, with resulting lower metal prices, has focused every mine operator's attention on the problem of reducing operating costs. Improvement in mining, methods, use of modern mechanical mining equipment, and increasing the efficiency of the labor force are the tools with which we will have to work. Careful planning is necessary to coordinate all phases so that no one phase is overdone. A mine may become over-mechanized if, for instance, capital charges against new equipment exceed the savings in labor costs, or where a large enough tonnage is not produced. The cooperation, of labor is essential to any mechanization program. There have been too many instances where mechanization and improvements have done nothing more than make up for a decrease in labor efficiency, thus bringing the production of labor back to its old standard. The operator has gained little and labor has gained only a "softer job." In any mechanization program there are gains to be had by both the operator and labor. By the efficient application of modern equipment and improved mining methods the operator should gain by decreased costs, and labor may profit by receiving a share of these decreased costs.

Jan 1, 1950

By J. A. B. Forster

The operations of the Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Australasia Ltd. involve the preliminary roasting of zinc concentrate from Broken Hill, New South wales, at a number of acid-making centers on the Australian mainland. The partially roasted material is shipped to the Tasmanian plant where it was formerly re-roasted prior to leaching,' but this practice was gradually abandoned in favor of the flotation of leach residue for the recovery of a concentrate containing about 22 pct sulphide sulphur and known as secontlary or Risdon concentrate.2 This change, together with increased zinc production, called for new furnaces at Risdon for the roasting of 10-50 tonst of secondary concentrcite and 90 tons of new concentrate per day. The war situation made it imperative that construction be commenced without delay and to save time it was decided to base the design on that of Skinner type furnaces which had been built in South Australia twenty years earlier. This involved some sacrifice of desirable features but did not prevent the incorporation of provisions which had enabled small Herreshoff type furnaces to roast secondary concentrate autogenously. The roasting rate in existing furnaces was 10-12 Ib sulphide sulphur per sq ft of hearth area per day, and eleven hearths, 20 ft in diam, were provided in the two new furnaces in anticipation that they would prove capable of the autogenous roasting of 130-140 tons of concentrate per day from 28-29 pct sulphur down to 4.5-5 pct, with an oxidation rate of 11-11.5 lh S/S per sq ft of hearth area per day. It was soon realized, when the first of the furnaces went into operation, that a much better performance than this might be given, and the purpose of this paper is to show how a treatment rate of 100 tons per furnace day, and oxidation rates approaching 15 lb S/S per sq ft per day have been reached. Furnace Design General specifications for the design were based on the results of experience with several other types of furnace and on the special operating conditions

Jan 1, 1950

By A. Muan

Liquidus data are presented for mixtures in the ternary system FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2 in equilibrium with a gas phase with O2 pressures ranging from 10-10.9 to 1 atm. Data obtained are combined with previously published data to construct lines of equal 02 pressures and lines of equal CO2/H2 mixing ratios along the liquidus surface. Courses of crystallization of selected mixtures under conditions of constant total composition, constant O2 pressures, and constant CO2/H2 mixing ratios are discussed. PHASE equilibrium studies of silicate systems where iron is one component are complicated by the fact that iron readily occurs in three different states of oxidation: Fe3+, Fe2+, and Fe0. Success or failure in work with iron silicate systems is to a large extent dependent on control of the oxidation state of iron and all investigations therefore must be carried out under carefully controlled atmospheric conditions. Silicate systems containing only strongly electropositive metals (like Na+, Ca2+, Mg", etc.) can, for simplicity, be treated as condensed systems, that is, the gas phase can be neglected and the phase relationships discussed in terms of the phase rule written in the well known simplified form P + F = C + 1. In the case of iron silicate systems, however, the composition of the condensed phases varies with the gas composition, and a complete picture of phase relationships can be obtained only by varying the gas composition over a wide range. In order to understand the phase relationships in the more complicated multicomponent silicate systems with iron oxide as one of the constituents, a knowledge of the ternary system FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2 is essential, since it constitutes a bounding portion of all such systems. It was with this in mind that the present study was undertaken. Previous Work A considerable amount of work has been done on various aspects of the chemistry and metallurgy of systems containing silica and iron oxides. The two bounding binary systems FeO-Fe2O3 and FeO-SiO2" The first attempt to obtain information on phase relationships of iron oxide-SiO, mixtures at different 0, pressures was made by Greig.' Darken" determined the melting points of iron oxide on solid silica under various atmospheric conditions. Darken did not determine experimentally the composition of the melts at liquidus temperatures but discussed very ably the principles involved in applying the phase rule to the system. In a recent study Schuhmann, Powell, and Michal8 determined experimentally the liquidus surface of a portion of the ternary system and combined the new information with data in the literature to construct a phase diagram. Their method was briefly as follows: Homogeneous mixtures with various contents of SiO2, FeO, and Fe2O3 were made up by melting together stock mixtures in various proportions. Samples of the homogeneous mixtures, the compositions of which were determined by chemical analysis, were then heated in platinum crucibles in an inert atmosphere until equilibrium among the condensed phases was achieved. The samples were quenched to room temperature and the phases present determined by microscopic examination. Assuming that no change in composition takes place during the equilibration run in inert atmosphere, the liquidus surface can be determined, but no information is obtained regarding the partial pressures of 0, of the gas phase in equilibrium with the condensed phases. The author's method, to be described in the next section, permitted the location of points at the liquidus surface as well as a calculation of the corresponding partial pressures of O2. Experimental Method General Procedure: The standard quenching technique was adapted for a study under controlled variable atmospheric conditions. Premelted mixtures of silica and iron oxides in platinum envelopes were held at constant temperature under chosen atmospheric conditions until equilibrium was reached among solid, liquid, and gas phases. The sample was then quenched to room temperature, the phases present identified, and, for the most significant runs, the composition was determined by chemical analysis. The corresponding partial pressure of 0, was calculated from known equilibrium constants of the gas reactions occuring in the furnace atmosphere. Materials: Starting materials were oxides of commercially highest available purity; cp silicic acid was dehydrated by heating to 1350°C for 6 hr and cp Fe2O3 was dried at 400° C for the same length of time. Samples of 10 g were made up by mixing

Jan 1, 1956

Year of Election 1959 Andrew Fletcher, New York, N Y "For his outstanding leadership in the lead and zinc mining industries, and for his able and devoted services to the Institute as its Treasurer and President, and as a Director for many years " 1917 Herbert Hoover, New York, N Y 1955 George M Humphrey, Cleveland, Ohio 1950 Zay Jeffries, Ptttsfield, Mass 1942 Essington Lewis, Melbourne, Vic, Australia 1959 John M Lovejoy, New York, N Y "For his distinguished service to the Institute, for his outstanding contributions in furthering the professional status of petroleum engineers, for his pioneering in application of engineering to petroleum production, and for his outstanding record of public service on behalf of the petroleum industry " 1957 Donald H McLaughlin, San Francisco, California 1957 C H Mathewson, New Haven, Connecticut 1938 Albert M Portevin, Parts, France 1957 Fred Searls, Jr, New York, N Y

Jan 1, 1960

By E. C. Truesdale, Gerald Edmunds

A few years ago H. M. Cyr, working in the Research Laboratories of The New Jersey Zinc Co., produced a few pounds of zinc1 of such purity that no other elements were detected in it by spectrographic analysis, using the facilities then available. This zinc contained less than one ten-thousandth of one per cent of metallic impurities.&apos; During the decade that followed upon the laboratory production of this "spectro-graphically pure" zinc, commercial developments brought about the production of large tonnages of zinc of purity exceeding 99.99 per cent, and today zinc of 99.999 per cent purity is produced and marketed as "chemically pure" zinc. Typical analyses of present supplies of high-purity zinc are given in Table 1. Table 1.—Typical Analyses Percentnge by Weight Sum of Zinc Fe, Ib1 Fe Cd 1A1 cd Special High Grade*.......... 0.007b 0.005b 0.005b none O.OIOb C.P. (chemically pure)......... < 0.0002 0.0005c 0.000052 S.P. (spectrographically pure).. <0.0002d <0.00005d a A.S.T.M. Standard Specification for Special High Grade Slab Zinc (A.S.T.M. Designation: B 637). b Maximum. &apos; Fe chemically determined. Pb and Cd are spectrographically determined. d Differences between composition of C.P. and S.P. zinc are discussed later in this paper. The availability of commercial tonnages of special high-grade zinc has been the basis for the development of the zinc-base die-casting alloy industry which, in the year 1936, consumed one-eighth of the zinc used in the United States for all purposes. This and the C.P. and S.P. grades have given impetus to scientific investigations into the properties of pure

Jan 1, 1939

By E. C. Truesdale, Gerald Edmunds

A few years ago H. M. Cyr, working in the Research Laboratories of The New Jersey Zinc Co., produced a few pounds of zinc1 of such purity that no other elements were detected in it by spectrographic analysis, using the facilities then available. This zinc contained less than one ten-thousandth of one per cent of metallic impurities.&apos; During the decade that followed upon the laboratory production of this "spectro-graphically pure" zinc, commercial developments brought about the production of large tonnages of zinc of purity exceeding 99.99 per cent, and today zinc of 99.999 per cent purity is produced and marketed as "chemically pure" zinc. Typical analyses of present supplies of high-purity zinc are given in Table 1. Table 1.—Typical Analyses Percentnge by Weight Sum of Zinc Fe, Ib1 Fe Cd 1A1 cd Special High Grade*.......... 0.007b 0.005b 0.005b none O.OIOb C.P. (chemically pure)......... < 0.0002 0.0005c 0.000052 S.P. (spectrographically pure).. <0.0002d <0.00005d a A.S.T.M. Standard Specification for Special High Grade Slab Zinc (A.S.T.M. Designation: B 637). b Maximum. &apos; Fe chemically determined. Pb and Cd are spectrographically determined. d Differences between composition of C.P. and S.P. zinc are discussed later in this paper. The availability of commercial tonnages of special high-grade zinc has been the basis for the development of the zinc-base die-casting alloy industry which, in the year 1936, consumed one-eighth of the zinc used in the United States for all purposes. This and the C.P. and S.P. grades have given impetus to scientific investigations into the properties of pure

Jan 1, 1939

By WALTER S.

(New York Meeting, February, 1912,) THE earliest example of attempting to form finely-divided materials into larger masses for better adaptation to commercial use was probably the briquetting of peat and lignite-waste at Paris by the use of a clay binder. It was from this attempt that our word briquette has arisen (Fr. la brique), the formed masses being shaped similar to ordinary bricks. This term does not, however, lend itself to the many shapes of such formed material as are now being produced, as few of them aside from some of the European brown-coal products bear any resemblance to the shape of that well-known article. The term "agglomeration " has therefore been chosen as more accurately descriptive of the products now being manufactured, this term including the molding as well as the sintering. With the increasing prices of fuel and ores and the greater demand for economy in the operation of industrial plants, more ,attention has been paid in recent years to the utilization of waste products and low-grade ores and fuels. Much of the waste has been occasioned by the inability to utilize finely ,divided ores and fuels in the furnaces because they could not be kept there, or else because they clogged up the furnace-shaft so that gases could not be forced through under ordinary conditions of operation. As a result, all such fines were thrown on the dump. Again, with the exhaustion of the richer deposits of ores, concentration of lower-grade ores becomes a necessity, and most concentrates are produced in a finely-divided condition. Aside from these considerations, there is also the economy in the cost of operating the plant; a furnace running on agglomerated material will have a much greater output than one working on fines. In one instance the charge of an iron blast-furnace was changed from fine concentrates to briquettes and the output was increased four-fold; better results could have been obtained had facilities been at hand for taking care of the increased output.

May 1, 1912

By S. Le Fevre

The application of electricity to the mining and beneficiation of the magnetic iron ores of the Mineville, N. Y., district, on Lake Champlain, has resulted,in economies and enhanced quality of product, without which only a comparatively small quantity of the present output could be marketed. The output of the Witherbee, Sherman & Co. mines is about 700,000 tons per annum, and of this about four-fifths is treated by magnetic separation to increase the iron content and reduce the phosphorus. The use of electricity for the magnetic separation of the ore from the gangue is therefore of primary importance, and makes possible the application of electric power for mining and preparing the ore for concentration. The fact which speaks loudest in favor of the application of electricity is this: It is possible for about 25c. per ton of shipping ore to furnish all the power required to put the ore on cars. This includes mining a hard ore underground, from a depth of 900 ft., hoisting to surface, crushing to $ or 8 in. in size, and separating from the gangue. This also includes lights about the works, and all miscellaneous power, such as about the shops. The first plant for the generation of electric power for use at Mineville was completed in 1903, and was one of the first for the application of electricity to mining iron ore. This was a Nordberg compound condensing steam engine, direct connected to a 750-kw. alternating-current generator, 3,300 volts, 3 phase, 25 cycles. All the plants added later use the same current but with higher voltage. The map, Fig. 1, shows the power plants and the transmission system; Figs. 2 and 3 are views of the shaft houses and the mills. The power from the first plant was distributed to Mills 1 and 2, one 2,500 cu. ft. compressor, and to the Harmony hoist, which was driven by a 300-h.p. motor operating four 10-ft. drums. Our experience with the hoist covers largely the development of electric hoisting from 1903 to date, and in some cases improvements were worked out to satisfy our needs. The motor is still operating as installed, but the control apparatus has been radically changed several times. When installed, the iron re-

Jan 1, 1915

By Francis M. Walters

THE problem of making iron-manganese alloys of scientific purity is a rather difficult one. They cannot be prepared in air because of the readiness with which the metals oxidize at the temperature of melting; and they cannot be prepared in vacuum because of the, high vapor pressure-of- manganese. The very property of: manganese which permits it to be purified interferes with the utilization of the best method of making pure alloys. Accordingly, it is necessary to use a gas atmosphere which will not affect the-properties of the alloys. The gases available for the purposes are hydrogen; helium and argon. Nitrogen forms intermetallic compounds with manganese very readily. Hydrogen, while valuable as a deoxidizer and having the advantage of being comparatively cheap, is explosive over a wide range and, has a rather high thermal conductivity. Helium is reported as, costing little but is difficult to secure at a reasonable price and also has a conductivity nearly as high as hydrogen. Since argon has a sufficiently low thermal conductivity, it has been selected for use in one induction furnace for melting, under a controlled, gas atmosphere, in spite of its cost, which is so high (70 cents to $1.50 per cubic foot) that it must be stored and purified.. Such a gas atmosphere-as argon makes necessary the use of the, high-frequency induction method of heating. This involves, a non-metallic container for the gas; .which is most conveniently of fused quartz or glass. The next

Jan 1, 1929

By Charles Barrett

RECRYSTALLIZATION textures-the orientations of grains after recrys-tallization-have been studied extensively not only because of their metallurgical importance but also because of the information they yield regarding the atomic movements during recrystallization. Recrystallized grains must possess the same orientations as the submicroscopic nuclei from which they have grown, and thus they offer a direct road by which experimenters can penetrate the submicroscopic realm. Many perplexing results have come of these studies, but one of the most striking has been the apparent difference in behavior between single crystals and polycrystalline grains. For example, Burgers and Louwerse have shown&apos; that when single crystals of aluminum are deformed by compression and are recrystallized (at 600° C.) the new grains appear with orientations that are different from the orientations of the deformed crystal in which they grew; but polycrystalline specimens, on the other hand, appear to have a [110] fiber texture both before and after recrystal-lization and thus to retain their texture during recrystallization. This apparent difference between the habits of single crystals and small grains is the subject of the first part of the present research and has been explained by findings reported herein. A similar situation appears to exist for aluminum when elongated or drawn into wires, for single crystals alter their orientation2,3 and polycrystalline wires retain their texture 4,1 6 upon recrystallization after elongation (at least with high-purity alumi-num), and it is possible that the explanation found in this paper for compression can be extended to cover elongation and other types of deformation as well. The second part of this paper deals with the theory of recrystallization textures. In the most successful theory for aluminum recrystallized after compression,1 much weight is given to the orientation of highly stressed nuclei in the deformed material. Taylor&apos;s "local distortions" are assumed to exist along the slip planes where displacement has occurred, consisting of fragments rotated in a specific way with reference to the slip plane and slip direction; namely, about an axis lying in the slip plane perpendicular to the slip direction. 1,7,8,9

Jan 1, 1940

By James F. Kemp

Discussion of the paper of D. Foster Hewett, Bulletin To. 27, March, 1909, pp. 291 to 310. JAMES F. KEMP, New York, N. Y.:-Mr. Hewett&apos;s paper is one of exceptional interest, because it not only adds an important contribution regarding one of the rarer, valuable elements, but also because it introduces compounds hitherto unknown and in associations no less novel. While we have occasionally dis¬covered and recorded asphaltite in metalliferous deposits, for example in the Joplin and Granby districts, we have not seen a metallic ore in a deposit essentially asphaltite. The source and method of introduction afford a subject well worth serious reflection. Vanadium was first discovered and recognized as a distinct element in the slags obtained in smelting the titaniferous magnetites at Taberg, Sweden. For a long time, therefore, we looked upon the titaniferous magnetites as its hone. Analyses proved, years ago, that it was present in the ores of this type in New Jersey and in the Adirondacks. It was quite rarely determined, but when looked for it was, I think, invariably found, although the Amount seldom exceeded 0.5 per cent. of V,05., In just what combination it exists in the titaniferous ores is uncertain. One might imagine V2O3 replacing some of the Fe2O3 of magnetite; or, since in the lead series vanadates and phosphates are closely akin, one might wonder if a lime-vanadate could take the place of apatite. Yet no lime-vanadate has been found in nature, and apatite itself is usually rare in the titaniferous ores. When percentage-curves are plotted for a series of analyses of the ores, the line of vanadic oxide shows a curious sympathetic behavior with the line of chromic oxide;&apos; but the data are somewhat limited, and no compound has sug¬gested itself which throws light on the matter. Dr. W. F. Hillebrand has discussed the occurrence and dis-

Oct 1, 1909

By Reno H. Sales, Charles Meyer

AT Butte, successive zones of sericitized and argillized quartz monzonite occur around every ore-bearing fracture regardless of its size, attitude, or relative age. The two types of alteration always occupy the same relative positions; sericite adjacent to the ore-bearing vein, clay minerals always between the scricitized rock and fresh quartz monzonite, except where overlap of alteration effects between adjacent fissures has eliminated the lower grade mineralogical products, as is the case in much of Butte&apos;s Central zone of pervasive sericitization. As long as active circulation continued in the channel, each zone migrated away from the fissure, that is, it grew at its outer edge and simultaneously receded at its veinward edge because of encroachment by the next innermost zone. The different mineralogical and chemical responses within the wall rocks to the attack by the ore fluid are dependent not on a drastic about-face change of composition of the fluid in the channel relative to its ability to alter the quartz monzonite but on continuously varying conditions of physico-chemical environment within the wall rock outwardly from the vein.&apos; Introduction From the economic viewpoint it is highly desirable that much effort be expended for the purpose of increasing our knowledge of ores and their origin. It has been the observation of the senior writer, many times expressed, that the mining companies have spent too little money in research on the geology of nature&apos;s deposits of copper, lead, and zinc, which we know to be of limited extent and which, when exhausted, must be replaced by new discoveries. Experience at Butte and elsewhere has forced the conclusion that observation and mapping in the field must be supplemented by laboratory work if we are to arrive at a reasonably correct understanding of the geology of ore bodies and their environments. It is only through the medium of such correct understanding of geology that we shall be able to accomplish the maximum toward aiding mine operations and at the same time provide a proper background for field examination work whether it be geological or geophysical. The Anaconda Copper Mining Company&apos;s answer to the need above expressed has been to equip a geological laboratory at Butte. The reason why Butte was selected is obvious, for situated there is one of the world&apos;s largest and geologically most interesting concentrations of copper and zinc. Furthermore, because of the great extent of underground workings both laterally and vertically, the opportunities for observation and study of ore occurrences probably are unequaled anywhere. The laboratory was established with five principal objectives in view. These were: 1. As an aid to Anaconda Company mine operations at Butte and elsewhere, this work to supplement that of the mine geologists. 2. To aid in acquiring as complete an understanding as possible of the behavior of Butte veins and ore bodies laterally and in depth.

Jan 1, 1949

By Charles Meyer, Reno H. Sales

AT Butte, successive zones of sericitized and argillized quartz monzonite occur around every ore-bearing fracture regardless of its size, attitude, or relative age. The two types of alteration always occupy the same relative positions; sericite adjacent to the ore-bearing vein, clay minerals always between the scricitized rock and fresh quartz monzonite, except where overlap of alteration effects between adjacent fissures has eliminated the lower grade mineralogical products, as is the case in much of Butte&apos;s Central zone of pervasive sericitization. As long as active circulation continued in the channel, each zone migrated away from the fissure, that is, it grew at its outer edge and simultaneously receded at its veinward edge because of encroachment by the next innermost zone. The different mineralogical and chemical responses within the wall rocks to the attack by the ore fluid are dependent not on a drastic about-face change of composition of the fluid in the channel relative to its ability to alter the quartz monzonite but on continuously varying conditions of physico-chemical environment within the wall rock outwardly from the vein.&apos; Introduction From the economic viewpoint it is highly desirable that much effort be expended for the purpose of increasing our knowledge of ores and their origin. It has been the observation of the senior writer, many times expressed, that the mining companies have spent too little money in research on the geology of nature&apos;s deposits of copper, lead, and zinc, which we know to be of limited extent and which, when exhausted, must be replaced by new discoveries. Experience at Butte and elsewhere has forced the conclusion that observation and mapping in the field must be supplemented by laboratory work if we are to arrive at a reasonably correct understanding of the geology of ore bodies and their environments. It is only through the medium of such correct understanding of geology that we shall be able to accomplish the maximum toward aiding mine operations and at the same time provide a proper background for field examination work whether it be geological or geophysical. The Anaconda Copper Mining Company&apos;s answer to the need above expressed has been to equip a geological laboratory at Butte. The reason why Butte was selected is obvious, for situated there is one of the world&apos;s largest and geologically most interesting concentrations of copper and zinc. Furthermore, because of the great extent of underground workings both laterally and vertically, the opportunities for observation and study of ore occurrences probably are unequaled anywhere. The laboratory was established with five principal objectives in view. These were: 1. As an aid to Anaconda Company mine operations at Butte and elsewhere, this work to supplement that of the mine geologists. 2. To aid in acquiring as complete an understanding as possible of the behavior of Butte veins and ore bodies laterally and in depth.

Jan 1, 1949

By C. D. King

THE key to maximum production of ingots for the war effort is maximum production of pig iron. For any given furnace and ore, the most important single influence on blast-furnace production is the quality of the furnace coke. It is generally recognized that undoubtedly deterioration of Pittsburgh coking coals will be accelerated by the depletion of some of the better grades of coal; the extension of mine mechanization, with attendant degradation of coal quality; and the opening of new coal fields, some of which are known to be fairly high in sulphur. All of these factors, contributing as they do to higher ash and sulphur, and not infrequently to inferior quality of coke, made it desirable that an extensive study be undertaken to determine the effect of washing some coals that closely approximate the average chemical composition of coking coals to be expected in the future by the subsidiaries of the United States Steel Corporation in the Pittsburgh district. It was deemed advisable to study the improvement obtained by washing such coals and to determine the need for supplementing the existing coal washery at Clairton to assure continued maximum production of pig iron from presently available furnace stacks. The existence of the coal washer at Clairton made it possible to conduct tests on coals used in raw form and on similar coals after washing. This study covers an investigation of the quality of furnace coke as affected by washing coking coals, and is confined to the use of IOO per cent high-volatile Pittsburgh seam coals from Fayette and Greene Counties in the manufacture of furnace coke. It covers the improvement in chemical and physical properties as well as the degree of uniformity in coke obtained by washing these coals, and includes the effect on blast-furnace production and practice. The test period involved is four months; the plants, Clairton by-product coke plant, and the Carrie No. I and No. 2 blast furnaces at Rankin, Pa., Carnegie- Illinois Steel Corporation. Clairton By-Product Coke Plant And Coal Washer The Clairton by-product coke plant carbonizes 30,800 net tons of coal daily in 22 batteries containing 1482 ovens. Three oven sizes are used, commonly known as wide, medium, and narrow types, recognizing the difference in oven width. These ovens also differ in height and length. The present coal washer has a daily capacity of approximately 14,000 tons, leaving 16,800 tons to be carbonized in raw form. Washed coal is used on all the narrow ovens and on three of the six batteries with ovens of medium width, raw coals being used on all the remaining ovens. The customary arrangement is

Jan 1, 1944

By J. Parke Channing

ALTHOUGH the original thought of investigating waste in industry came from a mining engineer, Herbert Hoover, and although the chairman of that committee was a mining engineer (although the real work was done by the vice-chairman, L. W. Wallace), it is an interesting commentary that when the report first saw light, at St. Louis, on the first of June, 1921, some people most violently went up in the air when it was submitted by the representatives of the mining engineers. At the time they resented most markedly the report of the committee that 50 per cent. of the waste in industry, or as Mr. Ingalls in his paper has properly said, inefficiency in industry, was to be laid upon management. The reason for that seems to have been that, as a whole, the mining industry is pretty well organized and is superior to a large number of manufacturing industries including those studied by the Report. However, this very meeting shows that even the min-ing engineers have finally realized that there is waste or inefficiency in mining and that a large proportion of it can, with propriety, be assessed against management.

Jan 3, 1922

By F. N. Speller

ASIDE from the Tuesday symposium on gases in metals, the Iron and Steel Division swung into action for the first time on the third day of the meeting with a discussion of iron and steel alloys. Dr. E. S. Davenport opened the discussion on Wednesday morning by presenting the paper written by himself in association with E. C. Bain and W. S. N. wiring on the equilibrium diagram of iron-manganese-carbon alloys. A written discussion by Mr. Scott showed qualitative agree- ment, but some quantitative disagreement. Messrs. Marsh and Sisco discussed the paper at length, pointing out non- agreement of certain conclusions with the phase rule. Dr. Krivobok, although differing with the authors on some points, stated that in his opinion the information collected would be valuable in the practical use of these alloys.

Jan 1, 1932

By John Hays Hammoud

At the Annual Business Meeting of the Institute, held February 19, 1907, the following persons were elected Council. President of the Council, John Hays Hammond, New York, N. Y. Vice-Presidents (for two years), Samuel B. Christy, Berkeley, Cal. ; John A. Church, New York, N. Y.; Persifor Frazer, Philadelphia, Pa. Councilors (for three years), B. F. Fackenthal, Jr., Easton, Pa.; H. 0. Hofman, Boston, Mass.; Walter Renton Ingalls, New York, N. Y. Secretary. of the Council (for one year), Rossiter W. Raymond, New York, N.Y.

Mar 1, 1907

MRS. SIDNEY J. JENNINGS, President MRS. ARTHUR S. DWIGHT, First Vice-President MRS. KARL EILERS, Second Vice-President MRS. H. W. HARDINGE, Third Vice-President MRS. BRADLEY STOUGHTON, Recording Secretary MRS. AXEL 0. IHLSENG, Corresponding Secretary MRS. HARRIS K. MASTERS, Treasurer Welfare Committee MRS. C. C, BURGER, Chairman Sub-Committees Americanization Belgian Relief MRS. LEVI HOLBROOK, Chairman MRS. HENRY H. KNOX, Chairman Emergency MRS. HERMAN A. PROSSER, Chairman A very successful meeting Of the Council of the Woman&apos;s Auxiliary was held Wednesday, July 18, and plans for war relief work were thoroughly discussed. The Belgian Relief Committee has sent out the following letter to the ten local sub-committees, which were formed to raise money to feed the Belgian children: "The Commission for Relief in Belgium announced in a letter from Mr. Hoover that after the first of June the United States Government would take over the relief of Belgium and Northern France and called attention to the following paragraph: ?Naturally, having built up such an effective organization you will desire to keep it alive as far as possible, and we venture to suggest that, although the general relief of the countries involved will now be met by the Government appropriations, emer-gencies and special conditions may arise which could only be met by private donations. In such circumstances your organization will afford a ready means of meeting the demands of the situation, whatever they may be. Should any of your contributors

Jan 9, 1917

By Franklin G. Pardee

WARTIME depletion of the reserves of iron ore in the Lake Superior region of the grade and character now being shipped down the Lakes was serious. The time has come to take stock of the resources that remain in order to plan our future program of supply for our blast furnaces and protect, as far as possible. the tremendous investment made in the Lake Superior iron mining industry. Hugh M. Roberts and William H. Crago have estimated the reserves of the Lake Superior region in the United States at two billion long tons. These reserve figures are of direct-shipping ore and those concentrates produced by methods now in commercial use or those methods that may be expected in the near future. In their estimate they have assigned 392 million long tons to the Michigan ranges (all reserves in long tons) : 112 million tons for the Gogebic. 140 million tons for the Menominee, and 140 million tons for the Marquette.

Jan 1, 1948