Search Documents

By Henry D. Hibbard

THIS article aims to clarify the use of some terms often occurring in writings on iron and -steel, and also to suggest several new short abbreviated names for some of the things related to the subject which now are indicated by phrases. Crude or Crude Iron The name crude or crude iron is recommended for the iron produced from ore by the blast furnace. When necessary it can be specified as pig iron when in the form of pigs (usually cold), or as molten iron, commonly called hot metal to distinguish it from cold iron in pigs. The product of a direct process of making wrought or malleable iron from ore is not included.

Jan 1, 1924

By Orson Cutler, Shepard

THE OBJECT of this paper is twofold: (1) To analyze the forces that cause air bubbles to spread on mineral surfaces in the flotation process; and (2) To develop a rational expression that will serve as a criterion of the floatability of minerals, to the end that the efficiencies of various flotation reagents can be accurately compared. Heretofore, the subject of the spreading of air bubbles has been dismissed with the statement that the surfaces of minerals on which bubbles spread are water-repellent. Imperfect understanding of the forces involved has led to the use, hitherto, of various erroneous formulas for the calculation of the comparative effectiveness of flotation reagents.

Jan 1, 1932

By Ian MacGregor

As I drove in from the airport on Sunday somebody said 'On the right you will see Duntroon, which is the military training school of Australia.' So I asked the driver, where did they get that name? 'Oh,' he said, 'from some people who built a house there. That was it's name- Duntroon.' It strikes a note with me because, that's the name of a 12th century castle on the west coast of Scotland where I spend what leisure hours I have and, therefore, it establishes the long connection between Australia and my native land. There is also a story I should tell you about the oil industry and its upsurge in Scotland recently which has resulted in great prosperity. And in Edinburgh, the walls of the banks are bulging-because of the incursion of foreign exchange and other resources. Charlotte Square, as some of you know, is the centre of the Scottish financial world and at one of the corners of Charlotte Square, where ho streets intersect, there are three stores-three emporia on the ground floor. Two of them at opposite corners are banks: The Royal Bank of Scotland, and not to be beaten by that, The Bank of Scotland. But the third building is occupied, or was occupied, by a furniture store over many years-very high-grade, high quality furniture that the elite of the Edinburgh society always supported. And suddenly, the store was cleared out and in came a bunch of carpenters and other people busily engaged in rebuilding the store, and finally the new tenants arrived on the scene.

Jan 1, 1978

By Thomas J. Menner

Jan 1, 1983

By C. W. Clark

Two papers have been written previously concerning operations at the Montreal East plant of Canadian Copper Refiners Limited. The first one,1 written in 1932, described silver-refinery operations at the time for producing silver and gold bullion from tankhouse anode slimes; the second,2 published in 1933, consisted of a description of the entire plant. Since publication of these papers the refinery has become the world's larg-est producer of refined selenium. The first selenium was produced in August 1934. Tellurium production on a. commercial scale followed in October 1935. This paper will deal with selenium and tellurium produc-tion and also with present operations in the silver refinery. Blister cakes from Hudson' Bay Mining and Smelting Co., Flin Flon, Manitoba, and commercial anodes from Noranda Mines Limited, Noranda, Quebec, are refined at Montreal East. Both these bullions have unusually high gold, selenium and tellurium content. The average assay of raw slimes produced from domestic and Noranda anodes is about 40 per cent Cu, 3600 oz. per ton Ag, 800 oz. per ton Au, 22 per cent Se and 3.7 per cent Te.

Jan 1, 1938

By H. J. Wogner

STORAGE of natural gas in underground reservoirs is one of the most important developments in the natural gas industry in recent years. However, it is only when we consider this development together with proved fuel reserves, the know-how of the fuel technologist, and the possibility of making manufactured gas available over large areas, that we begin to appreciate fully the impact that underground storage of gas may have on the future growth and development of large areas in the United States. During the past winter, shortages of natural gas in the industrial East were given wide publicity and domestic consumers were requested to reduce their requirements to a minimum, so that war plants might have sufficient gas to continue operations. Curtailments would have been more drastic except for the fact that large volumes of natural gas had previously been stored in underground reservoirs. Storage of natural gas in depleted or partly depleted gas or oil sands is not new, having originally been tried, as far as I know, about 1915. About five or ten years later an attempt was made to store manufactured gas in a depleted gas sand. This proved unsuccessful at first because the gas was not properly cleaned and the impurities plugged the pores in the sand.

Jan 1, 1945

By George A. Komadina

From its modest beginning in 1957 with one mill grinding section handling 3000 tpd Pima has steadily expanded. In July 1966, work was completed that allowed the concentrator to treat in excess of 18,000 tpd. Almost immediately Pima embarked on another expansion program that will increase plant capacity to 30,000 tpd during the summer of 1967. This repeated expansion has corresponded with the development of additional low-grade ore deposits and with the improved operating economics realized by handling larger masses of material. Early in the life of Pima it was known that a mineralized area was present on the flanks of the high-grade orebody which systematic drilling had shown to be a low-grade copper orebody. Many months of engineering studies revealed that this was sufficient to allow Pima to compete with other large scale, low-grade copper operations in the Southwest.

Jan 11, 1967

By M. L. Fuller

IN connection with an investigation in this laboratory on the high-zinc side of the copper-zinc system, it was observed that well developed segre-gate structures of the Widmanstätten type were formed when a secondary phase precipitated from the solid solution of copper in zinc. This paper presents an analysis of the crystallographic relationship between the segregate and the solid solution matrix. The data to be presented are an interesting addition to the literature on segregate structures in that the plane of segregation is one of the less densely populated planes. In agreement with the generalization of C. H. Mathewson and D. W. Smith1 the plane of segregation in the matrix con-tains the direction of closest atomic packing of the lattice. Furthermore, the matrix and the segregate are both hexagonal close-packed, which has not been reported hitherto in the literature.2 The increasing com-mercial importance of zinc alloys containing copper makes this funda-mental study of value to the metallography of zinc alloys.

Jan 1, 1933

By R. S. Dean

PROCESSES for the direct production of iron and steel from ores are hardy perennials, and new processes and revivals of old ones are continually being brought to the attention of the investing public if not to the attention of metallurgists. Direct production of iron and steel is so simple that it offers a fertile field for the promoter. Unfortunately in this way direct processes have acquired a bad name, not always deserved, with conservative capitalists and metallurgists. Direct processes cannot, except in special instances, be looked upon as a substitute for any single operation in present iron and steel practice but must be considered, as one link in an entirely new chain of metallurgical process from ore to finished steel. Thus it is, in my opinion, inadvisable to consider the use of sponge-iron processes as a means of treating ore of ordinary blast-furnace grade to produce open-hearth feed. In time I think it will be found equally inadvisable to smelt iron-ore concentrates in the blast furnace.

Jan 1, 1935

By OTTO HERRES

TO operate the bituminous coal industry in the United States in 1929 cost $770,237,000, of which $30,739,000 was paid for purchased power and $34,947,000 for new machinery and equipment. Equipment aggregated 3,124,000 hp. A mining industry that spends $65,000,000 a year for power and machinery is likely to be fairly well mechanized, and when the machinery in use takes three million horsepower to drive it, the probabilities are that mechanization has been in progress in at least some of the mines for quite a few years. Mechanization in its broadest sense implies machine cutting, power drilling, mechanical loading, electric haulage, mechanical sizing and cleaning, and lesser applications of machinery to mining operations. But the introduction and development of mechanical loading has been the feature of coal mining recently and its extraordinary progress is causing great changes within the industry. First, let us look at the records. The quantity of coal loaded mechanically in bituminous mines was:

Jan 1, 1933

By Elmer A. Jones

Development work in mines of St. Joseph Lead Co., Southeast Missouri, using trackless loading equipment shows definite advantages: Speed of cleaning, ability to work on steep grades and sharp crosscuts, good later tracking conditions, and possibility of wasting rock in old abandoned stopes.

Jan 1, 1950

By AIME AIME

The following changes of address of members have been received at the Secretary's office during the period of Jan. 1 to Mar. 15, 1907. This list therefore supplements the annual list of members corrected to Jan. 1, 1907, and brings it up to the date of Mar. 15, 1907. The names of members who have accepted election during January and February, 1907 (new members), are printed in italics. The large number of changes of address since Jan. 1, 1907, shows the importance of publishing these changes as frequently as possible, and the Bi-Monthly Bulletin has been selected as the means to present this information to the members of the Institute. By a simple method of cutting out these names and addresses and pasting them directly over the corresponding names in the annual list of members, the record can be kept practically up to date, and the value of the list correspondingly increased. For this purpose the changes of address have been printed only on one side of the page. The names of new members, being in italics, are readily distinguished from the others, and can be pasted in approximate alphabetical order on the margins of the pages.

Mar 1, 1907

By H. B. FERNALD

THE first year to which the Revenue Act of 1936 has applied is now passed. It is appropriate to try to give some calm thought to the plan of Federal income taxation as now imposed and what it will mean to the business and industry of the country if this plan of taxation is continued unchanged. Whether or not we like to pay these taxes is beside the point. Taxes are high and may be expected to be high for many years. The important question is whether the taxes to be imposed will destroy or injure business enterprise and development, and, in so doing, lower the standards of employment, living, comfort, and welfare of our people. The power to tax is the power to destroy. That destruction may come suddenly as a cyclone, or slowly as dry rot. What, if any, features are there in the present plan of Federal income taxation that have these destructive tendencies? A few of the points follow that seem to call for consideration.

Jan 1, 1937

By Charles H. Jones

Jan 1, 1905

By AIME AIME

A REGULAR meeting of the Executive Board 'of American Engineering Council was held in the Onondaga Hotel, Syracuse, N.. Y., Feb. 14, 1921, with the president, Herbert Hoover, presiding. Reports of committees were presented and acted upon as follows: ENGINEER ON INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION The second meeting of the Committee was. called because it was represented to the Committee' on Pro¬cedure that the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Association of Engineers, and the Ameri¬can Institute of Consulting Engineers were anxious to have President-elect Harding appoint an engineer to fill one of the vacancies on the Interstate Commerce Commission. The representative of The American Society of Civil Engineers agreed to endorse the recom¬mendations- of American Engineering Council, and the Committee on Procedure prepared and sent a letter to the President-elect, a - copy of this letter being sent to each member of the Board. No names were suggested. . The appointment of an engineer on the Interstate Commerce Commission was approved and the Board, after approving the action of the Committee 'on Procedure in writing the President-elect, voted that, if requested, the Committee on Procedure submit a list of not less than six names for the appointment of an engineer on the Interstate. Commerce Commission.

Jan 1, 1921

By G. H. Cutter

SAFETY in mining depends on wire rope to as great, if not greater, extent than in any other industry. Sudden failure of a shaft-hoist rope might easily result in death or serious injury to the operators and workmen, extensive damage to expensive equipment, and a loss in production while repairs are being made. A wire rope is only as good as its component parts. It must be made from wire properly drawn and treated. It must be fabricated on machines large enough and capable of imparting the necessary qualities to meet the stringent service conditions. However, unless the fundamental requirement of good ropemaking is recognized, all other operations, no matter how carefully performed, will not impart reliability and quality to the product. This fundamental requirement is steel that is homogeneous, of high resistance to fatigue, and of a type suitable for rope wire. Most wire-rope manufacturers agree that rope wire should be made from acid-open-hearth steel. It is comparatively easy to meet the same physical properties with basic steel, but such properties are only part of the requirements for good wire. It is absolutely necessary, particularly for rope service such as mining, where reliability is essential, that the wire be uniform throughout its entire length. Most manufacturers feel that this highly important requirement is better met by acid-open-hearth steel.

Jan 1, 1936

By W. G. Jewitt

YELLOWKNIFE, the most northerly Canadian gold mining district, is once more in the throes of a boom. Touched off by spectacular and well-publicized diamond-drilling results on the property of Giant Yellowknife Gold Mines, Ltd., mining companies and the general public are competing for mining claims and for the shares of companies owning mining claims in the area, with little regard for values. Such a stock-market boom has various unfortunate consequences but undoubtedly one beneficial result is that considerable amounts of money are made available for serious development. The Yellowknife mining area lies on the north shore of Great Slave Lake, in the Northwest Territories, at a latitude of approximately 62°30' north. The topography is a low-relief phase of that usual in the Canadian Laurentian shield. Roughly, one third of the surface is lake-covered, one third muskeg or overburden, and one third is bare

Jan 1, 1944

By George S. Rice

GROUND movement from mining, whether it be for coal, metal, industrial minerals, or .oil, will always present many difficult problems. These are especially serious when valuable surface improvements may be badly damaged. The mine itself, if mining methods are not suitable to the formation, is subject to heavy falls of the main roof in the working places; and with certain structural conditions the movements may cause in coal mines disastrous bumps and outbursts of gas, and in deep metal mines rock bursts. In open-cut work rock and earth slides may result. Absolute prevention of ground movement from mining is impossible unless large pillars are left unmined,

Jan 1, 1937

By R. H. Jacoby, M. J. Rzasa

Experimental equilibrium vaporization ratios (K values) were obtained for nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, ethane and hydrogen sulfide in two natural gas-absorber oil mixtures and in two natural gas-Elk Basin crude oil mixtures. For each mixture of constant over-all composition, data were obtained at 100°, 150° and 200°F and at various pressures in the range 200 to 5,000 psia. Some effects of composition on the K values were obtained to serve as a guide in choosing K's for engineering calculations on other mixtures. The pressure cell used to obtain the data is a new type and is described here for the first time. INTRODUCTION The phase equilibria of complex hydrocarbon mixtures such as natural gases, crude oils and their mixtures have been studied previously for the purpose of finding equilibrium vaporization ratios for the hydrocarbon constitutents. In a few cases, such non-hydrocarbon.: as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide were included in the mixture. studied because they occur. in the fluids obtained from petroleum reservoirs. The increasing occurrerce. of these non-liydrocarbon.; antl their growing economic importance. make it necessary to account for them more accurately in engineering calculation.: than is now possible using the meager published data. The available data for non-hydrocarbons may he classified into two groups: namely, binary mixtures of a hydrocarbon and a non-hydrocarbon. and mixtures containing three or more components, only one of which is a non-hydrocarbon. Amon: the former. phase analyses are available for two nitrogen-HC mixtures, tve carbon dioxide-HC mixtures and three hydrogen sulfide-HC mixtures. Data for more complex mixtures are available as follows: Nitrogen-Methane-Pentane'; Nitrogen-Methane-Hexane,'; Nitrogen-Methane-Heptane'; Carbon dioxide-Natural Gas-Natural Gasorline": Carbon dioxide-Natural Gas-Crude Oil". These data have been used generally lor engineering calculations, often with little regard for their precise applicability because data for the non-hydrocarbons in the complex mixtures being dealt with were not available. The use of K values from binary data for calculation:; involving complex mixtures is open to criticism because such K's are not a function of composition and very often show large differences from the K's for the same components in a complex mixture. Thus the effects of composition must be evaluated when obtaining K's for components in complex mixtures. Poettmann and Katz " varied the carbon dioxide content of their mixture.; from about five to ten mol per cent and found substantially no effect on the K values due to this change. This was not surprising since one might expect that changing a minor com-ponent by * three mol per cent would have little effect. It is more important to find the composition change which have the largest effect on the K values. For example. varying the methane or heptanes — plus compositions over a wide rangr may have a large effect on the K'. of all components in the mixture. Interesting data to this effect were obtained by Eilerts and Smith." It was toward these problems that the experimental data presented here were directed. EQUIPMENT The pressure cell used to obtain the data i:. somewhat dif-ferent from those which have been described in the past. Photographs of the equipment are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Fig. 1 Shows. the front panel: from a .rated position at the right the

Jan 1, 1952

By O. C. Wheeler

Peru, if it is judged on a basis of its annual production rate, can be ranked seventh among the oil-producing countries of the Western Hemisphere. In 1945, as in each of the three previous years, the country again produced about 14 million barrels of crude petroleum.

Jan 1, 1946