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By G. Cartaud, F. Osmond

WE have already devoted two previous memoirs to this question. In the first we collated and discussed the existing literature on the subject; in the second, we described the crystalline forms obtained by the reduction, at different temperatures, of ferrous chloride by hydrogen or by zinc-vapor. The conclusion from these researches was that the three allotropic states of iron-a, stable below A2; 19, stable between A2 and A3; and 7, stable above A3-all crystallize in the cubic system. The differences observed were such as are customarily encountered in the crystallographic records of many minerals of which allotropic varieties or isomerides are not known, but did not conform to the ordinary definition of polymorphism. It is, however, improbable that allotropic transformations, which are placed beyond doubt by a series of positive facts, do not involve some changes in the intimate structure. As a matter of fact, the crystals we did obtain were too small to allow of a precise examination, and this might introduce an element of uncertainty in the firm establishment of our conclusions. Professor H. Le Chatelier was even led to think from some of our results that iron could very well be a rhombohedron simulating a cube, and not a true cube, and it will be remembered that the crystalline form of bismuth was for a long time incorrectly regarded as cubic. Allotropy does not, however, necessarily involve such a deduction. Without departing from the cubic system at all, a whole

Nov 1, 1906

THE Institute conducts jointly with the American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers and American Institute of Electrical Engineers, certain activities as listed below, and is joint owner with them of certain properties situated at 29 West 39th Street in New York City United Engineering Trustees, Inc. When Mr Carnegie made his gift, "for the erection of a suitable union home" for the engineering societies, United Engineering Trustees, Inc (then United Engineering Society) was chartered under Chapter 703, Laws of the State of New York, 1904, for "the advancement of the engineering arts and sciences in all their branches, and to maintain a free public engineering library" The Corporation was further empowered to acquire real and personal property and to use, maintain and occupy it, with the provision that any building erected by the Corporation shall be used perpetually as a meeting place and headquarters for the Founder Societies Thus the Carnegie gift realized the ideal of bringing the engineering societies together under one roof, and the Corporation through its members nominated in equal numbers by the four Founder Societies had the necessary authority to act for the Founder Societies in their joint interests in owning and operating for them not only Engineering Societies Building, but in the course of time, Engineering Societies Library, and

Jan 1, 1952

By F. V. Lenel, G. S. Ansell, E. C. Nelson

IRMANN'S' discovery that extrusions of fine alumi-num-flake powders possess remarkable high-temperature strengths has led to the production of a new class of engineering materials whose properties are derived from a fine dispersion of oxide particles in a metallic matrix. A fundamental study of such materials and elucidation of the mechanism whereby the oxide parti-

Jan 1, 1958

Ahrenholz, Herman William, Jr., Student, Lehigh Univ Bethlehem, Pa. '35 Allen, Carl A., Student, Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colo. '35 Allen, Paul W., Student, Mass. Inst. of Tech Cambridge, Mass. '35 Allen, R. M., Jr., Student, Virginia Polytechnic Inst., "G" Co Blacasburg, Va. '35 Amberger, K. H., Student, Michigan College of Min. & Tech Houghton, Mich. '35 Andersen, Burton Lee, Student, School of Mines, Univ. of Washington Seattle, Wash. '35 Anderson, Joseph S., Student, Univ. of Texas El Paso, Tex. '35 Anderson, R. C., Student, Univ. of Washington Seattle, Wash. '35 Ansel, Gerhard 627 Clyde St., Pittsburgh, Pa. '34 Anutta, Frederick P., Student, Michigan College of Min. & Tech Houghton, Mich. '35 Apsouri, Constantin N., Graduate Student, Univ. of Arizona Tucson, Ariz. '35 Arakelian, Haig Mark, Student, Mass. Inst. of Tech Cambridge, Mass. '34 Archer, George K 1420 Court Pl., Denver, Colo. '34 Argall, George O., Jr., K. E. House Golden, Colo. '35 Argiielles, Alfredo, Student, Univ. of Texas El Paso, Tex. '35 Atwater, Ralph, Student, South Dakota School of Mines Rapid City, S. D. '35 Austin, Robert B., Miner, Page Mine, Federal Min. & Smelt. CoSpokane, Wash. '34

Jan 1, 1934

The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period May 10, 1916, to June 10, 1916: ARCHIBALD, JOHN CHRISTIE, Min. Engr., Supt. of Cyanide Plant, Guanajuato Reduction Mines, Guanajuato, Mex. BRUNEL, FRANK P., Cons. Min. Engr Mitchell & Brunel, Ajo, Ariz. CALVERT, WILLIAM ROBERT, Cons. Geol. ...225 Kearns Bldg., Salt Lake City, Utah. CHAMPION, J. R., Supt The Yak Mining, Milling & Tunnel Co., Leadville, Colo. CHARLES, LAVERN JOHN, Construction Engr., Elephant Butte Dam, Elephant Butte, N. M. CHASTEL, ANDRE, Min. Engr., Societe Miniere & Metallurgique de Penarroya, 12, Place Vendome, Paris, France. CHRISTIE, WALLACE H., Vice-Pres. and Mgr., Alt. Bert Gold Dredging Co., 604 Mission St., San Francisco, Cal. CLARK, RONALD ..Hardinge Conical Mill Co., 120 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Jan 7, 1916

By Richard Akerman

At the International Sessions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain, the American Institute of Mining Engineers and the Verein Deutscher EisenhUttenleute, held in Allegheny City, Pa., in October, 1890, Sir James Kitson, then President of the Iron and Steel Institute, presented an account by Sir Henry Bessemer of the origin of the process which bears his name.? The paper graplhically told how, after the first successes immediately following the first reports given at Cheltenham of the new process, there rapidly succceded such obstacles and difficulties in its practical application, that the whole matter was nearly abandoned in 1858. Suddenly, however, the situation changed, so that at length it became possible

Jan 1, 1894

By William Glenn

In their account of chromium, Roscoe and Schorlemmer (Treatise on Chemistry, London, 1879) state that "In 1762 Lehmann, in a letter to Buffon, de nova minerœ plumbi specie crystalline rubra, described a new mineral from Siberia, now termed crocoisite." In 1786 Lehmann analyzed it (Nicholson's Jour., Dee., 1798) and found that it contained chiefly lead, and that the " mineralizers " were arsenic and sulphur. It was next examined in 1189 by Macquart and Vauquelin, who stated that it contained an intimate mixture of iron, alumina, and lead peroxide. The account of their work was published over the name of Macquart. Vauquelin (Louis-Nicolas) was a Norman peasant, who had studied in the village school, and at the age of fourteen was a laboratory-boy in a pharmacy at Rouen. Later, he found his way to Paris, and in 1789 was assistant to Fourcroy, a pharmacist and a teacher of note. It was here that he met Macquart, with whom he did the work on Siberian red lead, and at this time his friend Cheradame taught him his Latin.

Jan 1, 1896

Jan 1, 1915

Although the mining industry faced ever-increasing risks and uncertainties in 1974, it nevertheless pushed ahead with considerable rapidity in exploring and developing new orebodies-while expanding and improving the technologies of mining and exploration. Prepared by the SME Mining and Exploration Division, this section of the annual review covers the pertinent worldwide developments in the fields of geochemistry, geology, geological engineering, open pit mining, underground mining, rock mechanics, operations research, and solution mining.

Jan 2, 1975

Although the meeting of the Institute in St. Louis Will not occur until September, 1917, the committee in charge is already making attractive plans, and we append hereto a tentative skeleton program which will give some notion of the opportunities that will be offered: St. Louis is situated in the midst of. a district which contains not only a great many interesting examples of mining, but also all types of industrial manufacture of interest to members of the Institute, and it affords abundant opportunities to visit and see these plants. Further announcement will be made from time to time as the committee's plans take more permanent shape. .

Jan 2, 1917

By A. C. Fieldner

THE older coal chemist had a much simpler conception of coal than we have today. To him coal was a mineral composed essentially of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, ash, and water, in various proportions. His studies on the constitution of coal were directed along the conventional lines of proximate and ultimate chemical analyses and making deductions from these data without any real appreciation of the fact that coal is a conglomerate of various chemical compounds, including many of the most complex structures known to organic chemistry. The view of the modern coal chemist is well expressed by Franz Fischer, I who says that while proximate and ultimate analyses are important both from the scientific and technical point of view, they tell the chemist no more concerning the number and kinds of chemical compounds that constitute coal than the reader would learn of the contents of a book if told that the printed contents consisted of 15 per cent. of the letter "e," 5 per cent. of the letter "n," 1 per cent. of the letter "g," 4 per cent. of the letter "b," etc. As the reader must have the grouping of letters into words and words into sentences, so the chemist must have the grouping of atoms into molecules and the proportion of each molecular compound in the coal aggregate before he acquires an adequate knowledge of the constitution of coal. Modern investigators2 are laying the foundation of a new chemistry of coal based on the biochemistry of plants and the chemical changes involved in processes of fermentation and decay. As

Jan 5, 1925

By C. A. Pierce

STUDIES of roof and floor movement are of interest to those actively engaged in mining. This is especially true in the case of an entirely new area where there is no precedent for guidance. The potash deposit being mined is in the southeast corner of New Mexico, about 20 miles east of Carlsbad. The deposit was formed by the land-locked, shallow, Permian Sea that extended through parts of western Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, southeastern Colorado, and eastern New Mexico. The saline deposits vary from 500 to 4000 ft. thick. Neither of the companies operating in this area has delimited its com-mercial ore bodies. As all production so far has been from Federal and State leases, the Department of the Interior and the State of New Mexico have a direct interest in the development and extraction of these ore horizons. The ore is composed of an intimate mechanical mixture of sylvite (potassium chloride) and halite (sodium chloride). It lies generally in a horizontal bed varying from 5 to 12 ft. in thickness, and has a cover of approximately 1000 ft., consisting of about 500 ft. of salt beds and 500 ft, of sediments. The immediate mine roof for several feet is principally salt with some potash and clayey material. The next 500 ft. above, from the standpoint of structure, may be considered rock salt with a few inter-bedded potash members. The upper 500 ft. is of sedimentary (Permian and Triassic) origin and contains several water-bearing formations with flows varying from 10 to 500 gal. per minute. This water intensifies the interest in convergence problems as the ore and surrounding for-mations are water soluble. Potash salt (sylvite) and rock salt (halite) are plastic minerals. Plasticity is defined as a "property of solids by virtue of which they hold their shape permanently under the action of small shearing stresses but are readily deformed, worked, or molded under larger stresses."1

Jan 1, 1938

By Roshan B. Bhappu

Selenium is found most frequently as an accessory mineral in the ores of lead, copper, and nickel, and is recoverable as a byproduct in the treatment of many of the ores of these metals. The geographic distribution of the selenium industry closely follows that of electrolytic copper, with the United States and Canada producing approximately 75% of the total output of the non-communist world. This situation is problem number one for selenium-its dependence upon the electrolytic refining of copper- for this byproduct source is not sufficiently flexible to permit a normal supply-demand balance. Furthermore, selenium has become a strategic material in short supply. Thus, new sources are being sought by both government and private interests. Although considerable attention has been given to this effort during the last few years, hardly any research has been published concerning the recovery of small amounts of selenium present in low-grade deposits. In such ores the metal occurs as native selenium or as selenides of iron, copper, silver, lead, and bismuth. In recent years, some native selenium (in both the gray and red form) and selenides, especially iron selenide (ferroselite), reportedly have been found in the sandstones of the Morrison formation near Grants. New Mexico. Similar occurrences have been reported in the Hagan coal basin, in Sandoval County, New Mexico. Samples from New Mexico ores have contained from a trace amount to as high as 0.425% Se. Some of the samples from uranium mines in the Grants area represent mixed ore and mill feed fur uranium reduction plants. In such cases, the selenium usually is reported as an impurity and is lost in the tailings. At present, no attempt is made to recover this waste metal.

Jan 8, 1962

By Persifor Frazer

IN his “Final Report," Vol. II, part second, p. 763, Prof. Rogers sums up the metalliferous veins of the mesozoic sandstone by remarking that these are not associated with dykes or trap-rock, but are independent metalliferous injections. But singularly enough, in enumerating the different kinds of ores, no mention is made of

Jan 1, 1877

By L. A. Panek

Using an approach based on the theory of similitude, the author develops a general equation and related concepts that provide new insights to an old problem. The load-bearing capacity (strength) of a square, rectangular, or cylindrical prism of a brittle material such as rock, coal, or concrete is expressed as the mathematical product of a size effect, a shape effect, and a function of the mechanical properties (deformability, cleat/joint spacing, and friction) of the pillar, roof, and floor materials. Through an application of multivariate statistical analysis, the results of assorted tests (laboratory and in situ) and observations of failed pillars can be combined into a fundamental scaling equation, which provides a unified, consistent approach to the estimation of mine pillar strength. The form of the equation is sufficiently general to be able to incorporate refinements in the characterization of the structural parameters, as they become available through future analysis and experimentation. Analysis of the published test data suggests that pillar compressive strength (per unit of area) is proportional to the cube root of the pillar width, and that the height effect can be described as the superimposing of a variable size effect (characteristic of the material) on the constant width effect.

Jan 1, 1981

By T. D. Thomas

CONTENTS PAGE T. D. Thomas-Misfires in Anthracite Coal Mines 3 W. H. Forbes-Misfires in Bituminous Coal Mines 12 A. W. Worthington-Misfires in Non-metallic Mining (Limestone) 18 Misfires in Anthracite Coal Mines BY T. D. THOMAS, * LANSFORD, PA. (New York Meeting, February, 1929) IN THIS paper, major attention is given to misfires in mines where electric multiple shot-firing is the system used. Misfires are sometimes caused by one action or condition and at other times by a combination of two or more. They may be divided into two classes: (1) those caused by workers in the mines, (2) mechanical or manufacturer's causes. The second cause will be discussed first.

Jan 1, 1929

By Persifor Frazer

In his " Final Report," Vol. 11, part second, p. 763, Prof. Rogers sums up the metalliferous veins of the mesozoic sandstone by remarking that these are not associated with dykes or trap-rock, but are independent metalliferous injections. But singularly enough, in enumerating the different kinds of ores, no mention is made of

Jan 1, 1931

By James Park

The principal gold-bearing formation is of volcanic origin, consisting of a great accumulation of andesitic lavas, tuffs, breccias and agglomerates of lower Tertiary age. These rocks everywhere bear evidence of having been subjected to the prolonged leaching-action of thermal waters, doubtless accompanied by steam and acid vapors. They are found in all stages of decomposition or alteration; and in many mines the hard blue andesite can be seen to pass by a series of almost insensible gradations into a soft, or fairly hard, greyish yellow or blue

Jan 1, 1900

By George Rice

THE A.I.M.E. Ground Movement and Subsidence Committee, pro-posed in 1920, held its first technical meeting in February 1923, under the able chairmanship of Mr. H. G. Moulton. The following list of papers and discussions, indicating the scope of the problems and relation to various conditions and method of mining, were given at that meeting by the distinguished mining engineers: J. Parke Channing, on Subsidence at Miami, Arizona; Howard N. Eavenson, on Mining an Upper Bitu-minous Seam after a Lower Seam Has Been Extracted; J. J. Rutledge, on Subsidence in Two Oklahoma Coal Mines; Benjamin F. Tillson, on Caving Cracks at the Franklin Mine, New Jersey; Dr. F. W. McNair, on the Dome Theory; William Kelly, on disadvantageous effects in Mining and Back-filling Working Upward a Steep-Pitching Iron-ore Bed; Eli T. Conner, on the good results of Back-Filling by Hydraulic Means in Preventing Destructive Subsidence in the Anthracite District; Thomas H. Claggett, on the merit of Systematic Pillar Drawing in Preventing Cracks in an Upper Seam; Henry H. Otto, successful results in the anthracite district in Mining Lower Seams before Upper Seams; Douglas Bunting, on Leading Factors Incident to Successful Mining of an Overlying Seam; Edwin Ludlow, on there being "less damage to buildings when there was complete removal of coal with complete packing than when room and pillar is used without extracting the pillars"; Edward O'Toole on "bumps" in eastern Kentucky mines, which he thought were the result of geologic stresses: H. A. Buehler, on Upheaval of Surface in an Illinois Case in Advance of the Face; and R. Dawson Hall, on The Mechanics of Subsidence from Mining. The author of this paper discussed various kinds of problems of ground movement and subsidence in both metal mining and coal mining; the production of great landslides by workings near an outcrop, as at Turtle Mountain, Alberta, Canada; and general

Jan 1, 1939