Search Documents

By Cornelius F. Kelley

DURING the war, events moved with unprecedented rapidity. Situations, industrial, economic and financial, arose over night that stressed to the uttermost the ingenuity and ability of those who dealt with them. It was essentially a time demanding action rapid and concentrated, and not one for discussion, either academic or polemic. As a result, matters of importance were necessarily transacted without the desirable opportunity being afforded of enabling a general understanding to be gained as to the relative merit or demerit involved, and in some instances, legislation essential to enable the consummation of an important matter was passed without attracting the public attention then deeply engrossed in the larger aspects of the situation. The result was that so long as the public mind was occupied, little or no concern was given to questions that ordinarily would have invited immediate attention; and in some instances, only when as an aftermath of war a particular subject has become a matter of discussion, criticism not altogether fair is made without first obtaining accurate knowledge as to the conditions that prevailed, the purpose sought to be accomplished, or the results obtained by the action taken.

Jan 1, 1921

By Dorsey Lyon

I. INTRODUCTION. In presenting, this paper the writers wish to call attention first of all to the fact that the electric furnace was not developed as a competitor of the combustion furnace, but: 1. For the purpose of doing high-temperature work which it is not possible to do in the combustion furnace; and 2. For the treatment of ores from deposits which. are located in regions where fuel is scarce and costly, and where hydro-electric power is comparatively cheap, as is the case in Chili, in Canada, in certain parts of this country and Mexico.. This paper is not presented with the idea of trying to. prove that the electric furnace should replace the reverberatory or the blast furnace as used at present in the smelting of copper ores, but that it may be substituted for their in those localities which are not favorable to them,) and where either of the two following conditions may exist: (a) A district remote from railway transportation. facilities, and where there is a deposit, or deposits, containing sufficient values to warrant their being worked, but which, due to the cost of getting coke in for operating a smelter and of getting ore out to a smelter, have to remain unworked.. And where, on the other hand, there is plenty of water power which call he developed at reasonable cost for the production of electric power, by the use of which for. smelting the ores in an electric furnace, with subsequent Bessermerization if necessary, a concentrated product may be obtained, which can easily stand the necessary transportation charges. (b) Or,. comparatively speaking, the transportation facilities may be all right, but the cost of fuel be too great to permit of the ordinary methods of smelting, whereas,- on the other hand, hydro-electric power can he developed: in the district at a, low cost,, and the ores could be smelted by the electric furnace at a cost. that would make their treatment possible. With these possibilities in mind we have attempted to make a brief comparative study of the problem for the purpose of aiding those interested in the subject, in determining whether it would be possible metallurgically, and feasible commercially; to use the electric furnace-in those localities where, by reason: of excessive fuel costs, the cost, of operating the furnaces for smelting copper-ores. is either excessive or prohibitive. Although the smelting of copper ores in the electric furnace has received considerable attention and more or less experimental work has been done, so far as: we lire: aware there ate no electric furnaces in the United States which are' being worked on copper ores. In Norway, however, trial smeltings of copper ores with an electric furnace of 1,000 h. p. and an estimated producing' capacity of 2,000 tons per annum, have been

Jan 8, 1913

By William H. Bassett

RECENTLY it has become the custom of retiring presidents to talk of the relations of the Institute to its membership and its constituency- and it seems a good precedent to follow. Past-president Smith reviewed our relations to materials and to society in general. Mr. Bradley spoke of the value and use of our publications and of our educational duties. My message will be in regard to the coordination of our various groups of member interests and of service to industry. This Institute has, within its organization, four divisions and fourteen technical committees--each interested in a separate put very definite subject, and each covering a phase of mining engineering interest. These vary from geology and the geophysical methods of prospecting, to the physics of the structure of metals, truly "from the mine to the consumer"-from the preparation for mining to the final use of that which has been mined.

Jan 1, 1931

By Henry S. Washington

I. INTRODUCTION. DURING the last twenty years or so the chemical investigation of rocks has made great advances, and it is now generally recognized that a knowledge of the chemical composition is as essential as that of the texture or mineral composition-if not more so-for the proper classification of rocks and study of their origin and relationships. Rock-analyses have vastly increased in numbers and, what is of greater importance, in quality. New and improved methods permit of greater accuracy than was possible in the early days, and the list of chemical constituents frequently determined has risen from the seven or eight of the greater part of the nineteenth century to twenty or more. Indeed, rock-analyses with determinations of so many constituents are now commonly made by the chemists of the United States and Australia, while in Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy the rarer constituents are determined more frequently than formerly. As a consequence of this modern, accurate work, it has been discovered that some elements which were formerly supposed to be rare are of wide-spread occurrence and are often present in considerable amount. The fact is further being developed that the elements tend to show certain relations of occurrence or abundance in connection with each other. This is a fact which is applicable to the rarer elements, and which also finds a broad geological and petrological expression in the recognition of petrographic provinces. We are beginning to obtain some definite, though as yet rudimentary, knowledge of the distribution of the elements among igneous rocks. Some of the results along these lines obtained by study of the vast accumulation of analytical data now available are well known to petrologists, while others do not seem to be so gener-

Sep 1, 1908

By Walter Renton, Ingalls

SEVERAL years ago I became interested in computing the historic lead production of the United States, and the mines, or mining districts whence derived. This led me subsequently to an examination of the recent records- of some of the American zinc-mining districts and of the great lead and zinc-mining districts in foreign countries. My present article thus will be to a large extent an addendum to my book, "World Survey of the Zinc Industry," which was published by the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America in 1931, and to which I shall refer hereinafter as Ingalls, op. cit. Throughout this article all expressions of tons mean the ton of 2000 lb. Where original data have been given in metric tons I have converted in many instances simply by multiplying by 1.1, and long tons by 1.12. I have not been fussy about digits and have rounded off many figures. These may explain differences between data herein and other data.

Jan 1, 1946

By Scott, Turner

IN 1933, the monetary metals were produced in a ratio of 6.7 oz. of silver to 1 oz. of gold, the lowest relatively for silver since the period from 1851 to 1865. At the beginning of that period, the virgin placers of California -and Australia began producing almost simultaneously; in consequence, there was an abrupt fall in the high silver side of the ratio that had prevailed through the centuries after America was discovered. The output from the Comstock and other silver-bearing lodes, located a decade after this influx of new gold began, soon restored the production ratio to its former proportion, that is, a relatively large weight of silver compared to gold.

Jan 1, 1934

By George F. Becker

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) A MERE record of Emmons's professional career would very inadequately represent the man. That he was eminent we know, and our successors will realize in due time; but they must depend upon us for knowledge of a singularly wholesome, modest, unselfish personality, and of a character that did honor to a profession in which trustworthiness is indispensable: Those members of the Institute who met Emmons are his friends, and I never knew one of these who was not the better for that friendship. Emmons was born in Boston, Mar. 29, 1841, the son- of Nathaniel H. and Elizabeth (Wales) Emmons, and was named Samuel Franklin after an ancestor who was of the same family as Benjamin Franklin. He took the degree of Bachelor of Arts at Harvard in 1861, and soon afterwards went abroad to complete his education. From 1862 to 1864 he attended the courses at the École Impériale des Mines at Paris, lie e Beaumont and Daubrée being among his professors. The year 1864-1865 he spent at Freiberg under Cotta and other famous teachers; after which he spent another year in traveling through Europe. Like many other renowned geologists, he approached his ultimate profession from its economic side, and was thus from the first imbued with a sense of high responsibility in the promulgation of scientific opinions or conclusions. With hypotheses which were interesting merely because. they were ingenious or even plausible, he would have nothing to do. In 1867 he joined the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel at its organization under Clarence King, serving at first as a volunteer, but soon receiving a regular appointment. This expedition was the first one of purely geological character sent out by the United States Government. As Emmons has shown in his admirable presidential address on " The Geology of Government Explorations," its work was founded on a com-

Sep 1, 1911

By W. R. Ingalls

THE following chronology presents the history of lead-mining in the United States in a brief form and is a useful reference in connection with the statistics of production 1621. Lead was mined and smelted near Falling Creek, Va., to supply the local demand for bullets and shot. This was the first mining and smelting of lead in what is now the United States. 1632. In a report made on the minerals of New England, lead-ore is mentioned. (Bishop, I., 470.) 1650. Supposed beginning of mining by Jesuits in Pima county, Ariz. 1651. Grant of lead-mine at Middletown, Conn., to Gov. John Winthrop.

Jan 9, 1907

By EDWARD B. DURHAH

(San Francisco Meeting, UCtober, 1911.) THE refinery at the San Francisco Mint takes the bullion purchased by the receiving department, and carrying more than 200 parts of precious metals in 1000, or, in mint parlance; over 200 fine, and separates and refines the various metals contained therein, using electrolytic processes exclusively. Bullion containing silver is treated in cells charged with a nitric electrolyte. These cells produce fine silver and leave a residue rich in gold. The residue from the silver-cells, together with crude gold-bullion, is treated in cells having a chloride electrolyte. These produce fine gold and leave a residue containing silver chloride. The latter is reduced to the metallic state with zinc and is then treated in the silver-cells. The various waste solutions and the wash-waters, after being freed from the bulk of their precious metals, still contain copper and other metals. These are removed by scrap-iron, and are then treated in the copper-cells, having a sulphate electrolyte. These cells produce pure copper, and collect a residue containing lead, some gold and silver, and all the metals of the platinum group that were in the bullion. This residue is relatively small, and is melted into bars and stored until sufficient accumulates to warrant treating it for platinum, etc. The refinery occupies three large and three small rooms. The large ones are, a melting-room, 30 by 34 ft.; a cell-room, 39 by 46 ft.; and a wash-room, 30 by 33 ft. The small rooms are used as foreman's office, laboratory, and generator-room, respectively. The methods here described are those in use in December, 1909, when notes for the present paper were taken.

Oct 1, 1911

By John D. Sullivan

A DISCUSSION of the developments of the past decade in the field of refractories, and the effect of these developments on the performance and life of open-hearth furnaces, is perhaps best introduced by reference to Fig. 1. This shows the most important types of refractories doing into various parts of the furnace, together with their cost, and remarks on their use. It has been estimated that half of the refractory makers market comes from the iron and steel industry, and something like one-third of all refractory brick used finds its way into open-hearth furnaces. To melt steel, a furnace capable of withstanding temperatures close to 3000 deg. F. is required. The furnace is assembled of various refractory materials selected by experience and economic considerations. Furnace structures today, from a refractory standpoint, are considerably different from a quarter century ago. Furnace operators, interested in the performance of refractories, care little how they are made or where they come from so long as they give reasonable service. But, the entire history of the refractory is important and technical knowledge of the ceramic materials used in making the refractory is necessary to the manufacturers, so that the proper article gets into the hands of the ultimate consumer.

Jan 1, 1936

By Heinrich Ries

I. INTRODUCTION. THE facts is presented in this paper, based chiefly on recon¬naissance made, during the summer of 1903, by myself and my assistant, Mr. R.. C. Brooks, cover practically all that portion of Texas lying east of the 99th meridian. The work was undertaken for the University of Texas Mineral Survey, and was to have been extended over the entire State, but the sudden termination of the survey prevented even the official publication of the results already obtained. Most of the mineral resources of Texas were fully treated by the First Geological Survey, but the clay-industry was tit that time little developed, so that only a few scattered notes concerning it are to be found in the Survey reports. The extensive exploitation of the clay-deposits, however, has emphasized their commercial importance, and has also made accessible many facts of exceptional interest concerning their geologic conditions. The erection of new plants for the utilization of clay-products is usually preceded by more or less prospecting, which, by reason of the scarcity of outcrops, and the geologic and topographic conditions of eastern and southeastern Texas, is often slow and difficult work. This is especially true in the Tertiary and Pleistocene areas, where the structural conditions much resemble those of the Atlantic coastal plain, the deposits being mostly lenticular in form, and surrounded by beds of sand. II. GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE CLAY-DEPOSITS. The accompanying sketch-map, Fig. 1, shows the location of nearly all the deposits examined, their relation to the geology of the State, and the type of clay found in each. The geology is based on the published work of Hill, Cummins, Tail, Adams, Hayes and Kennedy, but the boundaries have unfortunately not been determined over the entire region covered by the map, and, in many areas, are only approximate. It will be seen that the clay-deposits range from Carboniferous to Pleistocene in age, the older deposits being found in the northwestern part of the area, while those of Cretaceous and Tertiary age lie to the east, southeast and south. The Pleistocene clays are found in part in a belt along the coast, and in part along many of the larger rivers, where they often underlie extensive terraces.

Sep 1, 1906

By T. Lane Carter

(Canal Zone Meeting , October , 1910.) INTRODUCTION. IT is a curious fact that while in our Transactions there are papers dealing with mining-districts in all parts of the world, in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia, there is not one which describes the mining possibilities of Nicaragua; our near neighbor. To be most interested in distant objects, like the moon, .and to neglect what lies at our feet, appears to be a trait of human nature. The neglect of Nicaragua is not confined to the American Institute of Mining Engineers. In no other transactions am I :able to find papers dealing with mining in Nicaragua, some parts of which are as much in need of discovery and research as the North Pole.. I hope this paper will be the precursor of many others to be printed in our Transactions, dealing not only with the mining possibilities of Nicaragua, but with the whole of Central America, where there are vast areas awaiting skill and capital for their development. Much of this capital and skill should come from the United States in the future, although it is probable that European capitalists, when they appreciate fully the possibilities, will investigate more and more the mining-resources of Nicaragua and other Central American republics. Fig. 1 is a sketch-map of Nicaragua showing the principal mining-districts. II. HISTORY. Mining in Nicaragua did not begin yesterday. It was commenced by civilized man when the Spanish conquerors penetrated into the interior and forced the natives to procure the precious metal for them. It is strange that the Spaniards did not find more gold, and work on a scale as extensive as in Colombia and other parts of South America. Probably in Nicaragua the Indians covered up most of the rich prospects

Dec 1, 1910

By A. J. WADHAMS

THE relative importance of things is a fascinating subject for thought. As we look about us we realize the Creator of all things has provided the metals for our use, each in the quantity needed-iron in vast quantities gold in small quantities. Had gold been given us in the quantities of iron, the mechanical age mould Eave been very different. You may find some pleasure in running over in your mind this question of the quantity available of an element and man's need of it in the scheme of things. Nickel in this sense is a middle group element. It was not essential to man's early development. Its usefulness dates back only about one hundred years. The quantity available to man has increased as his needs in- creased. On two occasions more nickel became available than was needed and on both of these occasions the ex- cess was soon absorbed by new and useful developments.

Jan 1, 1929

By A. U. Seybolt, R. E. Honnemon

THE purpose of this communication is to present activity data of nickel in the Ni-A1 binary system that was obtained for oxidation studies in this system. This data has been calculated from previous aluminum activity data at 1000°C1,2 by two types of Gibbs-Duhem integrations. These results should be of particular current interest to oxidation studies of aluminide coated nickel-base superalloys3 as well as other problems. The aluminum activity of Steiner and Komarek1 is plotted in Fig. 1 as a function of composition in Ni-A1 alloys at 1000°C. The dashed parts of the aluminum curves represent our approximate extrapolations from the directly measured regions. In the terminal solution regions (a and L phases) standard parabolic solution functions of the following form are assumed: where i is the component subscript, Ki is a constant at a fixed temperature, and xi is the atom fraction. The resultant nickel activity curve at 1000° C from the Gibbs-Duhem integration4 of the aluminum data is shown in Fig. 1. The solubility ranges of the phases present in the Ni-A1 binary at 1000°C are also denoted at the bottom of Fig. 1. Corresponding values of the nickel activity, aNi and yNi, are listed in Table I at useful compositional intervals. including phase boundary values. The aNi and yNi data listed in Table I are subject to the uncertainties present in the experimental aluminum activity data1 and to deviations from parabolic solution behavior in the terminal solutions. The errors introduced into aNi and yNi due to the parabolic solution assumption are expected to be relatively small (<20 pct of the values given) in all the phases except the liquid phase. Some deviation from parabolic solution behavior in the liquid phase is indicated

Jan 1, 1970

By AIME

NEW YORK&apos;S largest hotel, the Pennsylvania, will be filled with mining and oil men and metallurgists the third week of February when some 3000 AIME members, their wives, and guests will gather for the Institute&apos;s 1948 Annual Meeting-its 166th general meeting. Except for the usual Sunday afternoon and evening sessions of the Mineral Industry Education Division at the Columbia University Men&apos;s Faculty Club, the big assembly will be under one top and members will not this year have to consult compass and map to find their next session. Possibly enervated by the stupendous effort of the Anniversary Celebration last spring and the plethora of highly successful fall meetings, the various committees have been a trifle slow in arranging their social and technical programs, but in mid December as we go to press there is already much to report indicative of substantial fare and high interest. The definite timetable schedule will appear in the February M&M.

Jan 1, 1948

By AIME AIME

THE following paragraphs comprise such information as the Secretary has been able to obtain concerning the members and associates whose deaths have been reported. Further particulars or corrections of errors, and biographical data concerning deceased members or associates not already noticed in this way, are solicited. [SECRETARY&apos;S NOTE.-All of these notices have been revised, and some of then have been more or less completely prepared, by me. To those which contain more particularly the expression of my personal feeling, my initials have been appended. The labor of preparing or editing these paragraphs has been in many respects both welcome and interesting, on the one hand, and sorrowful, on the other. In going through the list, I have repeatedly felt like one who, visiting the Morgue, suddenly comes upon the pale face of a dear friend, of whose death lie was not aware ; and, even when this fact was known to me, the work of recording it has brought upon me a flood of recollections, almost preventing the discharge of that official duty. The list for 1907 seems to me to he peculiarly sad, comprising, as it does, so many sudden deaths by violence or accident, so many veterans, removed too soon, and so many young men whose early departure impoverishes the future, even more than the present. Probably, this feeling on my part is largely due to the circumstance that the increased membership of the Institute necessarily in¬volves an increase of the annual death-list. Probably, also, it is connected with the circumstance that during the first years of the history of the Institute-say from 1871 to 1880-it was joined by men of all ages, and that the death-rate is consequently now above the average which would result from the normal annual addition, principally of young men. And finally, I must admit that, as one of the original members of the Institute, and practically connected with it for nearly thirty-seven years as Acting President, President or Secretary, I am peculiarly impressed and depressed by the successive deaths of those who were my associates in the years of its early struggles and triumphs. I do not wish to inflict upon my younger colleagues the melancholy reflections of an increasingly lonesome old man. In fact, my prevailing mood concerning the Institute is not at all melancholy, but triumphant and hopeful. If I may be permitted to preach at all, I would enforce, from the texts given below, a moral which many of them declare so forcibly as to preclude the necessity of expository enforcements-namely, the duty of every one of us, old or young, to give to his brethren, as he goes along, and without waiting for some future occasion for a comprehensive and monumental contribution to technical literature, the results of his observation and experience. When I look at this list of names, my personal sorrow over many of them is drowned in my professional reflection as to each and all-How much has died with

Jan 1, 1908

By E. E. White

(Cleveland Meeting, October, 1912.) IN, August, 1911, I read a paper before the Lake Superior Mining Institute&apos; on surveying and sampling diamond-drill holes. The present paper gives a more thorough description of these methods, together with a few changes and notes suggested by further experience. Since August, 1911, the methods, used constantly by the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co., have been developed to a higher degree of efficiency, and have given great satisfaction. Until a few years ago but little attention was paid to the determination of the actual course of drill-holes, to the accurate sampling and analysis of the material, or to the scientific location of the drill-holes. It has now been common practice for several years in many districts to test the inclination of drill-holes by etching glass tubes with hydrofluoric acid, but the direction of deviation from the vertical has not often been determined. Methods of determining the direction by means of a compass were first developed in connection with drilling in Victoria. The latest method used on the Rand in South Africa has been recently described by John I. Hoffman.2 In the same paper Mr. Hoffman describes an ingenious method of wedging-off a drill-bole so as to start new holes at several successive points. By this means a hole can be deflected in any desired direction, and the curvature can be controlled to a considerable extent, provided the rock is soft enough to permit the hole to be wedged off. Unfortunately, in the Lake Superior district, the jasper iron-formation is so hard that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to do this. I tried to deflect one hole so as to avoid drill-rods stuck in the hole, by using a 1 Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute, vol. xvi., pp. 100 to 120 (1911). 2 Recent Practice in Diamond-Drilling and Borehole Surveying, Bulletin No. 91, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (Apr.. 11, 1912).

Nov 1, 1912

By N. H. Emmons

In the United States the value of gold- and silver-ores is everywhere reckoned in ounces troy of the metal per " short ton " (2000 lbs. avoird.) of the ore. In the case of silver, which fluctuates in market value, the New York quotation on a given day must be known, in order to determine the gross value of an ore at that date. In Mexico the assay is reported &apos;in kilogrammes of silver or grammes of gold per metric ton. As everyone is aware, this is practically a percentage system, 1 kg. of silver per metric toll (1000 kg.) being 0.1 per cent., and 1 gramme of gold per metric ton, 0.0001 per cent. The notation is simple and convenient for both assayer and miner.* The Mexican government purchases at an unvarying price for silver, payable in silver, and at a fixed price for gold, payable in gold if the seller insists, but preferably in silver at about the rate of exchange between U. S. gold coin and Mesican silver coin. The value of silver is $40.915 per kilogramme in Mexican silver dollars. That of gold is $675.416 per kilogramme in gold coin. The mints do not, as a rule, issue gold dollars, as the government keeps them to pay the interest on the national debt. Almost all bullion containing a considerable percentage of gold is shipped to foreign countries (principally the United States) to be refined. The Mexican mint receives for refining and coining no bullion which is not at least .950 fine in gold and silver, separately or

Jan 1, 1902

By George J. Young

DR . JOHN A . CHURCH, in his treatise on the Comstock Locle 1 gave a full and clear account of the conditions of the mine during the period of greatest activity. The difficulties in the way of deep mining at that time were excessive water and high temperature. The drainage of the mines taxed the financial resources of the mining companies, and the high temperatures restricted the capacity of the miners for underground labor. In spite of these difficulties exploratory work was continued until the financial burden of removing the water became too great. The companies then restricted the work to the upper levels. The years 1883 to 1886 marked the period of cessation of deep mining. For 12 years thereafter mining was confined to the levels above the Sutro tunnel; and, while the question of drainage was more or less agitated, nothing of importance was done until the formation of the Comstock Pumping Association in 1898. Since that time successive levels have been drained until, at present, on the north-end mines, a depth of 700 ft. below the Sutro-tunnel level has been reached. Mining is now carried on in the Ophir mine from the 1,700- to the 2,200-ft. levels, and a winze is being sunk to make connection with the 2,300-ft. level (the 2,450 ft. of the C. & C. shaft). In 1903-the Ward Shaft Association was formed to undertake the draining of the Central and Gold Hill group of mines, and at the present time a depth of 2,500 ft. has been reached in the Ward shaft. The situation at the Ward looks promis¬ing, and the 3,000-ft. level may be reached in the near future. It is proposed to establish a large pumping-station on this level, and then begin the opening of known ore-bodies and the prospecting for new ones. The main factors which have contributed to the successful solution of the drainage problem are the Sutro tunnel, the use of the hydraulic elevator as a sinking-pump, the concentration of pumping-units, and cheap electrical power. The question of high temperature and its control still remains as a minor but important problem. The temperatures encountered in the new workings are as great as those in the earlier periods. The Comstock was considered the hottest group of mines in the world, and I am not aware of similar conditions in any other mining-district. A water-temperature as high as 160° F. has been reported from the Ward shaft, and temperatures below the Sutro tunnel are very high in many instances.

Nov 1, 1909

Q: It is May 1961 at Bill Wrather&apos;s Washington house. Bill, think back to your first job after college. Wrather: Perhaps I ought to go back a little bit further than my first job. I entered the University of Chicago with the idea of studying law. My intention was to take a 4-yr liberal arts course and superimpose a law degree on that. But during my undergraduate work I fell under the influence of R. D. Salsbury. He decided I had some talent as a geologist and influenced me to take a geological course. Nevertheless, I did not give up the idea of law. While in school I took a spell of typhoid fever and almost died. The doctor recommended outdoor exercise, so a geological job seemed logical. W. H. Emmons was a graduate student in the University and he interceded with Dr. Hayes of the USGS. I went on the payroll as assistant packer at $60 a month. I had one of the most glorious summers I ever spent in my life. That fall and the following year I took law courses and became thoroughly convinced that I was cut out for a geologist rather than a lawyer. I finished up my law work in 1908 while waiting for a job with Bill Emmons, who was doing a careful study of Goldfield and Tonopah.

Jan 4, 1964