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By S. S. Clarke

THE opening of zinc-lead ore bodies in the lower chert beds of the Tri-State district, locally called sheet-ground deposits, [ ] presented several new economic operating problems to be solved before the low-grade deposits could be mined profitably. Drilling was the first high-cost problem and loading and haulage difficulties followed. At this time, the sheet-ground mines are producing about 2000 tons per day. GEOLOGY The geology and ore deposits of the Tri-State district have been covered in detail by [ ] Fowler and Lyden.* Briefly, the sheet-

Jan 1, 1942

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons Who became members during the period Dec. 10, 1914, to Jan. 10, 1915: Members AGUILAR-REVOREDO, J. F., Min. Engr -Casilla 146, Oruro, Bolivia. BAKER, JOHN M., Min. Engr Baker Mines Co., Cornucopia, Ore. BETTS, ROBERT M., Mgr Cornucopia Mines Co., Cornucopia, Ore. BILLINGS, THOMAS PARRY, Min. Engr., 404 Dooley Block, Salt Lake City, Utah. BLAIR, GEORGE SHEPPARD, Engr. and Assayer, Mariposa Min. & Mill. Co., Hornitos, Cal. BOLE, JOHN W., Supt ...Siskiyou Dredging Co., Fort Jones, Siskiyou Co., Cal. BOWMAN, REGINALD G., Statistician, International Smelting Co., 621 Kearns Bldg., Salt Lake City, Utah.

Jan 2, 1915

NEW MEMBERS. The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the month of September, 1913: Members. ANDERSON, ANDREW P., Min. Engr 908 Story Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. ANDROS, STEPHEN 0., Min. Engr University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. BECKETT, PERCY G., Min. Engr Globe, Ariz. BLAIR, THOMAS S., JR., Prest. Blair Engrg. Co 343 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill. BOYLE, HARRY, Min. Engr S07 Lowman Bldg., Seattle, Wash. BRADEN, EUGENE B., Vice-Prest., Selby Smelting & Lead Co., Merchants Exchange Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. CHALMERS, JOHN W., Min. and Elec. Engr., Morro Velho, Villa Nova de Lima, Honorio Becalho Minas Geraes, Brazil, So. America.

Jan 10, 1913

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period May 10 to June 10, 1915: Members ANDREEN, HARRY MAYO, Millman: and Assayer Thane, Alaska. BANKS, HUBERT RAYMOND, Min. Engr., Mill Staff, Consolidated Arizona Smelting Co., Humboldt, Ariz. BASSETT, ARTHUR F., Min. Engr., Care Consolidated Arizona Smelting Co., Humboldt, Ariz. BLACKNER, LESTER A., Slope Engr.... Care Ray Consolidated Copper Co., Ray, Ariz. BUSHNELL, C. E., Draftsman Butte & Superior Copper Co., Butte, Mont. CAVAGNARO, DAVID AMILE, Min. Engr., Genl. Supt., Wisconsin North Fork GravelMines, Forest, Sierra Co.; Cal. COGHILL, WILLIAM HAKES, Met., Ore Testing Laboratory, 3705 Hueco St., - - El Paso, Tex.

Jan 7, 1915

By Robert S. Moehlman

Is recent years, exploration and development by diamond drilling has become a popular attack on the problem of finding new ore shoots and developing extensions of known shoots. Diamond drilling has been used in recent years in extensive sampling of disseminated copper deposits, in preference to churn drilling. At the Harvard gold mine, near Jamestown, California, Philip R. Bradley, Jr., general superintendent, reports that: "The Harvard work was a singular example of the reliance that can be placed on diamond drilling in evaluating an ore body." Drilling at the Harvard mine will be discussed in a subsequent section of the paper. So popular has diamond drilling become, indeed, that many who have had slight experience with drilling are inclined to regard it as a cheap cure-all. This paper proposes to show some of the limitations on the application of drilling and some of the steps that should be followed in drilling programs to obtain reliable results. Cost oF Drilling Drilling has the advantage, over shaft sinking and drifting, of lower cost and greater speed. As compared with churn drilling, the advantage of bringing up a coherent sample instead of fine cuttings for a sample is obvious. Diamond drilling is generally more expensive, however, and more engineering effort is required in combining the average of core and sludge samples. Exploration of drift walls by hammer drills to a depth of less than 30 ft. is generally cheaper than diamond drilling, but beyond this depth the diamond drill is cheaper and more efficient. The principal factor in determining cost of drilling is the character of the ground drilled. Broken ground with many fissures is most expensive to drill. Hard ground is less of a problem with diamond drills than with ordinary machine drills. Hardness or softness affects only the speed of drilling. Caving, easily washed, sandy or clayey ground requires continual cementing and casing, which is the greatest cost problem. Thus, soft, incompetent ground is more costly to drill than hard, massive ground. Cost of drilling per foot in good to fair ground varies from less than $I per foot, achieved in some districts in Ontario, the Mother Lode, and Missouri, to $5 per foot in many western states. In bad drilling ground, costs may range from $5 to $15 or more per foot, thus approaching the cost of drifting. Other factors that increase the cost per foot are: I. Short total length of hole drilled, so that the cost of moving in crews and equipment must be spread over a relatively few feet. 2. Cost of drilling per foot increases with depth beyond about 500 ft.. as more time is consumed in pulling rods' 3. Cost of preparing drilling stations, getting air underground to stations? etc' 4. Inaccessibility and lack of water on the job make for higher costs.

Jan 1, 1946

Jan 1, 1932

Jan 1, 1917

By Richard F. Link, George S. Koch

Advantages and disadvantages of deflecting (wedging) diamond-drill holes to obtain sampling data are compared with the alternative of drilling additional holes. The discussion is based on a statistical analysis of a large set of deflection data from exploratory boreholes in South African gold mines. Representative cost comparisons show the conditions under which deflections are likely to be desirable.

Jan 1, 1969

By Bernard Moore

THE last few decades have witnessed the introduction of many new nonmetallic mineral products and changes in the use of many of those already well known. Among these is diatomite, formerly employed as a mild abrasive and, at one time, as the absorbent material in dynamite. Now nearly 100,000 tons a year are mined and milled into such things as filter aids, cement admixtures, insulants, fillers, absorbents, cosmetics, cleansers, etc. Pumice, commonly regarded as only an abrasive, is now also employed as an insulant, as light-weight aggregate and as a concrete admixture. With increasing use of insulants, light-weight aggregates, and acoustic stuccos and plasters in the building trades, both these mate-rials should find increased application. Very large deposits occur in eastern Oregon and have been studied by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Oregon State Mining Board.

Jan 1, 1934

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Apr. 10 to May 10, 1915: Members ADMAN, WILLIAM, Supt., Susquehanna Coal Co Lykens, Pa. BARTH, CARL G., JR., Min. Engr 6151 Columbia Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. BOOTH, ERIC EDWIN, Min. Engr., Mount Elliott Mine, Selwyn via Cloncurry, North Queensland, Australia. BOYDELL, HARRY CYRIL, Asst. Mgr., Randfontein Central Gold Min. Co., Box 42, Randfontein, Transvaal, South Africa. BRADY, SAMUEL HOWARD, Mine Supt Bohemian Club, .San Francisco, Cal. Buses, HARRY EDWARD, Mine Supt., Engels Copper MiningCo Keddie, Cal.

Jan 6, 1915

Discussion of the paper of M. B. YUNG, presented at the Pittsburgh meeting; October, 1914, and printed in Bulletin No. 93, September, 1914, pp. 2451 to 2458. T. T. READ, New York, N. Y.-I might .point out that this paper of Mr. Yung's is on a field that is comparatively little known. It is not as well known as the Kochiu tin field, of Yunnan, which is probably the third . in tin output of the world. This field under discussion is considerably further west and the tin which is produced here is, according to Mr. Yung, of somewhat higher grade than the Yunnan tin, and is used by the refiners at Hong Kong to improve the grade of the Yunnan tin. Most of you know that the tin from the Yunnan is shipped to Hong Kong, where it is refined and shipped to Europe. Mr. Yung points out that the Fu Chuan deposits are entirely alluvial and not found in any veins. They .differ in that from the Kochiu deposits, which Leclere says are "nullement alluvionels; leur origéne filonienne est de plus evidentes." Granite is the country rock here; doubtless the tin occurred in veins in the granite, and the deposits have resulted from the disintegration of the granite. This is a country of strong erosive agencies. The country is semi-tropical, and the rainfall is heavy, so that one would naturally expect deep surface erosion of this kind.

Jan 4, 1915

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Dec. 10, 1915 to Jan. 10, 1916. ANDERSON, FRANK BASIL, Min. Engr., Sampler, Copper Queen Cons. Min. Co., Bisbee, Ariz. BAILEY, LEWIS NEWTON, Min. -Engr 4227 St. James Place, Sail Diego, Cal. BELL, JAMES E., Min. Engr., Care Chile Exploration Co., Chuquicamata, Chile, South America. BONILLAS, YGNACIO SAFFORD, Min. Geol., Copper Queen Cons. Min. Co., Bisbee, Ariz. BRADLEY, GEORGE OLIVER, Mech. Engr Hobart Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. CLARK, GEORGE L., Min. Engr Vipond Mine, Schumacher, Ont., Canada. CONKLING, RICHARD A., Geol., Roxana Petroleum Co. of Oklahoma, Tulsa, Okla. GOHRING, W. B.. Geol., Supt. of Mines, Calumet and Arizona Min. Co., Warren, Ariz.

Jan 2, 1916

By KENNETH W. GREENAWALT, William Greenawalt

THE patent system, through which an inventor is given exclusive right to his invention for a limited period as a reward for his industry and in reimbursement of his expenditures, originated in England in the famous "Statute of Monopolies," enacted in 1623. The first patent granted in America was to Samuel Winslow, in Massachusetts, in 1641. The basis of the patent system of the United States is a provision in the Constitution giving Congress the power to secure to inventors for a limited time the exclusive use of their discoveries. The first legislative enactment was the law of 1790, which was placed on the statute book after Washington had addressed Congress in its favor. Under this law, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, and the Attorney General constituted the board for the examination of patent applications and the granting of patents. The first Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, became the first administrator of the patent sys- tem in this country. He personally examined every application filed during his term of office.

Jan 1, 1930

By Williams, J. A.

THE Alaska Juneau mine has been developed through an adit driven at the elevation of the top of the mill and all mining is done above this main haulage level. As a result of wholesa1e"mining operations about 11,000 tons rock containing one dollar' per ton in gold is, hauled to the. concentrator during every 24 hr. Due to the method of mining, whereby a system of oreways delivers-the.ore direct from the stope to the bottom level of the mine, no tramming of ore is done on any of the upper levels. However, ;in doing exploratory drifting and crosscutting on the upper levels, the broken material is trammed by hand in 1-ton 18-in. gage cars to a nearby raise connecting with one of the several oreways. This constitutes the only tramming operation except that on the main level.

Jan 1, 1931

By W. H. Adams

Among the engineering plants with new features and deserving details which are constantly being brought to the working stage in the Southern States by the generous expenditure of capital, none can exceed in interest, whether to the public or the profession, the incline-railway built from base to summit of Lookout Mountain, near Chattanooga, Tennessee. Much geological and historical interest centers in this section of the middle mountain-country. Of its geology, the Transactions of the Institute contain many particulars. Of its history, the most

Jan 1, 1888

CONTENTS PAGE Rae, Colin C.-A Possible Origin of Oil. Discussed by S. Linker, Colin C. Rae... 2 Cottingham, Kenneth.-Subsurface Conditions on Portion of Arches Fork Anticline. Discussed by David B. Reger 6 Moyer, W. Irwin.-Time to Pay Out as a Basis for Valuation of Oil Properties. Discussed by H. J. Smith 9 Pogue, Joseph E.-Future Demands on Oil Industry of United States. Discussed by James O. Lewis 11 J. J. Walsh.-Coa-lmine Ventilation. Discussed by W. B. Daly, J. J. Walsh, R. R. Sayers, H. H. Stock, George S. Rice, James W. Paul, D. Harrington, T. D. Thomas 15 Longyear, Robert Davis.-Diamond-drill Sampling Methods. Discussed by Ira B. Joralemon, J. J. Rutledge, E. C. Harder 19 Joralemon, Ira B.-Sampling and Estimating Disseminated Copper Deposits. Discussed by J. Parke Channing, John E. Hodge, E.E. Hunner, B. B. Gottsberger, W. Y. Westervelt, W. O. Hotchkiss 20 Boericke, W. F.-Sampling and Estimating Zinc and Lead Orebodies in Mississippi Valley. Discussed by J. Parke Channing, Arthur Thacher 24 Daly, W. B. and Linforth, F. A.-Organization of Mine Sampling at Anaconda. Discussed by George A. Packard, W. B. Daly, B. B. Gottsberger 25 Norris, E. M. and Rahilly, H. J.-Mine Fires. Discussed by R. Dawson Hall, W. B. Daly, Frank Haas, D. Harrington, Robert E. Tally 26 Raymond, R. M.-Safety Practice for Hoisting Ropes. Discussed by B. F. Tillson, Graham Bright, Rudolph Kudlich, J. F. Howe, Robert Peele, H. G. Davis. 30 Howe, J. F.-Use of Wire Rope in Mining Operations. Discussed by Horace F. Lunt, J. F. Howe, B. F. Tillson 36 Tanner, W. N., and Jaccard, F. C.-Wire Rope and Safety in Hoisting at Butte Mines. Discussed by Horace F. Lunt, W. B. Daly, C. L. Colburn, William Kelly, Robert Peele, B. F. Tillson, Graham Bright, Charles E. Locke 38 Richardson, A. S.-Ventilation of Butte Mines of Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Discussed by D. Harrington, Chas. A. Mitke 42 Stuart, Charles E.-Storage-battery Locomotive as Applied to Mine Haulage. Discussed by Howard N. Eavenson, Charles E. Stuart, William Kelly, Arthur Thacher, W. H. Patton, Graham Bright 45 Woodward, C. D.-Electric Haulage Systems in Butte Mines. Discussed by William Kelly, Graham Bright, Howard N. Eavenson, C. E. Arnold, Gerard B. Rosenblatt, K. A. Pauly 47 Harrington, D.-Efficient Ventilation of Metal Mines. Discussed by R. E. Simpson 52 Otagawa, Masayuki.-Mining Methods at the Ashio Copper Mine. Discussed by Horace V. Winchell, D. W. Brunton 52 Stoek, H. H. and Clagett, Thomas H.-Coal Mining Methods. Discussed by P. D. Browning, G. L. Cox, Erskine Ramsay, Frank Haas, George S. Rice.

Jan 6, 1922

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the, names of those persons who became members during the period June 10 to July 10, 1914: Members ALDRICH, HAROLD W., Supt. of Leaching Plant, Washoe Red. Wks., Anaconda Copper Co., Anaconda, Mont. AYER, FRANK ASHTON, Mine Foreman.. ..Detroit Copper Co., Morenci, Ariz. BELL, ARTHUR F. L., Chief Engr., Associated Oil Co.., 817 Sharon Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. BERGMAN, JULIUS GUSTAF, Mech. Engr., Chief Draftsman, Arizona Copper Co. Morenci, Ariz. BURT, CURTIS F., Min. Engr., Pittsburg-Dolores Mining Co., Rockland, via Yerington, Nev. CALLAWAY SCOTT DAVID, Chem La Harpe Smelter Co., La Harpe, Kan. CAMPBELL, W. C., Min. Engr 4 Princess St., Roodeport, Transvaal, So. Af. CARROLL, GEORGE A., Genl. Mgr Kildare Min. Co., Manson, B. C., Canada. CARUTHERS, JOHN LYTLE, Min. Engr., Asst. Engr., St. Louis, Rocky Mountain & Pacific Co.. Raton. N. M.

Jan 8, 1914

By W. H. Davitt

While it is true that taxes, especially income taxes, whether they be federal, state, or local, are not usually thought of as a "cost" of doing business, it is equally true that these tax costs do reduce the distributable profits just as much as the cost of power, supplies, or labor. Therefore, the consideration given to taxes is often as important as that given to other costs. Hopefully you will recognize that, within certain limits, taxes can be controlled to an economic advantage. The tax laws as now imposed are quite complex. Many of these laws and the regulations thereunder involve many factual determinations, technical considerations, and specialized valuations that can best be made by people trained in the specific area concerned. A substantial amount of a tax liability turns on the proper consideration given to issues involving facts and principles which are peculiarly engineering in nature. The importance of these "engineering" issues in tax administration has been significantly increased in recent years by our rapidly advancing technology, automation, stepped-up mineral and oil exploitation, new industries such as electronics and nuclear power, and the extension of percentage depletion to all minerals. These specialized requirements incorporated in the law are so technical that full consideration can not be given by people with a non-engineering background.

Jan 7, 1974

By Robert Isaac Williams

The Questa mine is located in northern New Mexico on the western flank of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains about 75 miles north of Santa Fe and ranges in elevation from 6,800 to 10,000 ft. GEOLOGY The rocks of the area are Precambrian metamorphic rocks covered by Tertiary extrusive andesites and rhyolites and intruded by Tertiary granitic rocks. These Tertiary intrusives are localized in an east-west belt about 20 miles long and 2 miles wide, extending from Questa to Red River. The Questa orebody is associated with a north-trending aplite intrusive about 3/4 mile wide and 1 3/4 miles long. In the area of mineralization, the metasomatism of aplite has produced a mottled porphyritic rock. This hybrid rock has caused much of the controversy about the Questa mine intrusive. The orebody is essentially monomineralic and consists of numerous closely spaced molybdenite veins varying in thickness from ' 'paint" to 3 in. and occurring in both the andesites and the intrusive. In the intrusive the veins are often siliceous. Common alteration minerals associated with the molybdenite ore vary with the original composition of the rock. The alteration of the aplite has produced phenocrysts of orthoclase, albite, oligoclase and biotite; veins of quartz, orthoclase, and biotite; and graphic myrmekitic intergrowths of feldspars and quartz. In many places near the contact, the andesite is indistinguishable from the metasomatized aplite. The dominant alteration in andesite, however, is the development of fine-grained biotite with apatite, rutile, and sphene.

Jan 1, 1969

Howard N. Eavenson, Gary, W. Va. (communication to the Secretary*):—For some time before the publication of Mr. Scholz's paper, I had been collecting data bearing upon its subject, and I now take pleasure in presenting to the Institute my results in the form of a discussion. It has long been a matter of common opinion among mining-men that mine-explosions are more frequent during the colder, or winter months, than during the warmer ones, and it is a matter of common knowledge among them that the air-ways and road-ways in most mines are much drier and are more inclined to be dusty during the winter than during the summer. In many mines, places which are wet and sloppy in the summer are dry and sometimes dusty during the winter. These changes, of course, can only be due to atmospheric conditions, and are caused by differences in temperature and humidity. Until recently, however, very little attention has been paid to the part that atmospheric conditions may play in mine-explosions, or, rather, to the effect they may have in rendering mine-conditions peculiarly dangerous, and in spreading and rendering more disastrous the effects of what otherwise probably would have been small explosions. To show the difference in mine-conditions during summer and winter months, I have tabulated in Table I. the results of 24 observations of hygrometric conditions in several different mines at different times of the year. Mines Nos. 1, 2, and 6 are located in the Pocahontas coal-region, in McDowell county,w.Va., the first one being a shaft-mine and the others drift. Mines 1A and 2A are drift-mines located in Logan county, W. Va. All of these are mines of fair size, but none of them has been in operation more than six years,

Jan 1, 1910