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By W. J. Millard

Owing to a moratorium in the drilling of crown-land leases in Trinidad during the year of 1931, only 40 wells were spudded in during the first eight months as compared with 110 during the same period in 1930. Nevertheless the production will show an increase of about 400,000 bbl. over that of 1930. An estimate is given in Table 1. Since the oil produced in 1930 was 9,418,907 bbl. and that in 1931 probably will be 9,853,976 bbl., the year 1931 probably will see an increase of about 4.6 per cent. The gross production of crude oil in the colony has increased steadily year by year, with the exception of 1919, when there was a slight decline. A tabulated statement was given last year.' The Petroleum Times of March 21, 1931 (p. 413) gives the total production of 1930 as 9,418,000 bbl. and the average monthly production as 784,833 bbl. The same two items for 1931 are estimated at 9,853,976 and 821,165 bbl., respectively.

Jan 1, 1932

(The following list contains the names of those members of the Institute of whose connection with military service we have only recently become acquainted; it also includes the names of a few who have recently been promoted or transferred, indicated by a *. A complete list was published in the Year Book, issued as a supplement of the Bulletin for March, 1918.) *AMBLER, HARRY A., 1st Lieutenant, 0. R. C., 30th Infantry, A. E. F. BAKER, R. F., Private, Intelligence Section, Headquarters 90th Division. *BARTON, L. A., Captain, 604th Engineers. *BATTEN, H. L., Lieutenant, Canadian Engineers, C. E. F. *BENSEL, J. A., Major, U. S. Reserves. BIRKETT, HOWARD, Lieutenant, Aviation, U. S. Signal Corps. BLOOMFIELD, E. C., Lieutenant, 1st Canadian Tunnelling Co. BOOTH, L. E., Watertown Arsenal, Det. E. 0. C., N. A., Watertown, Mass. *BOWMAN, REGINALD G., 1st Lieutenant, Engineers, U. S. R., Int. Ord. Dept. No. 4, A. E. F. *BRADLEY, CLARENCE I., Convois Automobile Section 585,. S. S. U., P. A. R., B. C. M.

Jan 7, 1918

W. H. BLAUVELT (author's reply to discussion *).-The prevention of smoke from byproduct-oven plants is not as simple as would appear from Mr. Moss's statement. All well designed byproduct-oven plants are equipped with ample exhauster capacity, and the suction on the ovens is controlled by highly sensitive pressure governors that control the pressure within a fraction of a millimeter. Of course, this apparatus can get out of order, causing the batteries to smoke, but this does not often happen. As stated by Mr. Thompson, the smoke produced is made almost entirely during the time of charging the ovens, when they are cut off from the hydraulic main. The amount of smoke that escapes at this time is extremely small, compared with -the amount produced by a beehive-oven plant, but the mechanical difficulties in preventing any escape of smoke at charging time are considerable. Several devices are in operation at a number of plants which collect most of the smoke made during charging and several devices are being worked on for its complete

Jan 12, 1918

By James R. Garvey

Coal reserves of the United States are enormous. Considered on the basis of proven reserves, and compared with reserves of other fuels, coal constitutes 88% of the proven recoverable energy resources of the nation. That includes oil, natural gas, oil shale and uranium used in burner reactors. Considered on the basis of "ultimate recoverable reserves", that is, those resources which can be extracted with improved technology and at somewhat higher costs and including those resources of all fuels not yet found but believed to be waiting discovery, coal still accounts for 75 % of the national total. In the U.S. hydrocarbon economy about 76% of the total energy needs are supplied by petroleum and natural gas and about 20% by coal. Domestic resources of oil and gas are running dangerously low, and assuming a continued hydrocarbon economy, the 20% supplied by coal may increase dramatically. Nearly a quarter of the petroleum consumed in the U.S. is imported. Natural gas is in shorter supply than petroleum and the problems of its importation seem at least as difficult as those of oil.

Jan 6, 1972

By H. M. Chance

One hundred and twenty miles of hard travel over steep ridges almost due east from Fayetteville, on the St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad, about 100 miles from Eureka Hot Springs, or 75 miles northwest from Batesville, will bring the traveller to the waters of the Buffalo Fork of the White river, in a wild, thinlysettled, heavily-timbered country, now being prospected quite actively for zinc, and known as the Buffalo or Rush Creek district. Excepting here and there a piece of bottom land, patented before the discovery of zinc, the land is unoccupied Government land, and subject to entry under the United States mineral laws. Claims are now being taken, 600 by 1500 feet, but a movement made this summer, if successful, will largely modify the position of claim-holders. A few claims are now being filed under the Placer Act on the ground that as the zinc occurs as a horizontal, sedimentary deposit, etc., it can only be properly so classified. The zinc occurs in limestone, which is at times so siliceous that

Jan 1, 1890

By J. B. Scuffham, G. A. Rowden

The use of ammonia as a leaching agent has been well-documented but only recently have its advantages been fully exploited on a commercial basis. When compared with conventional sulfuric acid leaching processes, the major advantage of ammoniacal systems is their ability to reject iron and many acid consuming gangue materials. Although metallic copper, nickel, zinc, etc. are dissolved rapidly in ammoniacal liquors at ambient temperature in the presence of air the sulfide ores of these metals are more resistant to this treatment. Sherritt Gordon Mines in Canada treats sulfide concentrates at its Fort Saskatchewan plant under pressure with ammoniacal am- monium sulfate solution to solubilize the non-ferrous metal values. Typical leach operating conditions are 80-95°C and 115- 128 psig. Although the metals present in the ammonical solution could be recovered via solvent extraction techniques, Sherritt Gordon Mines currently operates a pressure reduction process using hydrogen to yield metal powders directly from the ammoniacal solution. The basic Sherritt Gordon technology has been applied world wide for the treatment of nickel/cobalt concentrates.

Jan 12, 1973

By Cyril Stanley Smith

BETA brass (consisting of approximately equal atomic proportions of copper and zinc) exists as a random solid solution at high temperatures, but at low temperatures [ ] an ordered structure is stable, with the copper and zinc atoms occupying alternate sites on the body-centered-cubic lattice. On cooling, ordering commences at a temperature of 450° to 470°C., depending on the composition. The degree of ordering progressively increases at lower temperatures until it becomes virtually complete at about 100°C. The electrical resistivity of the alloy illustrates the changes clearly (Fig. I). This type of reaction has been a favored subject for study by physicists. An [ ] excellent summary of the theory is to be found in a paper by F. C. Nix and W. Shockley.1 All published data on electrical conductivity, specific heat and other properties agree in indicating that the ordering reaction in beta brass takes place so rapidly that it cannot be prevented or even retarded by quenching. With most ordered alloys, cold-working induces disorder and

Jan 1, 1942

A mine in the mountains of southeastern British Columbia is fast earning a reputation as the safest metal mining operation of all time. Already officially proclaimed as the safest mine in Canada, the H.B. mine of The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada (Cominco) continues to advance its safety performance far in the lead of average accident frequencies in mines across the country. Official recognition came its way again this spring when the Cominco mine was awarded the John T. Ryan trophy for the fourth time in the last five years. This award is emblematic of top national safety performance of a metal mining operation. The H.B. mine is its only four-time winner. The Ryan award is based on a frequency of accidents involving lost time of more than six days. In each of the years that the H.B. has won the award-1958, 1959, 1961 and 1962-its frequency was zero, with no accidents involving a time loss of more. than six days

Jan 12, 1963

By F. C. Muttitt

The physical arrangement of the continuous casting facilities at Algoma have been described a number of times in previous papers. For the purposes of this discussion, it is sufficient to state that the casting plant is located at a considerable distance from the basic oxygen shop which supplies it, involving a relatively lengthy ladle transfer movement. (Fig. I) The handling of the ladle by two separate cranes, first to the argon station, and thence to the casting machines, results in an average interval, from start tap to start cast, of 45 minutes. The effects of such extended retention time on temperature control and on refractory performance are well known. Tapping temperatures well above normal are necessary to insure that the ensuing heat losses do not result in an undue incidence of premature tundish freeze-offs. The heat lost, as well as being a function of the retention time, becomes more critical with smaller ladle size; winter temperatures add to the problem with their effect in chilling ladles and increasing radiant losses.

Jan 1, 1972

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M., except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 12, 1916

The. Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A. M. to 10 P. M. except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and, photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 3, 1919

By Rupert Spivey

Kennecott Copper's Chino mine is one of the oldest copper mines in the United States, having been operated by the Spaniards as early as 1800. At that time haulage methods were indeed primitive. Indians brought the ore up on "chicken ladders" in leather buckets. It was then melted into crude bars and hauled to Chihuahua by mule train. There are still remnants of the old trails near the present pit where the mule hooves cut grooves in solid rock. The mines were worked as underground operations off' and on until open-pit mining was started in 1910 by John Sully and Daniel C. Jackling. Since that time many haulage methods have been used: mule carts, steam and electric trains and finally large haulage trucks, now believed to be the best method for this mine. The general shape of the pit is oval with dimensions of 1% miles by 1% miles. Working benches are 50 ft high, with the bottom bench at 5750 ft and the top at 6450 ft above sea level.

Jan 1, 1964

By M. L. Fuller

THE fundamental mechanism of the deformation of zinc has been thoroughly described by several prominent investigators, particularly Mark, Polanyi, and Schmid,1 Mathewson and Phillips,2 and Schmid and Wasserman.3 The deformation of zinc occurs primarily through slip along basal planes {00. 1 }, and secondarily through twinning on pyramidal planes of the form { 10.2). In addition to these basic studies on single crystals, there have been a number of determinations4,5 of preferred orientations developed in rolled, polycrystalline zinc. In no case, to our knowledge, has there been described the development of oriented struc-tures in zinc as a result of a, systematic series of rolling treatments. The work included in the present paper shows the changes in orientation produced in a zinc alloy by successively increasing degrees of cold-rolling reduction. This alloy has the same crystal form, hexagonal close-packed, as zinc, but its susceptibility to hardening for a given degree of working is much greater because of its higher recrystal-lization temperature.

Jan 1, 1934

By John Dasher, M. C. Chang

The Crucible mine in Pennsylvania, operating on Pittsburgh seam coal, is rated at 5000 tpd. The washing plant, built in 1943, is rated at about 400 tph, using hydroseparator boxes to wash the coarse coal (4 x 5/16 in.) and hydrotator units for the fine coal (5/16 x 0). It is generally acknowledged that gravity concentration equipment cannot be used efficiently to beneficiate coal finer than about 65 mesh. Before the present flotation circuit was installed, Crucible recovered its fine coal slurry, predominantly -24 mesh material, by passing it through a battery of five 14-in. and one hundred and ten 3-in. Hey1 & Patterson cyclones in parallel with a 75-ft Dorr thickener. About two thirds went to the cyclones and one third to the thickener. Underflows from cyclones and thickener were filtered, respectively, in one 12-disk Eimco and two 4-disk Oliver filters fitted with stainless steel cloth. The resulting cakes were added to the coarse metallurgical coal. The filtrates, overflow from the 3-in. cyclones, and thickener overflow were recycled to the coarse coal plant.

Jan 3, 1959

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M., except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 11, 1917

The library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A. M. to 10 P. M. except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through, correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining, maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 2, 1919

By Robert Gilman Brown

There are few disasters so difficult to deal with as an underground fire. It is inaccessible at best, and generally unapproachable ; and it finds most material in the very places where it can do most harm, namely, in large stopes and in " heavy " ground where timbers are massed, and in shafts and level-stations where there are inevitably strong drafts to make the burning yet more fierce. The fire constituting the subject of this note occurred in the shaft of the Standard mine at Bodie, California, and originated after the departure of the night-force at 3 a.m., being discovered by the men going to work at 6.30. At that time it had gained already considerable headway, and was throwing smoke plentifully from the collar of the shaft. It must be premised, for understanding of the situation, that in this shaft all hoisting is done to the 320-foot level, where the material is dropped by chutes 30 feet. to the tunnel-level, through which it is run to the mill. Hoist and sheaves are all placed

Jan 1, 1897

By Glenn C. Waterman

The use of stream sediment and soil sampling as an aid in exploration has markedly increased in recent years as more and more attention has been directed to areas that are generally geologically favorable for mineralization but show little outcrop. Numerous ore deposits and many hundreds of mineral deposits that have no surface exposure have been found associated with anomalous geochemical patterns. Sophisticated techniques have been developed to "wring out" of geochemical data subtle information that is pertinent in defining areas of exploration interest. Variations in metal patterns in soils and sediments as they are affected by pH, Eh, weather, topography, etc., are pretty well known. Field studies have determined the variations and controls of metal ion distribution in the several soil horizons and the contributions to metal concentrations made by different types of vegetation. Less well known is how to interpret geochemical data since thickness of soils over bedrock varies in an unknown fashion and, particularly, where glacial debris of unknown thickness is piled on top of soils or scoured bedrock.

Jan 7, 1975

By T. C. Rao

Oil agglomeration experiments were carried out on coal fines to study the effect of process variables such as pulp density, bridging oil dosage and intensity of agitation on (i) size distribution and (ii) yield of agglomerated product. It has been observed that the growth of agglomerates follows a self-preserving behaviour and using this, a characteristic curve has been derived. This curve has been found to be independent of the process variables. It has also been noted that the growth of agglomerates follows second order kinetics. In an attempt to model the process for predicting the size distribution and yield of agglomerates at different levels of the variables, the cumulative 50 percent of the agglomerates passing size (d50) has been correlated with the variables (i) through the kinetic equation and (ii) directly. These equations, coupled with the characteristic curve can predict the size distribution of the agglomerates at any levels of the variables tested. The yield of agglomerates has been found to follow a definite relationship with d50.

Jan 1, 1984

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

436. Electrical Conductivity. - The subject of the relative conducting power of different minerals is one of minor interest.* In general most minerals, except those having a metallic luster among the sulphides and oxides, are non-conductors. Only the non-conductors can show pyro-electrical phenomena, and only the conductors can give a thermo-electric current. 437. Frictional Electricity. - The development of an electrical charge on many bodies by friction is a familiar subject. All minerals become electric by friction, although the degree to which this is manifested differs widely. There is no line of distinction among minerals, dividing them into positively electric and negatively electric; for both electrical states may be presented by different varieties of the same species, and by the same variety in different states. The gems are in general positively electric only when polished; the diamond, however, exhibits positive electricity whether polished or not. It is a familiar fact that the electrification of amber upon friction was early observed (600 B. C.), and indeed the Greek name

Jan 1, 1922