Search Documents

By R. M. Barnes, A. H. Bell

The ideas set forth in this paper are proposed for consideration and discussion as the result of recent study of various plans for control and proration of gas and oil production from Kettleman North Dome oil field. They would be applicable to any oil field during its flush production stage. The problems of development and proration are so Fig. 1.—Ideal Cross-section, Kettleman North Dome Oil Field. intimately connected in Kettleman Hills and in many other flush fields that they have both been covered in this paper. Many are of the opinion that Kettleman North Dome oil field should be considered as containing only one zone to its present total penetrated thickness of nearly 1500 ft., and that the hydrocarbon content of this zone gradually changes from dark and relatively low-gravity oil with relatively low gas-oil ratios on the flanks and plunges to mostly light-colored and high-gravity oil with high gas-oil ratios in the higher structural positions, somewhat according to the idealized section shown in Fig. 1. At least the lower 400 ft. contains dark oil in the higher structural positions.

Jan 1, 1933

By R. N. Bhattacharyya

In recent years, increased attention is being paid to the application of oil-agglomeration technique for (a) improved recovery of low- ash clean coal, (b) effective beneficiation of low-grade coking coals and (c) removal of pyrite sulphur from high-sulphur coals. In this technique, which has been proved to be more effective than convention- al froth-flotation, advantage is taken of the oleo-philic nature of finely ground coal to separate it under controlled conditions from the associated minerals which are hydrophilic in nature. Unlike froth- flotation, no aeration is needed in the process and the concentrates which are obtained in the form of agglomerates or micro-pellets have easier dewatering characteristics. Optimization of operating variables in treating individual raw feed is a pre-requisite for the successful application of this process. A 10 gram batch unit was employed in the present test series. This paper presents - results from these investigations on such operating variables as (i) size of coal, (ii) amount of oil used, (iii) time of stirring, (iv) rate of stirring, (v) solid content in slurry and (vi) effect of conditioning.

Jan 1, 1977

By T. V. Subrahmanyam, A. P. Rao

The adsorption behavior of chalcopyrite has been studied at different xanthate concentrations and flow rates in a column apparatus with potassium ethyl xanthate as the collector. Based upon the experiment results an equation of the type: 1/F = K3 + m3C + k2/t.Cm2.fm1 is proposed to account for the experimental data. Among copper minerals an early study on chalcocite by Gaudin and Schuman (Taggart, 1951) is well known for its research on the kinetics of the reaction by conventional method of mass balance between the products of reaction and xanthate consumed. The results were interpreted by the concept of ion exchange adsorption. Szeglowski (1977) conducted measurements on the adsorption of potassium ethyl xanthate on copper polarized to various potentials, the adsorption being measured by radio-tracer techniques. The adsorption in the range -1800 to 700 mv was found to be a reversible physical adsorption. The potential range in which the primary electrode process could lead to surface coverage with a minimum number of product layers was evaluated. The adsorption density of xanthate on sulfide surface was found to be related to the concentration of xanthate in solution and concentration of depressants as: [ ]

Jan 1, 1983

By Henry Howe

FIG. 1 shows a volute aging break which developed spontaneously in a hardened and tempered steel helmet between 19 and 38 days after it had been tested ballistically. A similar break, shown in Fig. 2, developed spontaneously in a similar helmet about 40 days after the ballistic testing. In this case the rupture occurred abruptly and with a loud report. The path of rupture in this second case, though much the less regular, is the more interesting of the FIG. 1. FIG. 2. two, in that it is an approximation to two parallel volutes centered at the point of impact of the projectile, just below D. Several weeks later, after the photograph for Fig. 1 was taken, a similar doubling of the volute crack occurred in this helmet, starting from the end of the eyelash crack near A and spreading thence to the left contra-clockwise for about ½ in. The negatives from which these pictures are made have not been touched up in any way, save writing the letters on them. In both cases the trajectory of the bullet was normal to the initial surface at the point of impact, and in both the helmet passed the ballistic

Jan 2, 1919

By S. O. Reichert

The nuclear industry has made a considerable effort to reduce environmental pollution with the result that knowledge in the field of radioactive waste management is well advanced. An example of the methods used for radioactive waste disposal is provided by the Savannah River Plant (SRP) operated by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. for the AEC. It occupies an area of 320 sq mi along the Savannah River downstream from Augusta Ga., and has production facilities that include a fuel preparation area, three reactor areas, two chemical separation areas (F and H), and a heavy water plant. Gaseous, Liquid and Solid Radioactive Wastes Are Handled During Disposal The primary sources of radioactive waste are the reactor and chemical separation facilities. The reactors are cooled and moderated by heavy water which, in turn, is cooled by river water in heat exchangers. This arrangement prevents irradiation of the river water so that radioactivity is not discharged into the river water except when small quantities of moderator are lost by heat exchanger leaks. Because of the high cost of heavy water, these losses must be kept to a minimum.

Jan 9, 1968

By J. D. Vincent

During the history of man, the term concentration has had many meanings. Early in history, it may have been construed to mean sorting and smelting. Not many years ago, its definition included only the physical beneficiation processes. Today, and in this article, the term concentration is taking on the meaning of beneficiation and chemical processing, or either separately. An alternate definition could be: concentration is the process of recovering and upgrading an element or nonmetallic mineral so that the product can be used or refined for the needs of man. For the purpose of this article, concentration will have the same connotation as it does in the mineral industry, which has come to include processing methods such as leaching and chlorinization under this heading. Usually, smelting techniques and electrorefining are excluded and classified under the heading of refining. Using the broad definition of concentration, the areas of mining processing include not only the physical beneficiation processes and flotation but also hydrometallurgy and vapor-metallurgy. These methods include sorting, sizing, crushing and grinding, gravity concentrating, magnetic processing and flotation as well as hydrometallurgy and vapor- metallurgical processing.

Jan 1, 1971

By W. H. Blauvelt

THat the problem of utilizing anthracite waste is worthy of the thought bestowed upon it, may be shown in few words. In the year 1889, for instance, 35,408,000 tons of coal were sent to market from the anthracite regions of Pennsylvania. According to the report of the State Geological Survey, the amount of coal thrown on the dumps as waste, varies, with circumstancett, from 44 to 60 per cent. of that shipped to market. The lower of these figures represents 16,579,000 tons of waste for that year, and it is obvious that if this, or any considerable portion of it, could have been saved, it would have constituted an important addition to the fuel-supply of the country. It is not surprising, therefore, that so much attention has been given to the utilization of this waste. Among the many lines of experiment pursued with this object in view, the conversion of the carbon of the culm into producer-gas seemg at first to promise the most satisfactory solution of the problem. It is well known that in foreign producer-plants almost all kinds of

Jan 1, 1892

By Persifor Frazer

The structure of the Caucasus as made out by the Russian geologists and represented in Pamphlet XXII. of the Livret Guide, by Loewinson-Lessing, is an overturned anticlillal from Lars to Passanour; a distorted synclinal with monoclinal dip from Passanour to near the summit of the anti-Caucasus chain south of Tiflis; and another overturned auticlinal from this point to Erivan on the Armenian border. Ng—Neogene; Pg— Paleogene ; J,—Upper Junssic (and Cretaceolls in other parts of the chain) ; J1—Lias ; Pz—Paleozoic schists plicated ; yd—massives of granite and diabase; —porphyries ; —trachytes, andesites; Pz, Mz, plicated sedimentary deposits of Armenia. The details of the geology, however, are extremely complicated—so much so, indeed, as to make it impossible for any set of men to have worked them out in a single season. For 'the structure as a whole it will be necessary, therefore, to rely implicitly upon the labors of the Russian Geological Survey, and it is intended here only to state these, and to record a few notes supplementing them. Setting out from Wladikavkaz in the early morning, we pass

Jan 1, 1899

THE first award of the James Douglas gold medal for achievement in non-ferrous metallurgy was made to Frederick Laist, of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., and the presentation ceremony was a feature of the annual banquet of the Institute at the Waldorf, on Feb. 21. Frederick Laist was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 30, 1878. In his early youth his parents moved to California where, in 1901, Mr. Laist graduated from the University of California, in the course of chemical en-gineering. For one year after graduation he was an in-structor in chemistry at the University of Utah. Fol-lowing this he was employed as a chemist in the lab-oratory of the Washoe Reduction Works of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., where in successive stages he has occupied the position of chief chemist, blast-furnace superintend-ent, assistant superintend-ent of the entire plant, superintendent, and finally manager of the Anaconda company's reduction plants in Montana, which position he now holds. Mr. Laist, in his labora-tory work, manifested great interest in the hydrometal-lurgy of copper and zinc. As chief chemist at Anaconda, he brought the laboratory to a high degree of efficiency.

Jan 3, 1923

By P. H. Mell

CAN the auriferous slate deposits of the Southern mining region ever be successfully worked? is a question that has been often asked me by persons seeking investments in Southern mines. As the subject is one that has given me much thought during the past few years, I have decided to present my conclusions to the members of the Institute for their consideration. Those who have had the opportunity of exploring the region mentioned above, will readily recall to mind numerous localities, to which their attention was directed by would-be miners, as "rich and desirable properties," in which there were but few quartz seams running in every direction through fine-grained talcose slate. Most of the gold in sued formations was always found disseminated through the slate, and but a small percentage contained in the quartz. Such are the deposits I propose to discuss in this paper. Of course there are many excellent quartz mines in the South that are paying the owners good profits, and many more to my knowledge, that are not being worked for obvious reasons. But it is out of the question to suppose that these slate deposits can be practically

Jan 1, 1881

By John G. Roscoe

Continental Materials Corp. operates two under- ground uranium mines in the Crooks Gap district of central Wyoming. Both mines are developed as slusher mining operations through vertical shafts with single level haulage to slusher pocket loading stations. In general, operations at both mines are similar except for depth and some minor details. The shafts are identical in cross-section, each with a 4 ½ x 5-ft hoisting compartment and a 4 ½ x 5-ft manway. Kimberley-type skips are loaded from measuring pockets through air-operated guillotine gates. The Seismic shaft is 245 ft deep and the Reserve shaft depth is 585 ft. The Seismic shaft was sunk in 1957 and the mine has been producing 200 tpd since 1958. The Reserve shaft was sunk in 1960 and the mine is still in the development stage. The hoists of both mines are equipped for semi-automatic operation; that is, they are mechanically controlled to perform a certain cycle of duty and then stop until another cycle is manually initiated. The Seismic hoist, however, was originally a conventional, manually controlled unit; the reserve hoist was installed as an automated system.

Jan 7, 1962

By R. L. Templin

THE modulus of elasticity is defined as the ratio of stress within the proportional limit to corresponding strain. This property, as thus defined, is a constant for each kind of material; and in tension or compression is usually designated by the symbol E. The modulus of elasticity serves as an index of the stiffness of a material or a measure of its ability to resist change of shape under stresses not higher than the proportional limit. In view of the frequency with which the modulus of elasticity is used in engineering calculations, it is surprising to note the uncertainty that exists as to authentic values, and the marked lack of published information relating to the variation of the constant E within individual alloy systems. A value of 10,000,000 lb. per sq. in. has been quoted as representative of aluminum and its alloys. This value has been found to be approximately correct for pure aluminum and aluminum alloys in which the total percentage of the alloying elements is low, but seriously in error in the case of alloys that contain relatively large amounts of the alloying elements.

Jan 1, 1930

By J. D. MacKenzie

THE world production of copper for the first eight months of 1927 shows an increase of 3 per cent over the same period in 1926. Since February of this year, however, production has been considerably curtailed. The United States reduction in the last four months has been offset by the increased South Ameri-can and Belgian Congo production. The United States is now producing 58 per cent of the world production, Chile and Peru 17.3 per cent, Belgian Congo 5 per cent. In 1926 the United States produced 54 per cent, Chile and Peru 16.3 per cent, Belgian Congo 6.3 per cent. Production, Tons 1917-largest war year 1,580,000 1925 1,581,000 1926-increase 3 per cent 1,628,000 1927-increase 3 per cent 1,670,000 Copper Producing Countries, 8 mo., 1927: Tons Per Cent United States 644,000 58.0 Chile and Peru 192,000 17.3 Europe 90,000 8.1 Belgian Congo 56,000 5.0 Japan 46,000 4.1 Mexico 30,000 2.7 Canada 23,000 2.1 Figures are not available for Spain and Portugal, which would probably precede Mexico.

Jan 12, 1927

By A. Eilers

In a former paper on Western Smelting Works, I mentioned the great difficulty of obtaining accurate information in regard to the economy of the processes in practice; and to-day, although nearly two years have elapsed since my former paper was written, I am sorry to say that very little improvement has taken place in the keeping of accounts, and in the direction of a more systematic management in the majority of these works. But I am quite certain that by this time even the most sanguine furnace managers must have become convinced, from the experience of the last year, that somewhere in their processes there are enormous losses. Rates for the purchase of ores in 1873 were not as high as they were in former years in certain parts of the country ; labor was no 'higher than formerly; the demand for unparted lead was good throughout the year, with the only exception of the time of the panic, in the fall of 1873; yet there are, of between 40 and 50 works, not more than two or three in Utah and Nevada to-day, that have paid a reasonable interest on the capital invested.

By Leo Greenberg

As one of its functions, the U.S. Bureau of Mines gathers and analyzes mine accident data, and then publishes annual reports on work injury experience in the various segments of the minerals industry- coal, nonmetals, rock. These reports contain a wealth of detailed data, with a multitude of analyses and cross-tabulations, all intended to shed as much light as possible on accidents and to suggest possible ways of reducing them. In this article, the terms, "injury" and "accident" will at times be used interchangeably to denote accidents which cause disabling injury. The Bureau bases many of its analyses on American National Standard Z16.1 for recording and measuring work injury data. This document establishes two models for measuring disabling injury experience: (1) the frequency rate, obtained by dividing the number of man hours into the number of injuries multiplied by 1 million, and (2) the severity rate, similarly constructed, with the variable of interest being the number of days lost due to these injuries. Similar computations are performed by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and the National Safety Council. Additionally, these models are used in many other countries, sometimes with minor changes.

Jan 1, 1971

By Robert L. Russell, Henry W. Zimmerman

The Bunker Hill mine in the Coeur d'Alene mining district at Kellogg, Idaho, has been a major producer of Pb-Ag-Zn ores since its discovery in 1887. The mine has produced over 29 million tons of ore from some 20 to 25 veins and ore zones and now covers an area approximately 1 mi long by 0.5 mi wide. The active section of the mine extends from 2500 ft above sea level to 1600 ft below sea level. Ore production is presently at the rate of about 1700 tpd. A 2-mi adit, the Kellogg tunnel, at the 2500 elevation provides access to the main shaft area. Ore is hoisted to the adit level through a 5000-ft. 50º-inclined shaft extending to the lowermost haulage level 1200 ft below sea level. Primary shaft service for men and materials is supplied by three major internal inclined shafts equipped with double-drum hoists. Present production requires ten levels to serve for main line track haulage. These range up to 5000 ft in length and are either 200 or 400 vertical ft apart. Also, many intermediate levels exist throughout the mine.

Jan 1, 1971

By Robert M. Abrams

The passage of an ore pulp through the froth flotation process results in the production, after dewatering, of a finely divided concentrate. This intermediate product must be handled to the subsequent process facilities via beit or other types of conveyors, hoppers, bins, chutes and feeders, and the like. Flotation concentrate has some difficult handling properties such as abrasiveness, sluggishness when moist, or fluidity when dry. These characteristics require the judicious selection or design of handling equipment and the careful engineering of transfer chutes. It is to the special problems which are encountered in this in-plant handling procedure that this paper is addressed. The methods which will be discussed have been developed primarily for the handling of the froth flotation concentrates of copper, lead, and taconite iron ores, but may be generalized, with appropriate modifications, to apply to other similar metallic concentrates. The controlled feeding of concentrates from bins and hoppers is covered along with some of the techniques used to transfer concentrates from one belt conveyor to another. Methods are described for unloading belt conveyors into bins or storage piles. The reclamation from storage piles is also treated.

Jan 1, 1979

By Paul L. Cloke, S. R. Titley

Paul L. Cloke (Assistant Professor, Dept. of Geology and Mineralogy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.) - On examination of the paper by S. R. Titley it appears that several errors have been made, many of them of a fundamental nature. It is the intent of this discussion to point out these mistakes, and, insofar as possible with the data at hand, to correct them. EXPERIMENTAL WORK Ferrimolybdite-Limonite-Water: The results of the experiments described are very difficult to interpret; nevertheless, a correct interpretation is essential as is pointed out subsequently. The difficulties become apparent when reasons are sought for the continuing change of pH after conversion of ferrimolybdite to ferric hydroxide and for the change of pH when -stirring is stopped after a steady value has been reached. In seeking an explanation of this experiment it seemed to this writer that the (temporarily) steady pH values might be due to kinetic rather than equilibrium effects. In this view the steady pH on stirring might be explained as a balance of several reactions proceeding simultaneously. The first of these would be the slow solution of ferrimolybdite,

Jan 1, 1964

By Laszlo Valentyik, John T. Patton

A conventional heavy-media separation process utilizes a mixture of finely ground solids like magnetite, ferrosilicon, or shale and water. The always-present clay in the medium acts as a stabilizing agent since the coarse heavy-media solids would quickly sink if they were mixed only in water. As the pseudoplastic nature of polymer solutions has excellent suspending properties, laboratory investigations were conducted at the Institute of Mineral Research on whether polymers could be used as suspending agents for finely ground heavy media. The preliminary results (published previously) of the laboratory research studies have shown that sufficient stabilities of heavy media can be obtained at a relatively low polymer concentration. This paper is a continuation of the previous work and it presents some of the results of recent studies where the rheological properties of the heavy-media suspensions were studied in a newly developed settling tube and the already familiar concentric-cylinder-type consistometer. In the investigations bentonites as a stabilizing agent also were included so that comparative results would be available to the plant engineer to assist him in the choice of the most suitable material for stabilizing various heavy media.

Jan 1, 1977

By Frank Firmstone

The indicator cards shown herewith were taken by the writer in June, 1877, from the water-pressure blowing engine of the Longdale Iron Co., at Lucy Selina Furnace, Longdale, Virginia. A description of' this engine with figures, and some indicator cards, was published by Washington Jones, Esq., Superintendent of the I. P. Morris Co.,* in the Journal of the Franklin Institute for May, 1877, to which those desiring a full account are referred, but for convenience the principal dimensions, etc., are given below. The machine consists of a pair of horizontal direct-acting blowing engines, connected at right angles to a common fly-wheel shaft. The blowing cylinders are 4 ft. diameter by 5 ft. stroke; the water cylinders were 18 in. diameter by 5 ft. stroke as built. Both water and blowing cylinders are double acting. The water valves are balanced piston valves, 18 in. diameter, moved directly by eccentrics on the fly-wheel- shaft. Great care was taken to have the areas of the ports and passages at least equal to the area of the working piston. The engine is set about 14 ft. above the tail-race, and the

Jan 1, 1879