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By Garland R. Dever, Preston McGrain, George W. Ellsworth

Limestone resources for industrial, constructional, and agricultural uses occur on the surface and at minable depths in several areas along the Ohio River and its navigable tributaries in Kentucky. High calcium and high carbonate limestones suitable for use in cement and lime production, steel manufacture, environmental control measures, and other special uses are present in the High Bridge Group (Ordovician) and Warsaw and Ste. Genevieve Limestones (Mississippian). Deposits with thicknesses of 7.3 to 20.7 m,(24 to 68 feet) have been documented by the analysis of samples taken at 0.3-m (1ft) intervals. Active and potential mine and quarry sites afford access to water transporation and proximity to a number of industrial and metropolitan centers. Geologic factors affecting the distribution of deposits include the Cincinnati arch, regional dip into the Appalachian and Eastern Interior basins, complex faulting in and near the western Kentucky fluorspar mining district, and late Paleozoic erosional unconformities in northeastern Kentucky.

Jan 1, 1979

By Glenn Southward

This describes a highly concentrated mining system consisting of a series of short faces arranged to get complete recovery of coal with the maximum protection for the men and equipment. A series of conveyors collect the coal from eight faces and discharge into mine cars at a central loading point on a main haulageway. The conveyor is sectional and, by a multiple-drive arrangement, the same standard parts are used to construct a unit of any length. THE. V system of mining used at the Norton mine of West Virginia Coal & Coke Co. was designed as a modified longwall with face conveyors, FIG. 1.-GENERAL DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENT OF FACES IN V SYSTEM. for use under roof conditions that would not permit regular longwall methods. This mine is in the Lower Kittanning seam, which averages about 6 ft. in height. There is from 20 to 30 ft. of slate and shale immedi-

Jan 2, 1924

By Robert E. Delavault, Harry V. Warren

Geochemistry in all its branches is playing G an increasingly important part in the business of mine finding. Although geochemical studies were commenced more than 50 years ago, interest in this subject did not become widespread until the late 1930's when in Scandinavia and the U.S.S.R. a whole series of investigations were initiated. Unfortunately for those in North America, the results of these investigations have only recently become available. In Canada and the U.S. geochemistry as a serious mine finding tool dates back only to the period following World War II. This article deals primarily with soils, which have found widespread acceptance as a useful tool in geochemical prospecting. Actually soils vary greatly in texture, structure, profile, and mineral background. Soil sampling poses no hardship for normal intellects, but it does assume an elementary knowledge of soil science and of the chemical problems involved in determining the absolute and relative amounts of a particular element in any particular soil.

Oct 1, 1956

By H. Herbert Hughes

In the years following World War II, L. de Roll S.A., Zurich, Switzerland, perfected its vertical kiln. De Roll first became interested in cement-manufacturing equipment in 1947, not only kilns but also the crushing, grinding, and handling equipment required for a complete cement plant. The parent company, Louis de Roll Iron Works, S.A., Gerlafingen, Switzerland, was founded in 1804. In its six plants, and with its associated companies, de Roll manufactures and installs equipment for a wide variety of industries-chemical and metallurgical operations, fats and oils plants, and municipal refuse incinerators and sewage disposal installations. Vertical shaft kilns, of course, are as old as Portland cement itself. Their fuel economy has long been recognized, particularly in Europe where fuel costs are high. But the disadvantages of old-type shaft kilns have been the lack of consistent quality of the clinker, the small capacity, and the relatively high labor costs.

Dec 1, 1956

By Dorsey Hager

THE possibility of oil and gas production in Alabama has been little considered as yet. Gas and some oil have been found in northwestern Alabama, near Birmingham, in the Pennsylvanian beds, but the oil and gas possibilities in the Cretaceous beds are not generally appreciated. The recent activity of oil companies in that State has attracted much attention, and in this paper the main structural and the general stratigraphic features are described. Four favorable areas are outlined. These contain folds of major interest. There are other favorable areas which have not been mapped. Commercial pools discovered in this area would have the advantage of being near tidewater. Mobile, Ala., on the Gulf, of Mexico, would be the logical site for refineries and shipping facilities. A pipe line could readily be laid to that city from the Hatchitigbee and the Jackson areas. The logical outlet for the Geneva and the Gordon areas would be Panama City, Fla., on the Gulf of Mexico.

Jan 2, 1918

By W. M. Aubrey, P. L. Steffensen

AUTOMATIC grinding control for ball mills in closed circuit with cyclones was developed for the concentrator of the Marmoraton Mining Co., a subsidiary company of Bethlehem Steel Corp. The concentrator, located at Marmora, Ont., Canada, treats an ore that analyzes 35 to 40 pct magnetic iron. Magnetite, the recoverable iron mineral, is concentrated by fine grinding and magnetic separation. The mesh of grind obtained in the plant is not determined by the point at which liberation is sufficient to yield a satisfactory grade of concentrate, but by the physical requirements of the downstream pelletizing operation. This is considerably finer than is metallurgically necessary. The concentrator has two identical units, each consisting of a rod mill in open circuit, followed by a ball mill in closed circuit with a cyclone and two rougher magnetic separators. The cyclone was chosen as a classifier because of its high efficiency on heavy gravity, magnetically flocculated material.

Jan 1, 1957

By H. S. McQueen

THE insoluble residue method for the examination and correlation of limestones and dolomites, or other sedimentary rocks containing calcium and magnesium carbonates, originated and was developed in the laboratory of the Missouri Geological Survey. The numerous and ever-increasing problems in the field of applied geology, and the need for a tool or aid in the solution of them, led to experimental work with samples collected from deep wells, in the early part of 1924. The success attained, almost at the outset, with this method was so great that the method has now been developed from the state of the experimental to the realm of large-scale, every-day routine. In a previous paper the writer' described the procedure in detail and the characteristics of the residues obtained from certain Paleozoic forma-tions in Missouri. The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the economic application of the insoluble residue method.

Jan 1, 1936

By O. Bilharz

The rules laid down by Peter von Rittinger in his classic Lehrbuch der Aufbereitungskunde (Berlin, 1867, p. 513) concerning the designing of dressing-works still possess authority for such works and their operation. Nevertheless, some modifications and additions suggested by practice may be of value at the present time. Rittinger says: "I. Choose the apparatus and machines which can be, under the existing con-' ditions, easily constructed and kept in running order!' This rule contemplates the construction of apparatus (mostly of wood) on the spot, with the command of good sbops and especially of good workmen in wood. But in many cases, particularly for the sake of a prompt supply, the construction of apparatus is now left to special manufactories, which pay more attention in the choice of materials to durability and strength than to easy manipulation and erection. Nevertheless, here,as in many other instances, simplicity of construction and solidity of execution are to be recommended. Especially important is the convenient and cheap replaceability of

Jan 1, 1894

By F. R. Conley, D. A. Shock

Solution Mining or In Situ Mining has received increasing attention in the past few years because the method offers many attractive possibilities in improving the environmental impact of mining as well as making feasible the extraction of deeper, low value mineral reserves. This paper will present a brief discussion of the state-of- the-art in total solution, slurry removal and leach mining. As a specific example of utilizing the method, the uranium deposits of South Texas are a type of deposit which have been considered as being amenable to in situ leach mining. The parameters required to ascertain the amenability of such a deposit for in situ leaching will be presented. The hydrological factors which influence the production of the soluble uranium solutions and their displacement will be discussed. Mathematical models for various well configurations have been made and graphic representation will be presented to illustrate various production methods and the resultant hydrological consequences.

Jan 1, 1974

By H. R. Steacy, A. H. Lang

Growth of general interest in uranium during the last ten years has been unparalleled in mining history, outranking the popular gold rushes and mining booms of bygone years. This is not surprising, considering the spectacular advances in nuclear research and the fact that a small amount of uranium can provide great quantities of energy for peaceful purposes. There are, however, a number of misconceptions and exaggerations regarding uranium. Many novices have highly exaggerated ideas of the ease of finding workable deposits, as opposed to mere occurrences, and reports of insignificant discoveries are sometimes given much publicity. Beginning about ten years ago mining for uranium has assumed a major place in Canadian and U. S. mineral industries. Uranium is now high on the list of metals produced in Canada. The gross value of uranium production in Canada in 1958, when additional plants now under construction are operating, will probably exceed 180 million dollars.

Jun 1, 1956

By George E. Aiken

Subzero temperatures of the Arctic pose some critical engineering problems for the developer and operator of open pit mines. Undoubtedly, the single most troublesome manifestation of this climate is permafrost. Underlying about 20% of the world's land area and 85% of the state of Alaska, permafrost has not only made its impact on building construction and mine excavation, but has created a legitimate threat to the delicate balance of nature existing within the Arctic environment. The recognition of permafrost areas by geomorphology and an understanding of its other complex developmental factors are the basis for two major concepts in building construction. The active method involves the eventual thawing of the complete permafrost section and is only useful in shallow areas. However, in some areas of coarse, well-drained material, vegetation may be stripped well ahead of construction and shallow permafrost allowed to method, leaves the perenially frozen ground undisturbed and is to be preferred. In selecting construction sites aerial photos may clearly reveal typical permafrost features.

Jan 5, 1972

W. E. RUDER, Schenectady, N. Y. (written discussion?).-To many members of the Institute, papers like this one by Prof. Jeffries, and that on "Reversal of Inheritance" by Prof. Howe, may seem highly academic. Aside from their direct application to all heat-treating processes, to my mind, the establishment of a physical fact and the correlation of facts into a definite law are in themselves ample justification for immense effort. A law, once established, cannot be ignored by those who carry the work along to practical ends. In studying both papers, it seems to me that each author is more concerned with defending a theory than with explaining the individual results as published by various investigators. Take, for example, my sample of pressed electrolytic iron, frequently referred to by both. Prof. Howe, defending inheritance, says that the grains on the second (1300° C.) heating inherited their size from the mother austenite. Prof. Jeffries, defending reversed inheritance, elabor-.

Jan 4, 1918

By T. W. Healy, P. Somasundaran, K. Ananthpadmanabhan

Hydrolyzable surfactants such as fatty acids and amines undergo, in addition to micellisation and precipitation, various associative interactions in aqueous solutions to form ionomolecular complexes such as acid-soap, dimers, etc., depending upon the solution conditions such as pH. The interaction of these collector species with the mineral surface and with other dissolved species in solution will play a significant role in determining the interfacial processes such as adsorption and flotation. Marked differences in the hydrophobicity imparted to the mineral surface depending upon the solution conditions such as pH can be attributed to possible differences in surface activities of the foregoing complexes. This aspect of solution chemistry of flotation system is discussed here for two widely used collectors, namely, oleic acid and dodecylamine. Equilibrium species distribution diagrams, based on the available literature data and on estimates of energy of interactions between molecules, have been obtained for oleic acid and dodecylamine solutions.

Jan 1, 1980

By Alan K. Burton

Along with tires and transmission systems, engines have been a limiting factor in the growth of large off- highway trucks. The problem, primarily, has been the development of reliable, high-performance engines that are not prohibitively heavy or expensive. For many years, horsepower to overall truck weight ratios have been in the vicinity of 300 lb per hp for rear dump units up to 50 tons capacity. This ratio is obviously very poor when compared to the much lighter and smaller highway trucks, which frequently have a performance ratio of 100 lb per hp. Unfortunately, the larger mining trucks have not been able to match even the 50-ton trucks, and in some cases, ratios have dropped as low as 450 lb per hp. This results in a performance of only 67% of that achieved by the older smaller trucks. Thus, the message is clear: what is needed is more horsepower and less weight.

Jan 10, 1975

By D. W. Fuerstenau

This paper presents the results of an investigation of the stability of the mass flow rates and average pellet size in the different streams of an industrial-scale balling circuit. The variables in this study include water content, drum speed, and fresh feed rate. It was found that both the mass flow rates and pellet diameter are greatly disturbed when a change, positive or negative, in any of the variables takes place. For most of these disturbances to be damped down, a period of 1 hr or so is required. When a disturbance in the feed rate was made, the transient period extended to more than 1% hr (the duration of the experiment). It was observed that there is an interaction between the drum speed and moisture needed for producing an acceptable green ball product. The moisture content of the product pellets was found to be a function of the pellet size, with the larger pellets retaining a higher moisture content

Jan 1, 1983

By Robert E. Campbell

Mining geophysics in 1969 marked a year of growth and consolidation in the application of ground and airborne geophysical methods and techniques with a 20% rise in expenditures for world-wide exploration. Growth was determined by questionnaire survey of industry, geophysical contractors, universities and government agencies conducted by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists. Relative position of metlhods is shown in the accompanying table on page 87. Methods and Techniques Electromagnetic airborne and ground methods showed the largest gains in the utilization of VLF-EM instrumentation. The VLF-EM instrument is a directional radio receiver which is tuned to distant radio transmitters in the 15 to 25 kilohertz band range. It measures vertical real and imaginary components of the magnetic field vector, and is used in geological mapping and surveying for various types of conductors in the ground. Ground VLF-EM instruments, Ronka EM-16 and Radem, are manufactured by Geonics, Ltd., Toronto, Ont., and Crone Geophysics. Ltd., Port Credit. Ont.

Jan 1, 1970

The negative charges on diaphragms of quartz, tungstic oxides, stannic acid, acid dyestuffs, soaps, and glass have for a number of years been explained on the basis of chemical equilibria-a hydrogen ion or light metal ion passes into solution leaving the solid complex ion negatively charged. While there are a number of observations which indicate a proportionality between the ( potential and the streaming potential it should be recognized that all the experimental evidence thus far presented shows that if hydrogen ion concentration is kept at a constant value, electrokinetic phenomena are influenced by salts. The multivalent ions exert the greatest effect on the reduction of osmotic flow. In the interpretation of all electrokinetic data the assumption is made that the potential of the solid remains constant. That this is not true is evidenced by the values of ( potential for quartz in contact with conductivity water as reported by the several investigators and by the authors of this paper.

Sep 1, 1956

By Gordon M. Matheson, Charles V. Logie

The current state-of-the-art design of mine pillars can be grouped into empirical and numerical design techniques. Numerical design techniques are based on sophisticated computational techniques which analyze the stresses and strains through the interstices of a pillar. Empirical techniques are less exact, but have been widely used, particularly for coal mine pillar design, because of their ease of computation. Over the years numerous empirical equations have been proposed to calculate the ultimate strength of coal mine pillars. This paper presents a review of the various equations which are most frequently utilized and examines the fundamental assumptions, limitations and applicability of the design formulae. The review intends to provide the practicing mining engineer with an understanding of the assumptions and mathematical basis of each equation to aid in the selection of the criteria most applicable to his specific design problems. Recommendations are made of the empirical equations that are presently most acceptable for design.

Jan 1, 1983

By John F. Sulzbach, Donald K. Walker, John F. Abel

With the increasing military significance of the arctic, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' ice- tunneling research program has been instituted to determine the feasibility of excavating large under- ice openings. Such openings would provide for year- around storage of material and housing of personnel, independent of surface weather conditions. This unique ice mining operation has been carried on in the tunnels at Camp Tuto, Greenland, during the summers of 1955, 1956, 1957 and 1958 by the U.S. Army Snow, Ice, and Permafrost Research Establishment (USA SIPRE), Wilmette, Ill. Supervisory personnel for the tunneling projects principally have been civilian mining engineers and mining engineering students from Colorado School of Mines. They have been employed under contract between USA SIPRE and the Denver Research Institute (DRI) of the University of Denver, Denver, Colo. Laborers have been enlisted military personnel attached to the U.S. Army Polar Research & Development Center (USA PR&DC) , Ft. Belvoir, Va.

Jan 6, 1959

By C. H. Benedict

A 2000-ton ammonia leaching plant has been operated by the Calumet & Hecla Mining Co., at Lake Linden, Mich., continuously since February, 1917, except from April, 1921, to April, 1922, during the period of depression following the European war. A description of this plant has been published elsewhere.1 The present article describes the operation of the plant since 1917, together with the changes in the process that have been found to be advisable. In spite of the fact that this plant and that of the Kennecott Copper Co. are the only ones operating on a large scale, much experimental work is being done on ammonia leaching, as applied to oxidized ores, and it is to aid these and other investigators that this detailed account is given. For the benefit of those unfamiliar with the original article, the following short abstract is given, as an introduction to a more detailed account of the process and the reasons for present practice.

Jan 2, 1924