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By H. B. Goodrich

In considering historically oil development in Oklahoma, it must be recognized that basic evolutionary factors interlock and have an effect in common throughout the whole oil industry, regardless of locality or minor problems. Oklahoma, as the third in rank of oil-producing states (Texas being first and California second in production for 1929) has, like the rest, advanced to at least a partial recognition of the words, "Conservation," "Unitization," "Curtailment," "Prora-tion," and especially "Cooperation." Whether through altruism (of which there have been examples) or by exercise of good business common sense, Oklahoma operators realize that the oil business can run itself by cooperative action for the good of all. In this long-continued period of overproduction, Oklahoma has brought the advancing output down to limit of market requirements at least temporarily. Sources of Statistical Data For this paper, figures published by four recognized authorities were consulted. Between themselves these vary only a negligible per cent, in their totals. To be consistent, and on account of earlier availability the estimates published by the Oil and Gas Journal are mainly used herein, supplemented from other public and private sources. General Oil ProdCction in Oklahoma In 1927 Oklahoma's peak of all years was 276,022,024 barrels. In 1928 Oklahoma's total production was 247,500,851 barrels. In 1929 Oklahoma's total production was 252,229,474 barrels. The efforts of proration and curtailment programs on flush and semi-flush districts such as Greater Seminole, Oklahoma City, Logan County and others, with the natural decline of older pools, kept 1929 below 1927, but still the total was greater than in 1928. The total United States production for 1929 is herein taken as estiiated at 1,004,266,723 bbl.† Oklahoma produced 25.1 per cent. Of

Jan 1, 1930

By Eben E. Olcott

The Mine.-For some years attention has been drawn to the copper deposits of the Appalachian range of mountains, and especially to those in that portion crossing the corners of Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Certain it is that in many places in this locality available deposits of copper await the miner, and one after another are being opened and worked. The parts of these three States alluded to are but sparsely settled, and communications are insufficient to meet the demand for transportation. Railroads are wanted, as the existing wagon roads are unfitted for heavy hauling; these circumstances increase very much the difficulties in the way of mining enterprises. Notwithstanding this, the success of some of the mines of this section is an established fact, and Ducktown has for some years held a high rank among the copper-producing localities of the United States. Of all these deposits, however, none is more interesting or more deserving of attention than the one now under consideration. The works of the Ore Knob Copper Company have been energetically pushed forward, since the reopening of the mine, in the spring of 1873, by Mr. J. E. Clayton, the superintendent and one of the chief owners of the property, and if one thing more than another can insure success it is the combination in this gentleman of rare business capabilities with the deepest personal interest in the pros¬perity of the undertaking. The copper vein -at Ore Knob* is a clearly defined fissure traversing the gneissic rocks of Pre-silurian age in a direction 61° east of north. * The reader is referred to a paper by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, in the second volume of the Transactions of the Institute, on the "Ore Knob Mine, and some related Deposits," pages 123 to 129.

Jan 1, 1875

By Francis Peabody

THIS paper will not be a technical paper, because, although I have been in. the business of mining and selling coal for 30 odd years, I am neither a mining engineer nor a practical miner. If I digress from time to time from my thesis, I must be forgiven by the expert engineers and highly technical gentlemen for whose proceedings this article is written. Waste of the wonderful store of power that the Creator placed at our disposal appears to have been the theory and the basis of our methods of extracting this power-waste from the time the coal is mined to the time it is consumed. Let us consider the prime causes of this wastage which has been the heritage of the coal mining industry. In the early days-about 150 years after "Stone Cole" was discovered in Illinois by Joliet and Marquette, and Father Hennepin noted a, "sole" mine on his map-the mode of mining prevalent among farmer land-owners, on whose property coal was discovered near the surface or outcropping on the hillsides, was to enter the seam by a shallow shaft or drift into the hillside and remove the coal by wedging it down until a large room was left. The roof without support would fall and our primitive coal operator would then sink another shaft or drive another drift. In these early operations only the large lumps were taken and all small pieces and screenings were left to be covered by the fall of the roof-in fact this condition prevailed in Illinois up to about 1885. Gradually the method of mining changed from the open chamber, to a single entry with rooms turned to the right and left. Later, as the demand for coal increased and the necessity for larger mines became evident, the "room and pillar" system grew to be regular practice.

Jan 5, 1917

By W. H. Corbould

THE township of Cloncurry is situated in the northwestern part of Queensland, about latitude S. 20° 42' 53" and longitude E: 140° 30' 25". Townsville is the port through which all the trade passes and is about 470 miles east-northeast of Cloncurry township. The Cloncurry copper district covers an area about 200 miles long by 40 miles wide. Unfortunately the mines are very scattered over this area, there being no large groups of mines. Mount Elliott mine is situated about 70 miles south from the township of Cloncurry, and Mount Oxide mine about 150 miles north of Cloncurry. The district has been known for the last 35 years, and in the early stages a large amount of capital was expended with little to show for it; but within the last four years the railway has been extended from Townsville to Mount Elliott and about 40 miles north of Cloncurry, which has made possible the treatment of the ores of the mines on this extension. The Mount Elliott company within the last few years has smelted and converted on its mine 169,688 tons. of ore for 20,554 tons of blister copper, containing 20,377 tons of copper, 35,642 oz. of gold and 28,841 oz. of silver, at a cost of about £33 per ton of blister copper, f.o.b. Townsville. This cost included all ' development, wages, salaries, general management, office, agency, legal expenses, freight, etc. The gold and silver contents would practically pay for freight to Europe, refining, realization charges, etc. The costs of supplies are as follows: Firewood 15s., coke, 75s., mine timber, 54s., and coal, 60s. per long ton; explosives: dynamite and gelignite, 50s. and blasting gelatine, 65s. 6d. per case.

Jan 1, 1915

By Oliver C. Ralston, James Norman

DIATOMACEOUS earth occurs in deposits widely distributed throughout the nation. The chief producing areas are in the Western States, where many high-grade deposits are known. Eastern deposits of diatomite are unsatisfactory for many purposes either because of impurity or because of the extremely fine particle size. Eastern users of diatomite, on the whole, must pay for transportation of the material from the west coast. The freight rate is necessarily high because of the great bulk of the diatomite. A satisfactory process of purifying the diatomaceous earths of Maryland and Virginia, which are unsuited for wide use only because of impurities, should be of value to eastern users. In the past, benefication of diatomite by wet processes has been limited to classification or sedimentation for the removal of sand from diatoms. Calcination with salt is used to produce a white diatomite when iron is present in the impurities, and small amounts of clay are rendered inactive in the process. No treatment has been developed whereby a large proportion of clay can be removed from a low-grade diatomaceous earth to give a diatomite of very high purity. In August 1937 the Federal Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with Dr. R. C. Williams, of Baltimore, undertook the problem of purifying low-grade Maryland diatomite by Froth flotation. Work was done at the Eastern Experiment Station, College Park. Unless otherwise stated, the crude diatomite used was from the Patuxent River deposits near Dunkirk. This material, consisting of roughly one-third each or clay, quartz sand and diatoms, was representative of the usual low-grade marine diatomite found in the Coastal Plain Miocene beds of Maryland and Virginia and sporadically in other Atlantic coast states. As received, it contained 50 to 60 per cent moisture and probably had been wet since its formation.

Jan 1, 1942

By T. B. Counselman

THE importance of concentration of iron ores too low in grade to be smelted direct is shown by Table I, showing 1940 ship- [ ] ments from the Lake Superior district. Canadian ores are omitted. [ ] Only in Minnesota is concentrating, other than crushing and screening, practiced at present. Tonnage produced by various methods of concentration is shown in Table 2. The curves in Fig. I show the gradual increase in tonnage of concentrated ores shipped, compared with total shipments from Minnesota. Most of the concentration work is performed on the Mesabi Range. This range is about 100 miles long, and not over 3 miles wide from the line at which the formation tapers out to a feather edge on the north to the place on the south at which, some 600 ft. thick, it is overlain with slates. CLASSES OF ORE The Mesabi Range contains three classes of iron ore. First is the unaltered taconite, or banded iron-bearing chert. It is estimated that there are some 60 billion tons of this material, which contains, roughly, 25 to 30 per cent iron. This material is virtually untouched, since no commercially successful method has yet been found for concentrating it to a grade suitable for the blast furnace. Intensive experimental work is in progress, and the problem is gradually being solved. In 1922 the Mesabi Iron Co. spent several million dollars erecting a large-scale pilot plant for concentrating and sintering the magnetic taconites on the east end of the range. An important tonnage of high-grade sinter was shipped to lower lake furnaces, proving that the taconite can be concentrated to a satisfactory grade. The costs, with equipment and methods then in use, were too high for

Jan 1, 1941

INTRODUCTION Great emphasis has been given throughout this text to the necessity of maintaining the integrity of mineralogical populations when operating upon sample data drawn from mixed populations. Mineral deposits rarely are completely homogeneous and often consist of many subsets separated by geological and mineralogical boundaries. Sometimes different mineral populations are difficult to distinguish, and may be inadvertently lumped together-often without serious consequences, but more often with detrimental effects upon analytical results. The geologist must accept the responsibility for recognizing and recording mineral boundaries that may include: changes in mineral suites, lithological horizons, host rock types, faulted and offset segments, zones of enrichment or depletion, and several other geological and mineralogical changes that effect mineralogical structuring and distribution within a deposit. When employing conventional methods for assigning estimated values to irregularly shaped mineral inventory blocks, it was only necessary for the geologist or engineer to con- fine the block limits to the known geologic boundaries. Thus if a fault interrupted the mineral zone, the trace of the fault could be used as a block boundary. Intelligent decisions could always be made as to which blocks to include in each mineral population. However, with the advent of the computer, which per- mits the computation of mineral inventory blocks using better mathematical estimation techniques, there now enters the "boundary problem." Unless the computer can be programmed to recognize population differences and geologic boundaries, greater estimation errors will be found in computer-generated mineral reserves rather than in less sophisticated conventional inventories. Much disillusionment has been expressed over the years by experienced mineral appraisers as a result of their study of computer-generated inventories that failed to account adequately for geologic vagaries. Many, thus disillusioned, have concluded that computer techniques are not satisfactory, or have only limited applications to simple deposits. As with all problems in the mineral industry,

Jan 1, 1980

By Fred A. Krafft

The time allotted to this paper will permit only the sketching of general principles and practice as generally employed in the industry to maintain and preserve the physical well-being of the miner and his family. Let it be emphasized on behalf of the industry that coal opera- . tors, individually and collectively, have given primary consideration to the appointment of a mine or community physician who is charged with the responsibility of caring for the sick and injured. However, it too frequently happens that with the selection or appointment of the camp doctor many operators wash their hands of further responsibility toward the health and the working efficiency of their employees. The coal industry is so organized in most of the coal-producing areas that not only is the health of the individual miner an important production problem but the collective health of the entire mining community is a fundamental operating problem. This is particularly demonstrated when epidemics of communicable diseases attack entire communities, with resultant loss of life and production and general community distress. The problem and responsibility of maintaining high health standards among miners and their families should be given as much consideration as safety, economical production and efficient distribution are given in the successful operation of coal mines. Company Policy In the inauguration or administration of a medical program for a large mining operation or for an individual mine, the first question to be solved is what the company policy is to be with respect to the following factors pertinent to a medical program: 1. On what basis will the company and the employees finance the program ? 2. Should a contract doctor or a full-time doctor on salary be employed ? 3. What measure of service is to be rendered the employee and his family in return for his monthly contribution to the medical program?

Jan 1, 1936

By J. F. Myers, S. D. Michaelson, F. C. Bond

THIS work was undertaken with the object of collecting plant data on rod milling, making laboratory tests on representative samples of the various ores, and arriving at a basis for comparing the relative efficiencies of different mills operating on widely different materials and under varying conditions. These efficiencies consider only power consumption and do not include the other elements of operating costs. The over-all economic efficiency may be quite different from the consumption efficiencies with which this paper is concerned. It is hoped that these collected data will be of value in indicating the most favorable conditions of rod-mill operation. Operating-plant data on 14 different installations from 11 plants throughout the United States and Canada were collected, and laboratory tests were made on samples of these ores. The plant rod mills were all operated wet, and either in open circuit or with circulating loads so small as to be negligible. Data were obtained on one roll-crushing operation at the Utah Copper Co., for comparison. The rolls were operated wet in closed circuit with 10-mesh vibrating screens, and with a high circulating load averaging about 600 pct. This particular roll operation can be considered as a model of efficiency. The collected plant data are necessarily incomplete in some instances. Each ore was assigned a code number, and the name and location corresponding to the code number are listed in Table I when permitted. [ ] The power data in every instance refer to motor input. Net power was reported by the operator for samples I-39 and I-45, and this was increased by 20 pct to compensate for motor losses and power factor. The plant rod-mill data are listed in Tables 2 and 3. In Table 2 the speeds are calculated on the basis of partly worn rod-mill liners 2 in. thick. Where D

Jan 1, 1947

By W. A. Clark

The production of sand in an oil well increases operating costs because of abnormal wear in subsurface equipment, the necessity for frequent cleanouts, and the need for a means of disposing of the sand. Moreover, removal of sand from the zone can bring about the creation of cavities from which bodies of formation, sand or shale, may slough into the hole, endangering the shutoff, impeding production or collapsing the liner. The procedure known as gravel packing is attracting attention as a means of controlling these factors and contributing to the productive life of a well. That gravel packing is now substantially beyond the preliminary stage on the Pacific Coast is reflected in the 191,000 bbl. of oil produced monthly by the 66 gravel-packed wells in 11 different producing sectors. Reasons fob Gravel Packing Gravel packing, if properly carried out, can be expected to provide the following benefits: 1. Prevent the movement of sand and thus eliminate sand production and sand fills, and prevent the formation of cavities. 2. Provide a practical, relatively inexpensive, large-diameter hole, which will provide well-known theoretical advantages. 3. Support the walls of the hole by completely filling the space between the liner and the formation, regardless of its irregularities, and afford a support for liners. 4. Provide for more efficient pumping operations in wells by: (a) possibly utilizing the gravel as a gas trap in pumping gaseous fluids, (b) allowing deep submergence of the pump into the oil zone. In a conventional well—that is, where the liner is set in an open hole-. even though perforation sizes are chosen according to known rules based on analysis of sand grains from samples from the zone, there is likely to be some production of sand. This may be due to the miscalculation of

Jan 1, 1940

By P. H. Griffin

WHEN a subject, such as the manufacture and service of chilled car wheels, as has been fruitlessly discussed for ten or fifteen years, it is difficult to revive interest and action by the mere repetition of statements and arguments that have been made before. And when a situation involves serious responsibilities for conditions that have grown up under circumstances beyond the control of any particular individuals or authority, it is even more difficult to deal with. But there is one phase of every subject that need not involve these particular points if presented in a, proper manner; and that is, " the future state." I will try to present the subject of this communication from the latter standpoint and with the hope that all of those interested will feel disposed to give the matter attention from the basis that it is a, vitally important one to all that travel on railroads, whether as employees or officials, or as dependent on those in charge of the operation, or in the matter of materials and equipment used. The conditions of chilled wheel service have been changed so radically in the past ten or fifteen years by the use of freight cars of 40 and 50 tons capacity, that it is fair to say in the interest of all concerned in the use and in the manufacture of such wheels, that the increased strains and loads have been quite sufficient to account for much of the service results that have transpired. That proper provision was not made for increased possibilities of strength and wear, in fact that previous factors of the kind were allowed to deteriorate, is no proof that such wheels cannot be made equal to heavy service conditions as shown in the data given herein.

Jan 10, 1913

By W. W. Odell

THE sulfur content of coal is perhaps more important in the manufacture of illuminating gas than in any other coal-using industry. Whether the gas is made by the distillation of coal in retorts or ovens or by steaming incandescent coal or coke in the water-gas process, a portion of the sulfur present in the fuel always passes into the crude gas. Practically all the sulfur that remains in the finished gas is transformed into sulfur dioxide (SO2) when the gas is burned. Sulfur dioxide is a pungent suffocating gas and, if present in the air in any perceptible amount, is deleterious to health and comfort and damaging to house furnishings. So universally is this recognized that laws regulating the amount of sulfur that may be permitted to remain in the gas are very generally in force. The capacity of a plant to purify gas frequently limits the selection of coal for gas making. This condition may arise from different causes. Some plants were originally designed to handle a certain grade of low-sulfur gas coal, and very little leeway was allowed for growth or for the use of inferior coals. Other plants, when built, had ample capacity to purify gas from relatively higher sulfur coals, but their output has grown so rapidly that their purifying capacity is now limited and only- the low-sulfur coals can be handled. There is a great quantity of coal in the United States that would satisfy the requirements of the gas manufacturer, were it not for the high sulfur content. The coals containing less than 1 per cent. sulfur are becoming scarcer year by year and, in time, the gas industry will probably be compelled to use coals that are now considered out of the question.

Jan 9, 1919

By Samuel Wyer

Over 8,000,000 people in the United States depend on natural gas for their cooking, heating and lighting service. This service has been made possible only by the investment of large amounts of capital in transportation lines connecting the gas wells to the various communities, thus combining a hazardous mining operation with a public utility service. The effect that making these lines " common carriers" will have on the present and future service to these 8,000,000 or more people is of far reaching ethical and economic importance, and deserves careful consideration. As an introduction, it must be conceded that: 1. Natural gas, although a mineral and obtained by a mining operation-with more uncontrollable and uncertain features to cope with than exist in the mining of coal or other minerals-when served to the public becomes a public utility service. 2. The governmental power to regulate all public utilities in the interests of the public cannot be successfully disputed. 3. Mere suggestion of inconvenience to the utility is wholly irrelevant, as it cannot be considered or allowed to influence in making a defense against governmental regulation. Unfortunately it is not generally appreciated that: 1. Legislative enactments are not necessarily laws, and cannot abrogate economic laws or alter engineering facts. 2. There is a clear distinction between "common carrier" and "public utility," although the terms are frequently confused. ' "A common carrier is one who undertakes for hire to transport persons or goods, or both, from place to place for all persons indifferently, the term implying indifference as to whom shall be served, and an equal readiness to serve all who apply, in the order of their application." On the other hand, property becomes a "public utility" only "when for a particular purpose the public have a right to resort to the premises and make use of them."

Jan 5, 1914

Joseph K. Stone, Jr. (Kaiser Engineers, Oakland, Calif.)—I would like to compliment the authors on their clear presentation of the results of their study of the pneumatic processes. We hope that the Inland Management decision to make this information available to all will induce others to release additional valuable fundamental data which they have accumulated in the field. There are two points upon which we would like to comment. In the discussion of Table VII it was indicated that the "oxygen consumptions were about the same as has been reported for other oxygen steelmaking processes". This conclusion is apparently based upon the consumption of 2100 cu ft per ton shown in Table VII. The data in Table IV also permits calculation of 2520, 2280, 2250 and 2700 cu ft per ton in heats 1 to 4, respectively. These figures are in the same general range as those reported for the Kal-Do and Rotor Processes using Thomas iron, but considerably above the following figures for four of the operating L-D Process Plants while using iron which is similar to American basic iron: Donawitz 1760 cu ft per ton Adapted from Cuscoleca' LinZ 1900 cu ft per ton Trenkler & Hauttmann2 Dofasco 1850 cu ft per ton D. O. Davis:3 In addition to the differences between the consumption of gaseous oxygen in the Inland operation and in the L-D Process, there is another closely related difference. The L-D plants for which data are cited are using approximately 1 pct ore while the authors' process used about 7 pct of sinter. Assuming 65 pct Fe in the sinter, the difference amounts to 400 to 500 cu ft

Jan 1, 1959

By Z. T. Bieniawski

The importance of understanding the phenomena associated with rock fracture has long been fully appreciated in rock mechanics. This is clearly apparent from the special attention paid to rock fracture in the comprehensive papers published within the past four years.l-5 These papers present a picture of how the knowledge of brittle fracture of rock was gradually enriched and also show that what was often taken for granted three or four years ago is no longer considered as valid today. The Griffith hypothesis,6 thought in the past to predict the strength of rock, is now known to be applicable to fracture initiation only. The knowledge of a failure criterion for fracture initiation is not sufficient, however, as after fracture initiation the rock is still a useful material even possessing increasing load-bearing ability. The importance of the fracture propagation process, subsequent to fracture initiation, is thus obvious. Yet, relatively little attention has so far been paid to brittle fracture propagation in rock. As it is now realized that understanding of this process is a prerequisite for practical rock mechanics applications, studies of propagation of brittle fracture in rock constitute an important aspect of rock mechanics research. It has been pointed out 4 that it is essential that the failure mechanism is fully understood before a failure criterion is postulated. Many failure criteria have been propounded in the past on the basis of theoretical reasoning alone and could not be verified by experimental evidence. Recently, a hypothesis for the mechanism of brittle fracture of rock was propounded, 4 describing the events taking place in the rock from the initial application of gradually increased load to complete disintegration of the material.

Jan 1, 1972

By A. Taylor

IN a previous communication,l the quaternary system Ni-Cr-Ti-A1 was described in detail and it was shown how certain alloys used for high-temperature applications could be construed as consisting of Ni,Cr suitably modified by the addition of aluminum and titanium in relatively small amounts. With the correct aging treatment, the ordered face-centered-cubic Berthollide phase, y'-Ni,Al, could be precipitated from the face-centered-cubic primary y-solid solution. By increasing the proportion of titanium with respect to aluminum, it was also possible to precipitate the very brittle hexagonal-close-packed Daltonide phase, ?-Ni,Ti. From the nature of the system it seems reasonable to expect the y and y'-phases to take appreciable amounts of cobalt and iron into solid solution. In the case of the present investigation it was decided to confine the work to iron additions only. This element may be introduced in two quite distinct ways: 1) as a simple replacement for nickel; and 2) as a replacement for chromium, titanium, and aluminum. The second method of iron addition forms the basis of the present investigation, which is, in effect, a study of the pseudo-quaternary system Ni,Cr-NiPe-Ni,Ti-NLAl. For purposes of reference, Figs. 1, 2, and 3 have been included and illustrate the quaternary system Ni-Cr-Ti-A1 described in the previous paper along with sections through N&Cr-Ni,Ti-Ni,Al at 750" and 1000 "C respectively. As will be shown below, the pseudo-quaternary system with components Ni,Cr, NiPe, Ni,Ti, Nihl is remarkably similar in many ways to the face defined by Ni,Cr-Ni,Ti-Ni,Al because of iron re-

Jan 1, 1958

By Martin Mayers

FIVE-SIXTHS of all the coal that is mined in the United States is burned, without previous treatment other than screening, for the produc-tion of heat and power, so that its value is fixed by its suitability for this purpose. Nevertheless, the characteristics of individual coals that determine their fitness for use in particular pieces of combustion equip-ment are not yet well known. This condition is due not only to the small extent of our knowledge concerning coal itself, but also to our compara-tive ignorance of the nature of the combustion process. The following paper is an analysis of the combustion process as it occurs in industrial furnaces, based largely on the results of laboratory research on combus-tion rates. From this analysis it is possible to determine the characteris-tics of the fuel that limit the capacity of a given piece of combustion equipment. Limitations imposed by other factors than the attainable speed of combustion will not be considered, since they are subject to a different type of analysis involving the balancing of maintenance costs against fixed charges. In order to observe the relations among the various factors that affect the speed of combustion, representative particles of fuel will be followed through two types of furnaces. A pulverized-coal furnace will be con-sidered first, because the independence of the individual particles facili-tates the analysis of the effect of furnace conditions. The second example will be a grate-fired furnace in which ignition of the fuel takes place on the underfeed principle. This includes both underfeed and chain grate stokers,(8)? but does not include hand-fired furnaces and some overfeed stokers. The furnace will be considered to be large enough, the tempera-ture high enough, and enough air provided, to burn the fuel completely, without, for the moment, specifying these quantities more completely.

Jan 1, 1934

By H. D. Hagen, George W. Abbott

2.2-1. Need for Acquisition Operating Plan. In planning a trip by automobile, a road map is procured and studied. Travel by plane suggests detailed examination of route maps, weather charts, and navigation charts. Planning for construction of a factory, office building, shopping center, or housing subdivision envisages working out a complete development plan. Household needs arc generally jotted clown on a shopping list, with each item checked off as it is purchased. In turn, forwarding of any surface mining project should be undertaken only after an acquisition operating plan has been set out, by checklist, under three general headings: 1. Public relations-a check list setting out applicable Federal, State, and local laws and regulations, and the office, board, commission, and individuals having responsibility for licensing, administration, and enforcement of each such law or regulation. 2. Land requirements-a complete check list encompassing all aspects of land acquisition, ownership, management, control, and disposition, with applicable laws. 3. Water requirements-a full check list embracing all aspects of water development and control, acquisition of rights to use, manner of use, and manner of disposition, with applicable laws and regulations. 2.2-2. Public Relations Aspects of Operating Plan. NEED TO DETERMINE APPLICABLE LAWS. The laws and regulations governing acquisition of land and mineral rights, water and water rights, and the use and control of those rights, vary so much from state to state that one cardinal rule must govern all preplanning: determine applicable Federal, State, and local law at the outset. Changing conditions in the past century have resulted in a multiplication at all levels of governmental agencies interested in, and having responsibility for, acquisition, use, control, and disposition of minerals and mineral lands. The same is true of waters and water rights found in, brought to, or discharged from, the operating site.

Jan 1, 1968

By James Norman

DIATOMACEOUS earth occurs in deposits widely distributed throughout the nation. The chief producing areas are in the Western States, where many high-grade deposits are known. Eastern deposits of diatomite are unsatisfactory for many purposes either because of impurity or because of the extremely fine particle size. Eastern users of diatomite, on the whole, must pay for transportation of the material from the west coast. The freight rate is necessarily high because of the great bulk of the diatomite. A satisfactory process of purifying the diatomaceous earths of Maryland and Virginia, which are unsuited for wide use only because of impurities, should be of value to eastern users. In the past, benefication of diatomite by wet processes has been limited to classification or sedimentation for the removal of sand from diatoms. Calcination with salt is used to produce a white diatomite when iron is present in the impurities, and small amounts of clay are rendered inactive in the process. No treatment has been developed whereby a large proportion of clay can be removed from a low-grade diatomaceous earth to give a diatomite of very high purity. In August 1937 the Federal Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with Dr. R. C. Williams, of Baltimore, undertook the problem of purifying low-grade Maryland diatomite by froth flotation. Work was done at the Eastern Experiment Station, College Park. Unless otherwise stated, the crude diatomite used was from the Patuxent River deposits near Dunkirk. This material, consisting of roughly one-third each of clay, quartz sand and diatoms, was representative of the usual low-grade marine diatomite found in the Coastal Plain Miocene beds of Maryland and Virginia and sporadically in other Atlantic coast states. As received, it contained 50 to 60 per cent moisture and probably had been wet since its formation.

Jan 1, 1940

By Clarence E. Killebrew

The key to the successful use of any tool, more than anything else, depends upon proper application assignment. To achieve this, the individual having such machine responsibility must maintain fresh knowledge of technical improvements that broaden machine uses. 8.3-1. Tractor Shovel. This type machine is available in a wide range of sizes mounted either on crawler tracks or rubber-tired wheels, with both two-wheel and four-wheel drive. The original concept in both crawler and rubber mounting was that of an attachment to be added to a tractor already in existence. This served as an important expedient for the introduction of the tool, but the basic tractor proved to be inadequately designed for the additional loads. In spite of these structural inadequencies, customer acceptance generated sufficient revenue that further development could be financed for product improvement. The evolution of the product is continuing in many ways-including engines, drive line components, tires, hydraulic pumps, hydraulic valves, structural steel, etc. With each improvement, the operating capability of the machine is extended. This is resulting in the rubber-tired, four-wheel-drive concept making an invasion of the job applications that were formerly considered suitable only for crawler-track mounted machines. Both rubber- and crawler-mounted tractor shovels have invaded the market of small excavator shovels. Larger tractor shovels are challenging the larger size excavators. It is important that each job application be carefully considered so that the proper machine is put in operation. The performance varies widely in operating cost, production efficiency, and job flexibility. Factors to be considered in equipment selection are: 1. Nature of material to be moved 3. Distance material must be moved 2. Surface over which material must be moved 4. Quantity to be moved 5. Secondary or alternate use capability

Jan 1, 1968