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By R. C. Patterson

IN view of the circumstance that very few important changes have been made within the last 15 or 20 years in the equipment of rod and wire mills, the description of a new process introduced by Grenville Mellen, of Llewellyn Park, N. J., to take the place of the present laborious system of producing rods of lead, zinc, brass, copper, aluminum, etc., may be interesting to members of the Institute. This new process consists in the production of cast rods at one operation in a small continuous casting machine. The hot liquid metal is transferred from the melting crucibles directly into an endless chain of mold blocks in the machine, where solidification takes place, and the rod comes out continuously in a solid form at one end as long as the molten metal is supplied. The operation of these mold blocks so as to produce a solid rod of uniform structure constitutes an important part of Mr. Mellen's invention. The machine (Figs. 1 and 2), 12 ft. in height over all, 2 by 3 ft. in horizontal- cross-sectional area, and 6,000 11). in weight, has a framework of cast iron, holding in position two endless chains of mold blocks, which are made in sections and join in center alignment. The mold orifice is made up of these mold sections, into which the liquid metal flows. The molding chains are composed of steel blocks, grooved on one face to form the molding cavity, and linked together with flexible joints. Each block is carried on four rollers which guide the chain around the end sprockets and carry it in its course through the machine. The accuracy of alignment requisite to the production of a perfect rod in the mold groove formed by these sections is secured by careful machine work, and by building the four ways, down which the alignment takes place, so that two of the sides are fixed permanently, while the opposite sides are held to their position by spring pressure. The guides carrying the molds, while in casting position, are water-cooled square tubes.

Jan 5, 1915

By John Lovejoy

As the Seminole area, Seminole and Pottawatomie Counties, Okla., appears to be the chief danger zone of overproduction in the United States, it may be of interest to review the production records of the various pools which make up this area; also to dis-cuss the future prospects of these pools, together with the structurally "high" points which may develop into new pools. It is also of interest to appraise the effect of the curtailment program in this general area, which was agreed to in principle by the various Seminole op-erators at a meeting held on May 23 at the offices of W. C. Teagle in New York. There are four large pools in the greater Seminole area. They are, in the order of their importance Seminole City, Bowlegs, Earlsboro, and Searight pools. A glance at the accompanying general map of the area will show their relative situation. The detail maps show the extent and area of these prolific spots. Seminole production comes from the Wilcox sand of Ordovician age, found at a depth of 3900 to 4300 feet. Semninole City Pool:-This pool was discovered in Wilcox sand in July, 1926. By Jan., 1927, there were 123 wells completed, making 146,000 bbl. per day. The field reached its peak of 253,000 bbl. per day the last week of Feb., 1927, with 211 completions and a per well average of 1200 bbl. On July 4 there were 304 wells completed, producing 102,000 bbl., with a per well aver-age of 336 bbl. per day. This pool will cover an area of approximately 3500 acres. It has produced approxi-mately 38,000,000 bbl. to. July 1. Estimates of total ultimate production are around 55,000,000 bbl. or somewhat better than 15,000 bbl. per acre. Some of the individual leases have already yielded 30,000 and 40,000 bbl. to the acre. Bowlegs Pool:-This pool shows 175 drilling wells and 131 completions making 180,000 bbl. per day, with an average per well production of 1380 bbl. It appears that this pool will develop into nearly as large an area as Seminole City. The wells, however, do not give up

Jan 8, 1927

By Basil B. Zavoico

The developments in the Russian oil industry during 1935 marked a very definite turning point from the time when the industry was being educated to the modern methods of oil-field finding and development, refining, transportation and marketing, to the time when the industry has thoroughly assimilated the modern technique and is now firmly standing on its own feet, as is shown by the remarkable qualitative, if not quantitative, progress in 1935. The oil industry promises that 1936 will be a record year in every respect with both quantity and quality approaching the desired high levels and standards. More particularly the Soviet Government is beginning to be successful in the development of new fields and such new production in geographically strategical points of the country will be in the coming years a factor of great importance in the industrial life of the country. The most notable achievements of the last year have been: the very successful development of the Ishimbaevo oil field in the Lower Oural-Permian Basin; the discovery and development of several promising oil fields in the Puta district of Azerbaijan, while large flush production of Baku area was extended 50 miles due southwest into the Saliani-Aliat district, where a 3000-bbl. well was completed early in 1936 at Pirsagat. Also, an apparently important discovery was made at Zikh, on the Apsheron Peninsula proper. These discoveries, as well as several important strikes in the deeper producing sands in the older fields of the Apsheron Peninsula, have greatly augmented the proven reserves of Russia and made them available either at the points where transportation facilities were already present or at points not too far distant from major industrial centers of the country. Of course, not all objectives were achieved during the past year, and several major difficulties remain to be solved in the coming years, the more important of which are: (1) supply of equipment and of parts; (2) the unavailability of competent technical men in sufficient numbers, which more particularly affects the distant fields; and (3) the problem of distribution of oil products throughout the country, especially the question of handling the needs of small consuming areas, which, while individually unimportant, in the aggregate require huge distribution.

Jan 1, 1936

By Basil B. Zavoico

The developments in the Russian oil industry during 1935 marked a very definite turning point from the time when the industry was being educated to the modern methods of oil-field finding and development, refining, transportation and marketing, to the time when the industry has thoroughly assimilated the modern technique and is now firmly standing on its own feet, as is shown by the remarkable qualitative, if not quantitative, progress in 1935. The oil industry promises that 1936 will be a record year in every respect with both quantity and quality approaching the desired high levels and standards. More particularly the Soviet Government is beginning to be successful in the development of new fields and such new production in geographically strategical points of the country will be in the coming years a factor of great importance in the industrial life of the country. The most notable achievements of the last year have been: the very successful development of the Ishimbaevo oil field in the Lower Oural-Permian Basin; the discovery and development of several promising oil fields in the Puta district of Azerbaijan, while large flush production of Baku area was extended 50 miles due southwest into the Saliani-Aliat district, where a 3000-bbl. well was completed early in 1936 at Pirsagat. Also, an apparently important discovery was made at Zikh, on the Apsheron Peninsula proper. These discoveries, as well as several important strikes in the deeper producing sands in the older fields of the Apsheron Peninsula, have greatly augmented the proven reserves of Russia and made them available either at the points where transportation facilities were already present or at points not too far distant from major industrial centers of the country. Of course, not all objectives were achieved during the past year, and several major difficulties remain to be solved in the coming years, the more important of which are: (1) supply of equipment and of parts; (2) the unavailability of competent technical men in sufficient numbers, which more particularly affects the distant fields; and (3) the problem of distribution of oil products throughout the country, especially the question of handling the needs of small consuming areas, which, while individually unimportant, in the aggregate require huge distribution.

Jan 1, 1936

By T. Sterry Hunt

I HAVE in a previous communication called the attention of the Institute to the geognostical relations of the crystalline iron ores belonging to the Eozoic rocks of North America, at which time I noticed (1) those associated with the gneisses of the Laurentian series, (2) those of the crystalline schists of the Huronian, as seen in Northern Michigan and in many localities along the Appalachians ; (3) those of Southeastern Missouri associated with petrosilex porphyries and schistose rocks, and presumed to be nearly of the same age with those of the Huronian schists; and (4) the highly titaniferous ores of the Norian or Labradorian series from Essex County, N. Y., and from various parts of Canada. It may here be remarked that, although the presence of titanium is most marked in the Norian ores, this objectionable element is sometimes found in the schistose ores of the Huronian, and to a lesser extent in certain Laurentian magnetites. The ores of each of these geological divisions have their individual peculiarities, which serve to distinguish them to such a degree that the magnetites and specular ores of the Laurentian are as dissimilar to those of the Huronian as are the crystalline silicated rocks of the two series. As it happens that these mineralogical dissimilarities correspond to differences in composition and in adaptability to different processes of manufacture, which, in the present condition of the iron industry, are objects of special consideration to metallurgists, it will be seen that these geognostical distinctions become of great practical importance. During the past year I was desired by the Geological Commissioners of Pennsylvania to devote a few weeks to certain geological studies in the eastern part of the State, in the course of which I was enabled to make, with regard to its crystalline iron ores, some observations to which I desire to call the attention of the Institute. I may mention, in passing, that the great South Mountain belt, from the Schuylkill to the Delaware, is composed of Laurentian rocks, in which are found the characteristic ores of the series like those of the Highlands of New Jersey and New York, and of the Adiron-

Jan 1, 1876

By T. Sterry Hunt

I have in a previous communication called the attention of the Institute to the geognostical relations of the crystalline iron ores belonging to the Eozoic racks of North America, at which time I noticed (1) those associated with the gneisses of the Laurentian series, (2) those of the crystalline schists of the Huronian, as seen in Northern Michigan and in many localities along the Appalachians; (3) those of Southeastern Missouri associated with petrosilex porphyries and schistose rocks, and presumed to be nearly of the same age with those of the Huronian schists; and (4) the highly titaniferous ores of the Norian or Labradorian series from Essex County, N. Y., and from various parts of Canada. It may here be remarked that, although the presence of titanium is most marked in the Norian ores, this objectionable element is sometimes found in the schistose ores of the Huronian, and to a lesser extent in certain Laurentian magnetites. The ores of each of these geological divisions have their individual peculiarities, which serve to distinguish them to such a degree that the magnetites and specular ores of the Laurentian are as dissimilar to those of the Huronian as are the crystalline silicated rocks of the two series. As it happens that these mineralogical dissimilarities correspond to diflerences in composition and in adaptability to different processes of manufacture, which, in the present condition of the iron industry, are objects of special consideration to metallurgists, it will be seen that these geognostical distinctions become of great practical importance. During the past year I was desired by the Geological Commissioners of Pennsylvania to devote a few weeks to certain geological studies in the eastern part of the State, in the course of which I was enabled to make, with regard to its crystalline iron ores, some observations to which I desire to call the attention of the Institute. I may mention, in passing, that the great South Mountain belt, from the Schuylkill to the Delaware, is composed of Laurentian rocks, in which are found the characteristic ores of the series like those of the Highlands of New Jersey and New York, and of the Adiron-

By H. E. Rorschach

Activity in Oklahoma oil fields made 1937 one of the best years since 1926. During the year, 3454 wells were completed, an increase of about 25 per cent over the year 1936. Purchasers reports filed with the Corporation Commission of the State of Oklahoma showed a total of 221,842,-788 bbl. of oil purchased from leases in 1937, an increase of about 10 per cent over 1936. The assembly of a complete table of all of the oil fields in Oklahoma has not yet been achieved. Many of the early records of operators and pipe-line companies are incomplete. Table 1 includes all of the new fields, and this year there has been added work done covering pools discovered in previous years, so that most of the important fields in the state of Oklahoma are included therein. The outstanding development of the year was the discovery of the producing horizon classified as the Wilcox in western Payne County by the Mid-Continent Petroleum Corporation on a unitized block in sec. 18, Tp. 18 N., R. 2 E. This block is operated hy the Mid-Continent and owned in conjunction with the Carter Oil Co., Transwestern Oil Co. and Sinclair-Prairie Oil Co. Another important development of the year was the extension of the deep zone in the old Fox-Milroy area of Carter and Stephens Counties. Some of the other discoveries made during the year 1937 are South Cromwell, discovered by Sinclair-Prairie Oil Co.; Cromwell extension of the Fitts pool in Pontotoc County; discovery of the Langston area in Logan County; discovery of the Sporn area in Lincoln County by Skelly Oil Co. and the discovery of the North Wellston area in Lincoln County by Standard Oil & Gas Co. Table 2 shows the new oil areas discovered in Oklahoma during the year 1937 and areas that were discovered in 1936 but developed in 1937. Fox-Milroy Area.—Three wells were completed to the deep producing zone during the year. One of the wells completed in the early part of the year uas the Carter Oil Company's No. 1 Harley in sec. 24, Tp. 2 S., R. 4 W., 3 1/2 miles northwest of the original discovery well, the Ruth

Jan 1, 1938

By William Sharp

Discovery of new ore in the Eureka district, Nevada, as a result of bold and persistent exploration based on a geologic interpretation of structure has recently aroused wide comment in mining circles. It may therefore be of interest to the profession to have a summary of the historical background and an account of the recent program of development. The mines of Eureka, discovered in the late 1860's, were the first important silver-lead mines in the United States. They have a production record of more than fifty-one million dollars.' After the ore bodies were apparently bottomed in the 1880's, repeated attempts to find new ore were unsuccessful until 1940, when a diamond-drill hole cut a 40-ft width of sulphide ore 1409 ft below the 841-ft level of the Locan shaft. The next hole cut 30 ft, of ore and three additional holes drilled in 1943 and 1944 showed the ore body to be continuous, Shaft sinking to reach and open up the ore body has been in progress since 1945. Geology Stratigraphy The ore in the Eureka district occurs in a series of Cambrian sediments which is exposed through a thickness of over 6000 ft. The stratigraphic column is as follows:2 Thickness. Ft Ordovician : Pogonip limestone (upper part). Thin bedded limestone with some chert. Upper Cambrian: Pogonip limestone (lower part). Thin-bedded limestone (with shaly limestone and chert).... 425 + Dunderberg shale. Shale (clay and calcareous shale) and thin-bedded limestone............. 34°+ Hamburg dolomite. Dolomite and limestone.................... 900+ Middle Cambrian: Secret Canyon shale. Shale and thin-bedded limestone........ 1,035 Geddes limestone. Carbonaceous, flaggy limestone with some shale partings................ 335 Middle (?) and LoweR Cambrian: Eldorado dolomite. Dolomite and limestone.................... 2,000 Lower Cambrian: Prospect Mountain quartzite. Quartzite with occasional intercalated conglomerate and shale 1,660+ The Prospect Mountain quartzite has been subdivided into two formations: Upper part, Pioche shale. Shale, quartzite with some intercalated limestone (Lower Cambrian fossils)-200 ft. Lower part, Prospect Mountain quartzite proper- 1,460Sft. Total thickness................ 6,695 + Much the most productive of these formations has been the Eldorado dolomite, which yielded more than $42,000,000 at Ruby Hill and an additional amount

Jan 1, 1949

By Gerald Edmunds, M. L. Fuller

The development of "fiber" or preferred orientations, during the plastic deformation of metals, and the relation of such structures to the anisotropic characteristics of worked metals has become a subject of common knowledge among metallurgists. Very little has been published, however, relative to variations existent throughout the cross-sections of rolled strips,1 and the influence that such variations may have. This paper presents such a study on a rolled zinc alloy.2 The significance of small differences in surface structure is shown in relation to bending properties. Experience with zinc and its alloys has shown that the outer radius of the bend, which is subject to tensile deformation, is the common region of failure. In considering relations of structural characteristics to bending properties it will suffice, therefore, to consider the ease and possible extent of tensile deformation resulting from various orientations. It is necessary in this connection to assume that on the average the individual crystals of a polycrystalline material act substantially as if their movements were unobstructed by the surrounding grains. This assumption is not strictly valid, but the error involved is unlikely to affect seriously the qualitative conclusions derived from its use. The mechanism of the plastic deformation of zinc crystals has been described by Mark, Polanyi and Schmid3 and by Mathewson and Phillips14 and is regarded as being accomplished by block movements or * Investigator, Rolling Mill Section, Research Division, New Jersey Zinc Co. f Investigator, X-ray Laboratory, Research Division, New .Jersey Zinc Co. 1 Variations of structure throughout the cross-section of wire have been reported in the literature. 2 This alloy contained, in addition to zinc, 1.0 per cent copper and 0.01 per cent magnesium. Its crystal form is hexagonal close packed, the sarne as that of pure zinc. 3 H. Mark, M. Polanyi and E. Schmid: Vorgange bei der Dehrlung von Zink-kristallen. Zlsch. f. Phys. (1922) 12, 58. 4 C, H. Mathewson and A. J. Phillips: Plastic Deformation of Coarse-grained Zinc. Proc. Inst. Met. Div., A. I. M. E. (1927) 143. C. H. Mathewson: Twinning in Metals. Proc. Inst. Met. Div., A. I. M. E. (1928) 7. The results of a further study of plastic deformation of zinc as related to twin-

Jan 1, 1932

By William Sharp

Discovery of new ore in the Eureka district, Nevada, as a result of bold and persistent exploration based on a geologic interpretation of structure has recently aroused wide comment in mining circles. It may therefore be of interest to the profession to have a summary of the historical background and an account of the recent program of development. The mines of Eureka, discovered in the late 1860's, were the first important silver-lead mines in the United States. They have a production record of more than fifty-one million dollars.' After the ore bodies were apparently bottomed in the 1880's, repeated attempts to find new ore were unsuccessful until 1940, when a diamond-drill hole cut a 40-ft width of sulphide ore 1409 ft below the 841-ft level of the Locan shaft. The next hole cut 30 ft, of ore and three additional holes drilled in 1943 and 1944 showed the ore body to be continuous, Shaft sinking to reach and open up the ore body has been in progress since 1945. Geology Stratigraphy The ore in the Eureka district occurs in a series of Cambrian sediments which is exposed through a thickness of over 6000 ft. The stratigraphic column is as follows:2 Thickness. Ft Ordovician : Pogonip limestone (upper part). Thin bedded limestone with some chert. Upper Cambrian: Pogonip limestone (lower part). Thin-bedded limestone (with shaly limestone and chert).... 425 + Dunderberg shale. Shale (clay and calcareous shale) and thin-bedded limestone............. 34°+ Hamburg dolomite. Dolomite and limestone.................... 900+ Middle Cambrian: Secret Canyon shale. Shale and thin-bedded limestone........ 1,035 Geddes limestone. Carbonaceous, flaggy limestone with some shale partings................ 335 Middle (?) and LoweR Cambrian: Eldorado dolomite. Dolomite and limestone.................... 2,000 Lower Cambrian: Prospect Mountain quartzite. Quartzite with occasional intercalated conglomerate and shale 1,660+ The Prospect Mountain quartzite has been subdivided into two formations: Upper part, Pioche shale. Shale, quartzite with some intercalated limestone (Lower Cambrian fossils)-200 ft. Lower part, Prospect Mountain quartzite proper- 1,460Sft. Total thickness................ 6,695 + Much the most productive of these formations has been the Eldorado dolomite, which yielded more than $42,000,000 at Ruby Hill and an additional amount

Jan 1, 1949

By G. Carman Ridland

In conjunction with a geological investigation of the silver-bearing veins at Contact Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada, a survey was made with a Geiger-Miiller counter of the gamma-ray emissions from the rocks in the vicinity of the mine workings. Discontinuous pitchblende veins have been encountered occasionally in the silver-bearing fissures, and the geophysical survey was undertaken with the hope that abnormally high gamma-ray intensities, if detected, might lead to larger and more continuous pitchblende discoveries. Before the instrument was used at Contact Lake, preliminary tests were made, first with laboratory specimens at Princeton University, and later over known pitchblende deposits at the Eldorado property, LaBine Point, N.W.T. The Geiger-Müller counter, as adapted for field use, is described; the technique of transporting and operating the instrument is outlined; and the general precautions to be observed are discussed. The results obtained at Great Bear Lake show that the instrument is capable of detecting not only a pitchblende ore shoot in a shear zone, but also the mildly radioactive "host rock" at a considerable distance from the ore body. Hence, use of the Geiger-Müller counter is urged, not just for the detailed search for an ore body in a shear zone, but for the detection of possible radioactive "host rocks" in large-scale reconnaissance surveys of unexplored regions made by prospectors and members of federal geological survey parties. Location.—Along the rocky eastern shores of Great Bear Lake, in the Northwest Territories of Canada, lies one of the world's great radium-producing areas. The Eldorado mine, owned and operated by the Eldorado Gold Mines, Ltd., is at LaBine Point; while the Contact Lake mine, operated by Bear Exploration and Radium, Ltd. (B.E.A.R.), lies 9 miles to the southeast of LaBine Point and 2 miles south of Echo Bay, an indentation in the eastern shore line of Great Bear Lake. Geology.—The Eldorado company obtains its radium by the mining of the mineral pitchblende, which is found associated with a complex variety of metallic and nonmetallic minerals1 in quartz-carbonate veins occurring in metamorphosed pre-Cambrian sediment aries. Most of the pitchblende is intimately associated with a brown quartz and belongs to an early hydrothermal stage of mineralization during which safflorite-rammelsbergite and minor cobalt-nickel minerals were also deposited. Some pitchblende occurs with a group of minerals belonging to a later stage of mineralization in which the gangue is mainly dolomite and sometimes ferruginous rhodochrosite. Associated with this group are native silver and lead-zinc-copper sulphide minerals. The Contact Lake property owes its existence to the mining of rich, native silver ore shoots, which are

Jan 1, 1946

By G. Carman Ridland

In conjunction with a geological investigation of the silver-bearing veins at Contact Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada, a survey was made with a Geiger-Miiller counter of the gamma-ray emissions from the rocks in the vicinity of the mine workings. Discontinuous pitchblende veins have been encountered occasionally in the silver-bearing fissures, and the geophysical survey was undertaken with the hope that abnormally high gamma-ray intensities, if detected, might lead to larger and more continuous pitchblende discoveries. Before the instrument was used at Contact Lake, preliminary tests were made, first with laboratory specimens at Princeton University, and later over known pitchblende deposits at the Eldorado property, LaBine Point, N.W.T. The Geiger-Müller counter, as adapted for field use, is described; the technique of transporting and operating the instrument is outlined; and the general precautions to be observed are discussed. The results obtained at Great Bear Lake show that the instrument is capable of detecting not only a pitchblende ore shoot in a shear zone, but also the mildly radioactive "host rock" at a considerable distance from the ore body. Hence, use of the Geiger-Müller counter is urged, not just for the detailed search for an ore body in a shear zone, but for the detection of possible radioactive "host rocks" in large-scale reconnaissance surveys of unexplored regions made by prospectors and members of federal geological survey parties. Location.—Along the rocky eastern shores of Great Bear Lake, in the Northwest Territories of Canada, lies one of the world's great radium-producing areas. The Eldorado mine, owned and operated by the Eldorado Gold Mines, Ltd., is at LaBine Point; while the Contact Lake mine, operated by Bear Exploration and Radium, Ltd. (B.E.A.R.), lies 9 miles to the southeast of LaBine Point and 2 miles south of Echo Bay, an indentation in the eastern shore line of Great Bear Lake. Geology.—The Eldorado company obtains its radium by the mining of the mineral pitchblende, which is found associated with a complex variety of metallic and nonmetallic minerals1 in quartz-carbonate veins occurring in metamorphosed pre-Cambrian sediment aries. Most of the pitchblende is intimately associated with a brown quartz and belongs to an early hydrothermal stage of mineralization during which safflorite-rammelsbergite and minor cobalt-nickel minerals were also deposited. Some pitchblende occurs with a group of minerals belonging to a later stage of mineralization in which the gangue is mainly dolomite and sometimes ferruginous rhodochrosite. Associated with this group are native silver and lead-zinc-copper sulphide minerals. The Contact Lake property owes its existence to the mining of rich, native silver ore shoots, which are

Jan 1, 1946

Steps were taken for a permanent organization of the scientific and technical employees of the Government at their mass meeting on May 8. This was the result of an informal meeting on Apr. 23 of thirty representative Government scientists and technical men who organized the preliminary committee and called the mass meeting. This subject has been widely discussed during the last year and was brought acutely to the fore by the work of the Joint Congressional Reclassification Commission, because that Commission has stated that it wished to deal with employees only through organizations. Rodney H. True of the Department of Agriculture was Acting Chairman. He pointed out that the principal advantages that were expected to be derived from such an organization were: (1) Improvement of conditions and facilities for more effective scientific and technical work; (2) adequate presentation of the needs. and results of such work to the public and to legislative and administrative officers; (3) -greater freedom in both official and non-official activities; (4) just and reasonable salaries based on service performed and the economic and social conditions which prevail; (5) greater public recognition of the aims and purposes of research; (6) advancement of science and technology as an essential element of national life. Three plans of organization were offered to the meeting, which covered the fundamental principles which could be utilized by these Government employees. The first plan would have permitted the new organization to work only through existing scientific organizations. This is the plan that scientific and technical Government employees in England have adopted and an outline of the English plan was read to the meeting.

Jan 6, 1919

The Fifth Annual National Exposition of Chemical Industries will be held in Chicago at the Coliseum and First Regiment Armory during the week of Sept. 22. It was decided to hold the exposition in Chicago, this year, for two reasons: The U. S. Army commandeered the Grand Central Palace Exposition Building in New York, immediately on the close of the last exposition and converted it into a receiving hospital, the use for which is now, happily, nearly ceased; and it was thought that the Exposition would succeed in bringing about a greater development of chemical industries in the Chicago district and the adjoining states. The Advisory Committee of the Exposition consists of: Charles H. Herty, Chairman, Editor Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry; Raymond F. Bacon, Director, Mellon Institute; L. H. Baekeland, Member Naval Consulting Board; W. D. Bancroft, President, American Electrochemical Society; Henry B. Faber, Industrial Filtration Corpn.; Ellwood Hendrick, President, The Chemists' Club; Bernard C. Hesse, Chemist, General Chemical Co.; A. D. Little, President, Arthur D. Little Inc.; Wm. H. Nichols, President, American Chemical Society; R. P. Perry, Vice-president, The Barrett Co.; H. C. Parmelee, Editor Chemical &; Metallurgical Engineering, G. W. Thompson, President, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; T. B. Wagner, Vice-president, U. S. Food Products Corpn.; M. C. Whitaker, President, U. S. Industrial Chemical Co.; and Charles F. Roth and Fred W. Payne. There is also added a special Chicago committee consisting of L. V. Redman, W. D. Richardson, A. V. H. Mory, Carl S. Minor, F. W. Willard, and Wm. Hoskins; the managers, as in the past, are Charles F. Roth and Fred W. Payne.

Jan 6, 1919

By J. A. Faucher

The mining industry has undergone significant technological advances in metallurgical process methods in recent years. The 1000 tpd concentrator of St. Lawrence Colum-bium Metals Corp. portrays the continuing effort made by the industry to achieve economical concentration of new and difficult ores. During the active search for sources of uranium in the early fifties, radioactive minerals were found in the Oka district near Montreal. The compatatively small quantities of uranium which were found occurred in association with widespread columbium (niobium) mineralization which included perovskite, a calcium titanate containing roughly 40% Cb2O5; niocalite, a silicate containing some 20% Cb2O5; and pyrochlore, a calcium niobate containing 45 -70% Cb2O5 as well as fluorine and some water. An idealized formula for one type of pyrochlore is: A typical chemical analysis of pyrochlore is shown in Table I. An important feature of this analysis is the lack of tin, lead, sulphur and P2O5 which conforms with the requirements of most consumers. In general the cerium content varies with sodium content and any increase in Ta2O5 lowers the Cb2O5 content of the concentrate. However, Ta2O5 rarely exceeds 0.5%. The carbonatite host rock of the columbium mineralization has the average mineral composition shown in Table 11. In Table 11, the term "diopside" is used to cover all silicates except mica which is shown separately because of the problems involved with its separation during the concentration process. In some ore zones, small quantities of rare earth minerals, such as monazite are present.

Jan 1, 1964

The paragraphs quoted, regarding Mr. Hoover's appointment as chairman of the newly organized food board of the United States, are taken from the editorial page, of the New York Times for April 13: ?The country is fortunate in commanding the services of Herbert C. Hoover as Chairman of the newly established Food Board. This is n, problem of first importance. Few realize the extent to which American food stuffs will enter into the decision of the war, and it is doubtful if it has occurred to many minds as yet that we shall have to deny ourselves what we have regarded as necessaries in order to keep our European allies supplied. " Mr. Hoover is one of the leading mining engineers of the country. At the outbreak of the war he put his private affairs aside to become the head of the American Commission for Relief in Belgium. He has had an experience that perhaps no other man has ever had, covering the raising of money and the purchase and distribution of supplies on a large scale; He has been brought into close relations with the neutrals and the belligerents on both sides. By them all he is recognized is one of the best executives brought to the fore by the mar. Mr. Hoover is in a position now to place abilities and experience at the service of his country. He will come back with comparative data that will enable him to measure resources and deficiencies accurately. This appointment gives renewed assurance of our Government's grasp of the problems of war and its resolve to apply, business principles to their solution."

Jan 5, 1917

By S. C. Sun

This article by Spokes and Mitchell de- serves high commendation. For many years mineral dressers have been at a loss to explain the variation in magnetic susceptibility of the same mineral species obtained from different localities. In fact, they do not even have a list of accurately measured data on the specific magnetic susceptibility of weakly magnetic minerals to consult. Experience as a university teacher has firmly convinced me that the average student has more difficulty in acquiring a satisfactory knowledge of magnetism than of any other branch of mineral dressing. This is almost entirely because the subject has been treated far too much from a strict practical standpoint and far too little from a fundamental one. It is no exaggeration to state that almost all the published theoretical discussions are based on the experimental results of manufactured chemicals and alloys, but not of naturally occurring minerals. In an attempt to remedy this state of affairs, the author of this article not only set up a new magnetic balance in the Department of Mineral Preparation of The Pennsylvania State University, but also performed work of fundamental value, thus pointing the way to further research. This is evidenced by the fact that an investigation of the magnetic susceptibilities of manganese minerals was recently completed by S. G. Watt under the direction of David R. Mitchell, now acting dean of the College of Mineral Industries of the Pennsylvania State University. D. J. Cook is studying the magnetic susceptibility of titanium minerals under my supervision. It is hoped that our research program can be continued for several years and that similar investigations will be Initiated at other universities and research institutions.

Jan 4, 1958

By Henry A. Stiff

The classification and correlation of water analysis data presents many problems which can be solved by graphic methocis. The pattern system, a new type of graphic procedure described in this communication, is believed to have several advantages over older methods. Examples of the application, of the pattern system to the solution of problems encountered in petroleum production are given. INTRODUCTION Several graphic methods for presenting analytical water data have been developed and are now in use.1,2,3,4 It is believed, however, that a recently developed type of graph called the "pattern" offers several advantages over other methods. This system presents a better picture of the total salt concentration than is usual in such graphs. The effect of dilution or concentration has been reduced to a minimum, and at the same time distinction between various types of water has been improved. The system is extremely versatile, yet so simple it can be plotted on ordinary graph paper and adapted to almost any type of filing system. DISCUSSION The essential feature of the pattern system is the graph shown in Fig. 1. Horizontal lines extending right and left from a vertical line at zero form the graph. Positive ions are plotted to the left while negative ions are plotted to the right. The figure immediately beneath each ion gives the scale. Most oil field waters can be plotted on a scale where 100 milli-equivalents of sodium and chloride and 10 milliequivalents of each of the other ions are represented by one scale unit. For highly concentrated brines, 1,000 milliequivalents of sodium and chloride and 100 milliequivalents of each of the

Jan 1, 1951

By Henry A. Stiff

The classification and correlation of water analysis data presents many problems which can be solved by graphic methocis. The pattern system, a new type of graphic procedure described in this communication, is believed to have several advantages over older methods. Examples of the application, of the pattern system to the solution of problems encountered in petroleum production are given. INTRODUCTION Several graphic methods for presenting analytical water data have been developed and are now in use.1,2,3,4 It is believed, however, that a recently developed type of graph called the "pattern" offers several advantages over other methods. This system presents a better picture of the total salt concentration than is usual in such graphs. The effect of dilution or concentration has been reduced to a minimum, and at the same time distinction between various types of water has been improved. The system is extremely versatile, yet so simple it can be plotted on ordinary graph paper and adapted to almost any type of filing system. DISCUSSION The essential feature of the pattern system is the graph shown in Fig. 1. Horizontal lines extending right and left from a vertical line at zero form the graph. Positive ions are plotted to the left while negative ions are plotted to the right. The figure immediately beneath each ion gives the scale. Most oil field waters can be plotted on a scale where 100 milli-equivalents of sodium and chloride and 10 milliequivalents of each of the other ions are represented by one scale unit. For highly concentrated brines, 1,000 milliequivalents of sodium and chloride and 100 milliequivalents of each of the

Jan 1, 1951

By W. J. McKenna

THE International Smelting Co. concentrator at Tooele, Utah, first operated on a custom basis for the treatment of lead-zinc-iron ores on Nov.' 1, 1924, with a capacity of 500 tons per day. On May 1, 1925, the capacity was increased to 1000 tons per day by the addition of another 500-ton section. The concentrator has since operated on the two-section basis, each treating 500 tons per day entirely by flotation. LABORATORY AND TEST MILL In connection with the concentrator, a well-equipped laboratory and small continuous testing plant are maintained. The flotation equipment in the test plant is of both the Callow and Mineral Separations Sub-"A" types, so that actual concentrator conditions may be duplicated as closely as possible. PURCHASING OF ORE A new shipper usually sends to the plant a 25 to 50-lb. sample, representative of the ore to be shipped. Batch flotation tests are made on this sample to determine its amenability to the concentrator treatment flowsheet and reagent combinations. The results of these tests, which are accurately correlated with those obtained at the concentrator, both as to grades of products and recoveries, determine the actual value of the ore as submitted in the ore purchasing department's treatment schedule. Hearty cooperation has existed at all times between the ore purchasing and operating departments in the selection of ores as concentrator feed. ORE TREATED The basic tonnages for mixtures on the two sections come from the Park City and Bingham mining districts. The Park City tonnages are received by rail and consist of crude ores and gravity mill products. Those from the Bingham district are received by rail and aerial tramway,

Jan 1, 1928