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By A. A. Angelov

This paper presents a unique method of monitoring the effectiveness of the planning process as well as the execution of mine plans. The method primarily determines the degree of deviation from the original mine plans by comparing actual mined areas to initially planned mining areas. The performance of mining operations is also measured by comparing actual and planned tonnages for a particular period. Once the degree of deviation from mine plans has been established the cause/s of the deviation can be determined through a simple fault tree analysis. Accurate identification of the reasons of deviation can aid the mine in selecting possible methods to correct the deviation. It is, however, beyond the scope of this paper to discuss the methods employed in correcting such deviations, as each mining operation will have unique causes of plan deviation and methods of remedying them. Deviations from the plan greatly affect the yields obtainable, which in turn affects the life of mine, thus having negative economic and financial implications. Accordingly, this paper presents a project management method which aims to reduce risk by improving planning systems to ensure optimum overall extraction of coal reserves.

Jan 1, 2010

By AIME AIME

THE Industrial Conference appointed by President Wilson has presented the following tentative plan for preventing or retarding strikes and industrial conflicts by proposing new Federal machinery for the adjustment of differences between employers and employees. Theplan is signed by William B. Wilson, Secretary of the Department of Labor, 'as chairman of the conference; Herbert Hoover, former Federal Food Administrator, as vice-chairman; Martin H. Glynn; Thomas W. Gregory, former Attorney Gen¬eral; Richard Hooker; Stanley King; Samuel W. McCall former Governor of Massachusetts; Henry M. Robin¬son; Julius Rosenwald; Oscar S. Straus; Henry C. Stuart, former Governor of Virginia; F. W. Taussig; William O. Thompson; Henry J. Waters; George. W. Wickersham, former Attorney General; and Owen D. Young.

Jan 1, 1920

By Léo Daiki Shinomiya

O planejamento de cenários é uma ferramenta empregada como um mecanismo competitivo que entrega uma visão para um futuro passível de acontecer, baseado em fatos atuais e históricos. Adaptado para ser aplicado a resíduos industriais, este método de planejamento de cenários pode ser descrito em oito etapas. Neste trabalho é apresentada a 1ª etapa, que mostra o uso de pesos e critérios para definir as aplicações mais adequadas para a Lama Vermelha a partir de uma infraestrutura disponível localmente. A Lama Vermelha é gerada em larga escala pela indústria do Alumínio, somente no estado do Pará são gerados 5,4 milhões de toneladas anualmente, que impacta diretamente nos custos desta indústria em função de seu tratamento e estocagem. Os resultados guiam definições para as aplicações mais adequadas para a Lama vermelha, sendo destacado o emprego na fabricação de cerâmica vermelha e na produção do cimento.

Aug 17, 2017

By Walter Díaz Cartagena

El suelo es uno de los recursos más importantes del agua -en tanto sustenta la vida natural y fuente de alimento para toda la especie terrestre. Por tal motivo, el presente texto señala los planes y estrategias para el cumplimiento de los estándares de calidad (EKA) de los suelos. En la promulgación de D.S. N°02 2013-MINAM que aprueba dichos estándares, se establece el último componente por norma para conocer la cantidad de contaminación del suelo. Este decreto propone una serie de etapas en la gestión de suelos contaminados que van desde la ecuación de los instrumentos de gestión ambiental, la investigación de situación de estos suelos contaminados en la zona de producción para determinar el estado en el que se encuentran y la recuperación ambiental por parte de un plan de descontaminación de suelos.

Jul 1, 2014

By Robert E. Loftus

"The author discusses the growth in the use of ocean-going bulk carriers for the transportation of mineral commodities, and predicts future trends. The various types of tonnage carriers are described, along with the special discharging gear used, the costs involved and the duties of some of the personnel.THE FIRST CONSIDERATION in planning the ocean transportation of minerals is the type of vessel to be utilized. The modern 'Bulk Carrier' bas proved to be the most successful vehicle for the purpose. I would there-fore like to describe this fleet in some detail and at-tempt to show the impact that the bulk carrier bas bad on the movement of bulk materials."

Jan 1, 1968

By J. van Wijk

"Vertical material transport is one of the major challenges for the successful implementation of deep sea mining projects. The EU research project „Blue Mining” is focusing on sustainable solutions for deep sea mining operations, with one major goal being the advancement of Vertical Transport Systems (VTS). To investigate flow effects under realistic conditions, especially clogging effects, a 136 m high test facility for flow analysis in vertical transport has been constructed using available mining infrastructure. Tests are run in a closed circuit, using a system of downfall and riser pipelines connected to a compact sediment injection- and separation unit as well as the centrifugal pump. The riser is equipped with pressure sensors, as well as temperature sensors, flow meter, concentration meter and high speed camera to allow comprehensive analyses of the flow regime and behavior of transported material within the flow. Additional mobile measurement devices allow wear and tear analyses of pipe material. This paper focuses on the determining factors of the tests leading to the design as well as the installation and trial of the test facility itself and explains the used components and work principles. INTRODUCTION Since the 1970s several research projects had been conducted investigating in the possibility of deep sea mining. In recent times projects for deep sea mining operations have started again, considering the rising demand on natural resources, especially raw earth elements. Yet projects like the Nautilus project on the deposit Solwara 1 [1], or Japanese projects focusing on the region of Okinawa [2] and Chinese projects [3] planning on depths of “only” about 2,500 up to 3,000 m. Until now no economical deep sea mining project was realized, due to the enormous difficulties of deep sea environments. Vertical material transport is one of the major challenges for the successful implementation of deep sea mining projects, considering transportation heights up to 5 km. The EU research project „Blue Mining” is focusing on sustainable solutions for deep sea mining operations, with one major goal being the advancement of Vertical Transport Systems or VTS [4]. Critical parts of the system would be identified and investigated to deliver solutions and higher the technology readiness level to a level were planning of a pilot project can be considered. At first case examples for mining projects of seafloor massive sulfides (SMS, 1,600 m water depth) and manganese nodules (MnN, 5,000 m water depth) had been calculated on basis of economical frame conditions, such as planned production rates to be efficient. As depicted in Figure 1 two major possible systems had been used for comparison, airlift system and pump system, considering multiple pump stations or single pumps. Based on the results and comparisons for the calculated vertical transport systems critical components and flow effects had been identified."

Jan 1, 2018

By A. J. Hargraves

"It is difficult to quantify comparatively the gassiness of a property. The most common index to gassiness, cubic feet of gas per ton of coal mined, is very arbitrary and does not take into account the geological setting nor the mining operation. The gassiness of a virgin coal in situ can be assessed, but no method is precise and the most accurate methods involve prolonged field and laboratory experiments. In general, gassiness increases with depth. Whereas 'gas' normally implies methane, other gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc. may be present in seam gas also. The inflammability of methane is a problem, particularly the explosibility of a methane-air mixture; also oxygen dilution is involved in high gas concentrations and some gases are poisonous even in low concentrations. Cross measuring into a virgin seam is usually not as troublesome as development in the seam, where narrow openings may require strong ventilation to dilute gases exuding from the face and sides. Total extraction presents problems of gas from the working seam, or from adjacent seams, particularly at the return side, or of gas-laden air from the goaf streaming out or sometimes surging out intermittently, again on the return side. In pillar extraction or longwall retreating special roadways may be required to allow the side-to-side and end-to-end flushing of the goaf which is somewhat inherent in longwall advancing. Layering may occur, particularly where ventilation conditions are not brisk. Outbursts of gas from adjoining seams may be induced by sudden rupture of roof or floor in caving workings. Outbursts of coal and gas from the working seam may occur, mostly in development work, under special environmental circumstances. Gas problems may be reduced or eliminated by predrainage of gas ....:. rarely successful from the working seam - usually undertaken from adjoining seams prior to escape of gas released by caving. The ideal solution - general predrainage of gas to the surface from measures prior to mining - has yet to be accomplished. • In the planning of gassy mines it is possible to make an assessment of gas contained in the seams and to estimate what proportion will be released into the mine air, but emission of gas into mine workings is never steady and at present there is no better planning criterion than experience at the mine next door!"

Jan 1, 1973

By Carl Lee

WITH the modern trend toward motor drive in coal mines, more careful forethought should be given to future layouts than has usually been done in the past. Both top and bottom equipment of future new mines is likely to differ radically from those of a decade ago. No one is able to predict very far ahead, but provisions can be made to allow for uncertainty. One thing stands out: the mine of the future will be laid out for long life compared to that of the small mine of the past, where an inexpensive top plant, simple equipment, a small timbered shaft, small cars, light rail, hand loading and mule haulage all contributed to a short economical life.

Jan 1, 1933

By Ralbern H. Murray

Typical First Year Selling Price Strip Mined Western Sub-Bituminous Coal Based [Fixed Capital (1) $600 MM Construction Loan Interest $100 Working Capital $ 30 Start-up Costs $ 30 Total Capital Requirement $760 MM Annual Costs (First Year) $M/Year Coal (2) 443,550 Operating Costs(3) 53,000 Depreciation(4) 36,500 Interest(5) 45,220 After Tax Profit(6) 34, 200 Federal Income Tax (48% Rate) 31, 570 Gross Revenue Required 245,040 (Less) By-Product Sales (18, 000) Net Revenue Required 227, 040]

Jan 1, 1975

A recoverable uranium resource, shown to be suitable for in situ leaching, was discovered at Honeymoon in South Australia in 1971. Exploration of the deposit was carried out during the period from 1973 to 1979. Uranium mineralisation occurs in a coarse-grained unconsolidated sand aquifer located in the Yarramba Palaeochannel at a depth of approximately 110 m. Following initial development during 1979 to 1983 and the construction of demonstration leach facilities, the Project was put on hold. Southern Cross Resources purchased the Project in 1997. Government approval was received in March 1998 for the operation of on-site demonstration leach and recovery facilities while an Environmental Impact Statement was prepared and a 1000 tpa commercial production plant was designed. The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was released in June 2000 and operation of the test facility was completed in August 2000. Acceptance of the EIS by Commonwealth and South Australian state governments was announced on 20 November 2001. A Mining Lease was granted over the area of the proposed ISL operation on 8 February 2002. Operation of the Project is entirely dependent on using highly saline underground water resources to supply process and human needs. The management of discharge streams from the plant by re-injection was approved. The Honeymoon demonstration plant was the first adaptation of the solvent extraction process to highly saline in situ leach solutions. As such, it incorporated a number of unique operating and installation features. The trial period enabled optimisation of the process chemistry, additives and management and serves as an invaluable base for the proposed plant design and future operation. This paper discusses the nature of the uranium occurrence, the effect of saline water on the leach process and equipment, project design and environmental considerations, the requirements for disposal of discharge streams to minimise the impact on the arid environment and the requirements for rehabilitation following project completion.

Jan 1, 2002

By Mike Wongkaew, Brandon Kluzniak, Per Vilhelmsson

Rail access to Ontario International Airport (ONT) has long been a goal of San Bernardino County Transportation Authority (SBCTA) to increase public transit options to ONT and provide incoming ONT passengers improved access to San Bernardino County and the greater Southern California region. This paper describes the planning for the Design-Build-Operate-Maintain (DBOM) delivery of an emerging technology tunnel connection between the Rancho Cucamonga Metrolink station and ONT. The paper discusses key technical considerations, challenges, and opportunities; conceptual configuration development; and construction planning and establishment of the footprint for the underground connection.

Dec 1, 2022

By L. Marais

The development of a post-mining economy is generally framed as accessible and desirable and something that mining companies, consultants, and the government can, and should, plan for. It is indeed possible. Yet, most mining regions, other than the big metropolitan municipalities, find economic diversification after mining challenging, despite their grand plans, consultant reports, and company intentions. Their efforts blind them to other ideas that are often prerequisites to diversification. This paper highlights some economic and social misconceptions about economic diversification and explains where planning goes wrong. Mistakes typically stem from ignorance and misunderstandings. Planners and policy makers fail to grasp the essential requirements for economic diversification. They underestimate the structural constraints created by mining. They do not see how mine rehabilitation is linked to economic diversification. They generally do not understand the South African space economy or the nature of new economies. The paper also proposes a more careful consideration of those economic aspects that mining cities have control over, such as land use management and infrastructure. The paper further explains how understanding long-term dependencies can help prevent governance failures. The social disruption that accompanies mine decline and closure must be recognised and dealt with. The mines must plan for decline as a way to resuscitate the economy. It concludes with a framework for assessing and developing a post-mining economy.

Apr 25, 2025

By Paul Taurasi, Mahmood Khwaja, Anjuli Corcovelos, William Brick

California’s San Diego County Water Authority provides a safe and reliable water supply to more than 3.3 million residents through twenty-four member agencies. The 2nd Aqueduct pipelines, a critical infrastructure consisting of three large-diameter pipelines, are susceptible to natural threats including streambed erosion, channel migration, and seismic hazards within the 3,840-foot-long Moosa Canyon segment of the alignment. A state-of-good repair, hazard mitigation, and resiliency project is progressing to ensure uninterrupted water supply. For each pipeline, a segment will be replaced by tunneling. A high-level project development approach is presented, focusing on alternative selection, environmental and geotechnical considerations, and operations and maintenance constraints.

Jun 13, 2023

By Stefano Ceccotto, Eugenio Trussoni

"INTRODUCTION Contemporary city is made of layers. Physical structures layers (built fabric, residential, commercial industrial etc. ), infrastructural layers (below and above ground), “green” layers (parks and open spaces), and also informational layers, i.e. connections, links, between sectors of the city and other territories. The “city of layers” concept represents the exercise of “rebuilding the city” per each layer, highlighting those physical built structures that are functional to define a relation. For example, if consider the “connection” relation, the city is re-designed by considering only transportation built structures. The layer obtained in such fashion is hence the “transportation” layer, including below grade infrastructures (subways) and above grade lines (rail, bus, tramways etc.), as below shown in Figure 1.In this sense, the contemporary city is represented by separate constructs assembled together according to a specific functionality (e.g. “connection”). As a consequence, the relation between what is built underground, and the related above-ground development, can be perceived in his most evident appearance. What could happen within the contemporary city if the planning process would begin from below to above and not vice-versa?INTERACTION The question risen in the introduction is strategic when approaching the difficult task of designing (or re-designing) a multi-level organism like the contemporary city. Nowadays, the theme of integration between underground and at-grade master planning has become the subject of many urban renovation projects, where the design process has begun within the transportation layer, underground, and further developed by interacting with at-grade structures already existing or in phase of design.A series of case studies where below/above interaction plays a key role in the project will be further analyzed. Moreover, it is relevant to understand the mechanics of an urban transformation process that originates within the transportation layer and ends up with the design of entire sectors of the city. The Transit Oriented Development approach is a useful tool to clearly understand such transformation process. TOD has become, in particular in the last decade, one of the most effective tools for urban design, in order to solve simultaneously the many different instances related to transit planning, urban design and real estate market."

Jan 1, 2016

By William H. White

"AbstractThe value of anomalous metal contents of trees as an aid to the discovery of mineral deposits was tested under field conditions cm four known ore deposits. Results indicate that a base-metal deposit, or any deposit containing zinc or copper, casts a 'metal shadow' into the overlying soil which remains approximately positioned above the deposit, regardless of the type of overburden or the movement of groundwater.The unusually high content of zinc or copper in trees growing within the limits of this 'metal shadow' constitutes an anomaly which can be detected and ,plotted in the field The field kit and certain points of the field technique are described briefly; and the characteristics of plant anomalies and possible limitations of their use are mentioned.IntroductionRecent investigations concerning the metal content of trees indicate not only wide variations in the metal content of different species and in different parts of the same tree but, in addition, suggest that the metal content of a tree is related to that of the subjacent bed-rock. Abnormal values found by Warren, Delavault, and others in trees growing above or near orebodies suggest a new tool which may prove of considerable value in exploration work. Evaluation of this new tool must involve consideration of the following questions:(I) Is the technique one which can be used under field conditions by persons not specially trained; and can results be duplicated within reasonable limits of error? Rather than taking tree samples for subsequent laboratory analysis, it is highly desirable that analyses be made on the spot. This allows anomalous results to be checked and additional samples may be taken at key points."

Jan 1, 1950

By D P. Murphy, R F. Dewhirst

Traditionally closure has been seen by the Resource sector solely as a green or an environmental issue, focused primarily on the requirement to rehabilitate the site following cessation of production activities. In addition to operational, maintenance and production aspects of processing plant design, future design teams will need to take a more holistic view and consider an increasing number of sustainability issues including safety in design and cleaner production as well as closure itself. Sustainability principles being adopted by industry such as the Minerals Council of AustraliaÆs Enduring Value Framework are now broadening our understanding of closure. While issues around the closure of tailings dams and associated infrastructure have been widely studied, few investigations have looked closely at the implications of closure on the design of minerals processing plants. It is likely that design teams may be able to make a significant contribution to meeting industry objectives by adopting innovative designs which, in addition to meeting production objectives, deliver sustainable and cost effective plant closure outcomes. This presentation explores the opportunity for innovative design of mineral processing plants through the assessment of alternative closure objectives. This assessment specifically looks at current industry standards and statutory requirements, as well as potential risks and opportunities associated with each objective. Alternative design strategies to meet these objectives are discussed.

Jan 1, 2006

By O. J. R. Baena

Mining activity in the Segovia region in NE Colombia is the main source of employment in the local economy. This has created major problems of illegality and informality mining associated with a high social and environmental impact, as inefficient technologies are used and high consumption of toxic substances required in the process of gold recovery by amalgamation and cyanidation. In this work is presented mineralogical characterization of six local mills and studied beneficiation processes developed in them. With the results presented a proposed plant design that eliminates the use of mercury by replacing gravity concentration processes taking advantage of the characteristics of the treated material. Significant results were obtained regarding the recovery of precious metals and present a methodology that can be replicated in other mineral beneficiation plants that use gold amalgamation processes. This implies a significant reduction in mercury use and decreased risk of human contamination associated with this.

Feb 23, 2014

By Larry S. Diaz

The paper considers the selection of control instrumentation for a modern flotation plant, as well as the best interpretation and most effective use of the process data obtained. Process control computer availability is considered from the outset. A general philosophy of control is proposed which leads toward a system that is its own reliability monitor. The bulk of the problems are in grinding and classification. Alternative control methods are described that use particle size measuring devices. Flotation controls, based to a large extent upon on-stream X-ray analysis, are reviewed in detail. Reagent control methods are also examined. Methods to analyze the data obtained from the various measurement devices are introduced. These methods would enable an estimate of the validity of the data and require some redundant information. Another objective of these methods is the protection of operating equipment from possible control malfunctions. Although the discussion generally considers some degree of computer usage, this paper attempts to describe instrumentation and data analysis methods that enable control with or without the process control computer.

Jan 1, 1972

By Michael A. Eamon

Magma Copper Company has operated its San Manuel SX-EW Plant facilities since 1986. The original plant facilities have a design capacity of 25,000 tons per year of electrowon copper cathode produced by processing pregnant leach solutions from an open pit/heap leach operation. In 1988, the plant was expanded to 50,000 tons per year to incorporate processing leach solutions from an insitu leaching operation. This paper presents a general overview of plant practices with particular emphasis on process innovations developed and implemented by Magma during construction and operation.

Jan 1, 1991

By B. S. Xakalashe, I. J. Geldenhuys, M. W. Erwee, Q. G. Reynolds, R. T. Jones, S. P. Tsebe

Aspects of the production of platinum group metals by reductive smelting in direct-current arc furnace processes are investigated using a computational modelling approach. The replacement of fossil carbon as a reductant by alternative reductants such as silicon carbide, ferrosilicon, and hydrogen is desirable for reducing direct greenhouse gas emissions from such processes, but the impact of these changes on the electrical operability of the process is poorly understood. This paper presents a study of plasma arc behaviour in the context of the ConRoast® reductive smelting process for Upper Group 2 ore as well as processes for recycling of automotive catalysts, using an integrated computational modelling workflow. It was found that the freeboard gas compositions, plasma properties, and arc behaviour were all affected by the choice of reductant, particularly in carbon-free smelting using ferrosilicon or hydrogen.

Mar 6, 2026