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By G. Chisakuta, P. Bwando, G. Mitshabu

By the end of 2022, the south-eastern Copper Belt region of the Democratic Republic of Congo was host to more than 40 small, medium, and relatively large sized copper solvent extraction sites. To date, solvent extraction reagents supplied in this region have never exceeded 50% of ketoxime content. We generated laboratory extraction and strip isotherms and used these with the BASF IsocalcTM modelling software to assess the benefit of using higher ketoxime blends on the main metallurgical performance indicators such as copper recovery and net transfer. Pure ketoxime extractants combine a relatively low strip point and a decent loading capacity, which are most effective as the pH of the pregnant leach solution gets closer to 2.

Jan 1, 2023

By V. Sheikhzadeh, M. Saghaeian, N. Esmaeili, R. Hejazi, A. D. Ahmadabadi

The main challenges in most low grade iron ore deposits are finding the optimum flowsheet for beneficiation to achieve a final concentrate from both technical and economic viewpoints. Dry preconcentration techniques are being used to assist in reducing the amount of ROM feed to the plant. In this paper the benefits of utilising a dry cobbing magnetic separation technique for upgrading the product of HPGR in a closed circuit with dry screen 4 and 1.4 mm by performing a pilot scale test work was investigated. The experimental test work was done on two sample types of Yogi BIF magnetite iron ore located in Western Australia. Prior to magnetic separation studies, detailed characterisation of the feed materials including physical, chemical, mineralogical and magnetic properties were carried out. Furthermore, the effects of process parameters: drum rotation speed (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 m/s), magnetic field intensity (1100 and 3800 gauss) and feed size (minus 4 and 1.4 mm) were investigated. The results revealed that sample type1 with 33.90% Fe could be upgraded to 41.51% Fe by using a stage of 1100 gauss dry magnetic separator with 69.12% weight recovery and 84.36% Fe recovery at a size of 4 mm. Also for sample type2, it is possible to increase Fe grade from 29.84% to above 36.68% with 75.58% weight recovery and 90.32% Fe recovery by applying one stage of 1100 gauss dry magnetic separator to a 4 mm size sample. Keywords: Banded iron formation (BIF), pre-concentration, dry cobbing technique, magnetic separator

Jan 1, 2020

By Neha Shukla, Nikhil Dhawan

The current study examines the extraction of rare-earth elements from trichromatic phosphor of discarded tube lights via baking processes. The Y2O3: Eu3+ (YOX) and BaMgAl10O17: Eu2+ (BAM) phases completely decomposed during acid and alkali baking with > 90% Eu and Y extraction. Prior, selective acid leaching of the YOX phase enhanced the acid baking process at a lower temperature (< 230 ℃). Feed acid baking showed a maximum 87% Tb, 36% La, and 17% Ce extraction at 500 °C, 0.5 h, 1 ml/g H2SO4, and alkali baking yielded 16.1% Tb, 86% La, and 73% Ce at 300 ℃, 0.5 h, 50 wt.% NaOH. The acid baking of the acid-leached phosphor yielded 72% Tb, 95% La, 63% Ce, ~ 95% Y, and Eu extraction at 300 °C, 0.5 h, 1.05 mL/g H2SO4. Lower Tb extraction during the acid baking of acid-leached phosphor can be attributed to the formation of Ba3Tb( PO4)3 and BaTbO3 phases. Insoluble Si3Tb5 phase formation and partial decomposition of CeMgAl11O19: Tb3+ (CMAT) phase in the alkali baking route leads to lower Tb extraction. The acid baking process is suitable for extracting Tb, Eu, and Y, whereas the alkali baking process is suitable for La and Ce. The thermal analysis of phosphor and flux interaction depicts that alkali baking is less energy-intensive than acid baking. In comparison, the one-step acid baking process and the two-step alkali baking process yielded desirable extraction results (87% Tb, total RE (rare earth) 78.5% and 50.4% Tb, total RE 59.3%). The product yield in the acid and alkali baking route of feed, acid-leach phosphor is 36%, 29%, and 39%, 28.2%, respectively, with ~ 98% mixed rare-earth oxide purity.

May 5, 2022

By William G. Freeman

In comparison to many mineral commodities, barite has a low unit value. It is mined and sold in low volumes in high-grade (90-98% BaSO4) forms to basically one industry that uses approximately 75% of the free world production. Based upon the above criteria, all factors must be considered in determining if a barite deposit is economical; such as, the type of deposit, mining and milling methods required, transportation to the markets, tariffs, local political conditions, etc. In other words, barite mines are made--not found. The length of this paper precludes any indepth discussion of geology, mining and metallurgy of barite. Most of this information can be found in data already published, such as D. A. Brobst&apos;s bulletin1 on the Barite Resources of the United States.

Jan 1, 1971

By A. Suarez, M. Menendez, M. R. Gent, P. Riesgo

"Recent requirements to reduce thermal coal plant emissions, and ultrafine coal's tendency to produce these emissions due to its typically high ash and moisture contents have limited the use of ultrafine coal. Ultrafine coal in beneficiation plants are usually either disposed of in tailing ponds at a loss in combustible material or disposed of by blending with coarser higher-grade products, resulting in a reduction in marketed product quality. A study of the options for processing ultrafine coal, consisting of < 200 µm hydrocyclone overflow, with 38.8 percent ash content is presented here. Ultrafine coal was processed based on 200-µm sieve bend and 10-µm hydrocyclone classifications, enhanced gravity separation (EGS) and froth flotation concentration as well as combinations of these. Yield, combustible material recovery (CMR) and product humidity were evaluated as test results.Depending on the processing applied, product ash content could be reduced up to 49.7 percent, and up to 95.8 percent CMR of the actual run of mill feed could be attained. All of the processing options analyzed could reduce produced thermal electric plant emissions due to ash and moisture from 22 to 38 percent of the actual unprocessed ultrafine coal product.Froth flotation was found to be the optimal process, yielding a product with the lowest ash content attained of 19.5 percent and CMR of 92.3 percent. Being the most versatile of the processes evaluated, it is capable of producing coal with varied ash contents but is subject to potential variations in coal flotability. The most complicated of the processing options, a combined sieve bend recovery of the > 200 µm fraction and EGS processing of the 10 to 200 µm fraction was found to be the next best option, attaining a combined 90.1 percent CMR and 25.0 percent ash content. IntroductionMunicipal, regional and national objectives to reduce fossil fuel combustion emissions and their effects on air quality and global weather changes are affecting thermal electric plant operations. Plans and regulations such as President Obama's Clean Power Plan (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2015), the European Directive 2010/75/EU (European Commission, 2010) and China’s proposed Enhanced Actions on Climate Change (Wei, 2015) are of major significance to thermal electric plant operations. Although thermal plant efficiencies depend in large part on the losses of heat by plant components, the ash and humidity contents of thermal coal invariably reduce plant efficiencies and increase emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and dust.Any noncombustible material present in thermal coal will result in higher CO2 emissions per unit of energy produced. Since no particle emission control can be totally effective, it is to be anticipated that any reduction in coal ash content will also result in reduced particle emissions. Kurose, Ikeda and Makino (2001) reported that NOx emissions also increase with coal ash content. The effect of coal moisture content during combustion is complex. Kurose, Ikeda and Makino (2001) showed that an increase in coal moisture content significantly reduces thermal NOx to total NOx production, and Bosoaga et al. (2006) showed that it tends to reduce NOx emissions. Since the humidity, pyrite and ash content of thermal coals directly affect thermal electric plant efficiencies and emissions, minimizing these factors should facilitate, at least in part, compliance with thermal electric plant emission limits. This, in turn, would affect the specifications and prices of the coal preparation plant products."

Jan 1, 2016

By K. H. Singh

The addition of new data and corrections can be made under the control of a simple editing session. All programs for this system are written in FORTRAN and executabe "MACROS".. After the addition of new data, the whole file Is reinitialized to update the binary file and cross-reference tables. Updating the binary file involves rerunning the initializing program. The creation of graphic plots like cross sections and plan views is menu-driven from a terminal and very user-friendly. Small files containing not more than 10,000 entries (survey and assay points) are suitable for this setup, particularly for computers with less than 2 Megabytes of real and virtual memory. The largest file processed contained 35,000 lines of survey and assay information and required 4 megabytes of virtual memory. Working with this size file slows down the time for the creation of plots and cross sections. Another independent system is more akin to a financial type of data base. It was installed in one Anaconda mine as part of the operation&apos;s inventory, warehouse, day-pay payroll, and purchasing data bases. It is a highly hardware-dependent system, in particular, IBM&apos;s CICS/VS (Customer Information Control System/Virtual Storage). This is a true relational data base that optimizes storage requirements, supports online inquiry, update, data entry, and data security. While this system has been tested and proven in accounting applications, it requires programming expertice in PL/I and other CICS utility programs. It is well suited for huge data bases (like the 35,000 lines of data), but cumbersome for small engineering files.

Jan 1, 1985

By K. Perry, R. Eades

"Highwall miners continue to be implemented by operations to increase recovery, improve margins, and justify higher stripping ratios as high quality surface reserves become increasingly rare. Many times, operations facilitate projected underground operations by leaving an intact highwall for development purposes. These facts result in larger highwalls that are left standing for increased periods of time prior to reclamation. As a consequence, worker exposure and risk is also elevated, resulting in higher potential for accidents or fatalities relating to surface highwalls. Highwall stability is a complex issue, dependent on both geologic and mining factors. Dynamic numerical modeling offers the capability to assess possible stability issues related to blasting-induced ground vibrations. Research has been conducted to evaluate the effect of highwall stability due to ground vibrations from blasting events. Additionally, the relationship of amplitude and frequency, and their impact on highwall stability is investigated. The results of this modeling indicate that amplitude has little impact on stability. However, frequency has a significant impact on highwall stability. INTRODUCTION The number of mining fatalities has declined since 2010, and 2016 is currently on pace to continue this trend (MSHA 2016). This decline can be directly correlated to the decline in surface mining activity and the overall decline of the coal industry. However, since 2002 the percentage of surface coal mine fatalities associated with highwall activities remains relatively high, constituting approximately 15% of all surface mine fatalities. 2014 was the first year with a highwall failure fatality since 2011. Most recent surface coal mining fatalities are associated with machinery and haulage. Table 1 provides a summary of the total surface coal mining fatalities, and the number of highwall failure fatalities dating back to 2010.Highwall stability is a complex issue, dependent upon geology and geologic discontinuities within the rock mass, along with highwall geometry, standing time, and applied stresses. Another possible concern that has not been previously investigated is the effect of blasting-induced stresses on highwall stability and the stability of web/barrier pillar systems as a result of ground vibrations from blasting events. Many modern surface coal mines employ numerous extraction fronts that rely on blasting for primary rock breakage. This results in highwall and highwall pillar systems experiencing blasting-induced stresses of many different types and magnitudes."

Jan 1, 2017

By J. O. Mogalanyane, N. Naudé, A. M. Garbers-Craig

The fines produced is not suitable as feed material for the subsequent rotary kiln and the electrical arc furnace. The need for briquetting the ferronickel ore is premised on the minimisation of fine particles in the rotary kiln as well as improving charge permeability in the furnace, and improving overall process safety. Briquetting may be defined as an agglomeration method in which fine particles are compressed under pressure. It consists of three different technologies: vibropressing, roller pressing and stiff extrusion. The current study focuses on evaluating the performance of ferronickel briquettes generated, using roller-pressing technology. Physical properties, chemical properties and metallurgical properties of the briquettes were used to evaluate their performance and quality. Standard ISO tests for iron ore pellets were used. Size degradation as a result of reduction was measured using the ISO 4696-1 test. The decrepitation of the briquettes at the point of entry into the rotary kiln was evaluated using the ISO 8371 test method at a temperature of 700oC. The degree of reduction was evaluated using the ISO 4695 test procedure. Average green briquette compressive strength of 559 N was reported at a moisture content of 16% with an average drop number of 19.1. Increasing the moisture content has a detrimental effect on both the compressive strength and the green briquette yield. The drop number is expressed as the number of drops until breakage, when a briquette is dropped from a 1 m height, decreased with an increase in moisture content. At a moisture content of 16% an average green briquette yield of 85.1% was reported. Keywords: Ferronickel briquettes, moisture content, curing conditions, physical properties, chemical properties

Jan 1, 2020

By Richard A. Thomas, III JAMES H. ROWLAND, Liming Yuan

This paper presents the results of large-scale fire experiments on evaluating the performances of carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke sensors at low ventilation velocities. Experiments using three different combustibles — conveyor belt, coal and diesel fuel — were conducted in the experimental mine at the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Bruceton Research Facility. A total of eight sensor stations were located downstream of the fire with each station containing sensors for CO, smoke, carbon dioxide (CO2 ), oxygen (O2 ), humidity, barometric pressure and temperature, as well as two airflow sensors. The airflow velocity ranged from 0.22 to 0.26 m/s (44 to 51 fpm) in the tests. The response times were recorded for the CO and smoke sensors at each sensor station when smoke and gaseous products of combustion from each burning combustible reached the station. The response times of the CO sensors were used to determine the appropriate sensor spacing in the belt entry with a low air velocity. The performance of the smoke sensor was found to be affected by the high humidity in the experiments. The results on proper selection of sensors and the determination of sensor spacing at a low ventilation velocity can be helpful for ensuring sufficient early fire warning for underground workers, thereby improving the health and safety of miners.

By Felipe Fardin Grillo

The aim of this work was to study the use of slags to desulfurization of cast iron. It was proposed to use alumina instead fluorspar. In addition, marble waste was used instead lime. Simulations applying Thermo-Calc software were performed in order to obtain the theoretical phases thermodynamic data. Then, a comparison between theoretical data and experimental tests were performed. The cast iron was melting in induction furnace at 1550°C. Slags composed mainly for CaO and Al2O3 were used to cast iron desulphurization. It was observed that increasing liquid phase, the desulphurization reaction was favored. Besides, it was found that cast iron desulfurization occurs by top slag mechanism.

Aug 17, 2017

By Tony P. Suckling

This paper describes an investigation into the bleeding behaviour of bentonite slurry observed on a trial diaphragm wall panel. The bleeding is thought to be due to the bentonite experiencing a chemical reaction leading to settlement of the solids within the fluid, possibly as a self-weight consolidation process. The trial panel was constructed in a busy airport environment where many different chemical products are used for de-icing the aeroplanes, runways, apron areas, vehicle access and pedestrian routes. The relationships between slurry contamination, bleeding, bentonite hydration time and filter loss behaviour were examined as no relevant published literature could be found. The results show that the amount of bleed strongly depends on both the degree of contamination and the hydration time. It is concluded that bentonite fluids should be allowed to sit in the storage tank for at least 24 hours after mixing, and that the filter loss test is a quick and effective method to determine the potential for bleeding of contaminated slurries.

Jan 1, 2011

By Donald Towse

Portland cement is a basic building material in every country in the world, and, fortunately, the raw materials required in its manufacture are widely distributed. It is a low-priced bulk commodity (price one cent a pound or less, with a density of 100 pounds per cubic foot.) Table 1. Approximate price per pound of selected mineral products. Copper 48 cents per pound Aluminum 27 Lead and zinc 15 Asbestos 3 to 18 Pumice 6 Sulfur 2 Bauxite (abrasive) 1.8 Barite 1 to 1.6 Cement 1 Primitive regions may get along without any Portland cement, but most countries use some, and it is one of the most widespread building materials, even if used in small quantities. Use of cement begins early in a country&apos;s development, and, because of local availability of raw materials, cement manufacture is one of the first heavy industries many countries desire. Use and manufacture of cement usually precedes other industrial materials such as steel and heavy chemicals, and consumption levels off for a long period during development of infrastructure and an economic base. With a mature economy comes a very high consumption. Per capita consumption varies ten times or more between nations (Figure 1).

Jan 1, 1970

By I. H. Clark

In some mining situations, backfills are not only required to be free-standing but are also expected to provide hangingwall support. It may therefore be specified that the backfill withstand a certain calculated stress within a given time. Given the materials available, the choice of backfill composition is not always straightforward, and an approach to the evaluation of cemented tailings backfill is therefore proposed. The general use of such a method will greatly assist in both the scientific analysis of the material properties for industry-wide purposes of comparison and decision-making as regards the choice of fill.

Jan 1, 1988

By V. D. Smar

The flotation process may be considered an interactive system consisting of many chemical, operational, and equipment variables. Changing anyone of these variables causes an overall system response change. This study examines the effects of simultaneously changing the operating variables of: (1) frother concentration and air flow rate, and (2) frother concentration and collector concentration. It is part of a comprehensive study to look at how changes in several of the major variables may be used to produce interactions which will allow the rougher flotation process to be optimized. Ultimate recovery, flotation rate, concentrate grade and froth quality, are used as the major evaluative criteria.

Jan 1, 1993

By I. Farr, P. Quinn, H. Mani

"Difficulties in the flotation of Inca's ultramafic ores at the Thompson Mill are related to the presence of serpentine slimes and some floatable rock minerals. Serpentine slime coatings depress pentlandite recovery while rock flotation decreases concentrate grade. Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMG) has been shown to promote sulphide flotation and to reject floatable rock.To improve ultramafic ore flotation, CMC addition in the rougher stage was studied in a laboratory scale column. Batch tests were conducted in the lab and followed up with continuous testwork at the Thompson mill. At 0.5-1.0 g CMG per kg ore, pentlandite recovery is increased by 5-10% in rougher flotation, pentlandite/rock selectivity is improved and pentlandite/pyrrhotite selectivity is unaffected.IntroductionAt Inca's Manitoba Division, two distinctly different sulphide ores are processed at the Thompson Mill, primarily by froth flotation. The sulfide ores are contained within the Thompson Nickel Belt and currently there are two operating mines, Thompson and Birchtree. Sulphide mineralization in both mines is simple, consisting of pyrrhotite (both monoclinic and hexagonal), pentlandite, and minor chalcopyrite. Both deposits are hosted by metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks with variable ultramafic rock associations. Ultramafic rocks are mostly serpentinites: magnesium rich rocks composed predominately of serpentine. There is little serpentinite at the Thompson mine, while mineralization at Birchtree is closely associated with significant ultramafic rocks.Excellent recoveries of pentlandite (Pn) and chalcopyrite (Cp) are achieved at the Thompson Mill when processing ore from the Thompson mine. In treating the ultramafic associated Birchtree ore, nickel recoveries are some 6 to 8% below that achieved with Thompson ore. Furthermore, a typical concentrate from Birchtree ore contains more rock and is higher in MgO content. The presence of rock in the concentrate is related to free floatable rock species as well as rock locked with sulfides. The reason for the difference in flotation responses of these two ores has been the subject of on-going re-search."

Jan 1, 1998

By J. J. Taute, N. B. du Preez

"A well-performing solvent-extraction circuit is a key part of producing good quality copper cathode. To ensure consistent operation, a good understanding of the circuit’s operation and an ability to rapidly troubleshoot key parameters is required. This paper briefly discusses the modeling of solventextraction circuits. The paper then goes on to discuss the determination of key performance parameters from plant data and comparing these with the circuit models to quantify circuit performance. The identification and troubleshooting of circuit issues is presented with a worked example. INTRODUCTIONA well-performing solvent-extraction (SX) circuit is a key part of producing good quality copper cathode. To ensure a consistent, high-quality operation, a good understanding of the circuit performance is required. Evaluating the performance of an SX circuit is an extensive topic. The objective of this paper is to focus on the evaluation that the metallurgist should be performing on a regular basis using flow and concentration data. This paper does not cover important topics, such as crud management, phase continuity, or organic management. Some basic SX modeling concepts are first be presented. The calculation of the parameters is then presented with a brief discussion and recommended ranges (where applicable). A worked example is used to provide a basis for further discussion on the evaluation of the calculated parameters and use of data collected.BASIC SOLVENT-EXTRACTION MODELING CONCEPTSThis section presents the basic modeling concepts used in SX simulation packages currently available. SX reagent suppliers have invested significant time and effort into collecting data on the performance of their reagents under different conditions. Based on these data, suppliers have developed packages which they normally make available to their clients for free. These are typically used for process design and plant optimization studies. For example, BASF developed ISOCALCTM and CYTEC Industries developed MINCHEM® and MEUMTM.Chemistry of Copper Solvent ExtractionLiquid–liquid extraction involves the selective transfer of a substance between two immiscible liquid phases by controlling the relative solubility in each phase. In the case of copper SX, the exchange is typically achieved by an oxime-based chelating mechanism. In particular, mixtures of aldoxime and ketoxime are normally used in conjunction with modifiers. More detail on this extensive topic can be found in Schlesinger et al. (2011)."

Jan 1, 2015

By Grady B. V O, Cavell K. J, Ault A. R, Newman O. M G, Malcolm J. McPhersqn

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) has been evaluated as a technique for monitoring the quality of an industrial zinc sulphate electrolyte. The basis of the method involves measuring a change in the polarisation of the zinc nucleation reaction at an aluminium surface and relating this to the impurity content and/or the overall quality of the electrolyte. Specifically, the technique aims to be able to indicate and quantify detrimental synergism between impurity elements, something which traditional analytical techniques are incapable of providing. The technique has found some success with regard to monitoring glue additions in a range of metal electrolytes. It has been found that investigations by a number of workers over the past 15 years have produced variable and often misleading results due to the inadvertent use of commercial purity aluminium working electrodes. It has been shown that impurity elements in the working electrode can give rise to a range of responses that are not obtained when pure aluminium is used and that the response is variable due to the lack of surface homogeneity of commercial purity aluminium electrodes. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that previous detection limits reported in the literature were based on the presence of additional peaks in the cathodic scan and not polarisation effects. The results of this study have shown that when a pure aluminium working electrode was used, the method was incapable of detecting any change in polarisation for an electrolyte containing three common impurities (Co, Ni and Ge), at concentrations that would significantly reduce optimum electrolytic performance. A range of methods was tried to sensitise the technique, including raising the temperature and acidity, and adding antimony in order to induce some synergism. In all cases the polarisation response was unchanged. Consequently, apart from the commercialised application for monitoring additions of antimony and levelling agents such as glue, CV has very limited application as an electrolyte screening technique.

Jan 1, 1993

By L. Yuan, J. H. Rowland, R. A. Thomas

Hydrogen (H2 ) gas released during battery charging can result in cross-interference for carbon monoxide (CO) sensors used for early fire detection and compromise the integrity of the mine atmospheric monitoring system. In this study, a series of laboratory-scale and full-scale experiments were conducted to evaluate the responses of different CO sensors to H2 gas. In the laboratory-scale experiments, H2 concentrations in the airflow are constant, while in the full-scale experiments, increasing H2 concentrations generated as a byproduct of charging the batteries at the battery charging station rise to the sensors under different ventilation scenarios. The H2 concentrations at the CO sensor location were measured using H2 sensors and were correlated with the CO sensor response. The effects of ventilation and sensor location on the CO sensors responses were also analyzed. The results of this study can help mining companies to select appropriate CO sensors and improve the deployment of these sensors to safeguard underground miners.

By K. Karaman

This study investigated the effect of surface roughness on Schmidt rebound hardness (RL). Four different test surfaces of rock samples were studied: natural, ground, cut surfaces, and core samples. There was significant variability of standard deviation based on the RL on the natural surface, which indicated high roughness of the rock surface, whereas surface polishing caused a significant decrease in standard deviation. ISRM and ASTM methods were compared to estimate unconfined compressive strength (UCS) for different testing surfaces. RL obtained from the cut surface was found to be more reliable than those obtained from other testing surfaces for the prediction of UCS; however, regression and ANOVA analyses revealed that the ISRM method gave a more accurate UCS estimation of rocks with highly rough surfaces. It was also shown that RL values obtained from a cut surface were significantly higher than those obtained from core samples. Therefore, a comparison between RL values obtained from core samples and cut surfaces was made based on previous studies. This study statistically showed that estimated UCS values are not statistically significant if Schmidt rebound tests are not performed on similar surfaces. In addition, the mineral grain sizes of the studied rocks, different testing surfaces compared with those in literature, and standard deviation from RL are evaluated and discussed. The Schmidt hammer technique is a rapid, inexpensive, and straightforward method for estimating UCS for preliminary assessment; however, roughness of the surface should be eliminated if variations are shown in the surface rebound hardness.

Apr 14, 2024

By E. Gaucher, M. St-Amant

"Among the electromagnetic surveys performed by SOQUEM in the last three years, a certain number of the more instructive cases have been chosen to illustrate the theory of electromagnetism by field examples of: (a) The depth penetration of the TURAM as compared to the SLINGRAM (Ronka) method. (b) The limitations of the TURAM as compared to the SLINGRAM method when a conductor dips the wrong way, or when it is small in size. (c) The expression of a shallow-dipping conductor in a SLINGRAM survey. (d) The effect on the SLINGRAM survey of deep ditches or reef structures.(e) A comparison between the CRONE and the SLING-RAM method in the Abitibi clay belt, by means of field and model studies, indicating a usually better signal-to-noise ratio for the SLINGRAM method. From the above and from other experiments, different electromagnetic methods are now being used by SOQUEM, depending on field conditions."

Jan 1, 1970